Molecular profiling of a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease.

Convection enhanced delivery of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to the rat striatum results in a model of Parkinson's disease. An important feature of this unilateral model is the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons over the course of several weeks. To improve the understanding of this model, gene expression changes in the substantia nigra, which contains the DA neuron cell bodies, and the striatum, which contains the DA neuron synaptic terminals, were examined using DNA microarrays. Samples were collected and behavior was analyzed from vehicle and toxin treated animals at 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks following 6-OHDA treatment. Tissue DA content was determined and samples from animals which exhibited a substantial depletion of striatal DA were included in the subsequent gene expression analysis. The results of the gene expression analysis indicated that 6-OHDA elicits a vigorous inflammatory response, comprised of several distinct pathways, in the striatum at the earliest time point tested. In contrast, relatively few gene expression changes were observed in the SN at the 3-day time point. In both tissues examined there was evidence for a vigorous inflammatory response at the 1- and 2-week time points, which was substantially diminished by the 4-week time point. Inflammation plays a prominent role in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease.

Benzodiazepines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 antagonists.

Antagonism of the bradykinin B(1) receptor was demonstrated to be a potential treatment for chronic pain and inflammation. Novel benzodiazepines were designed that display subnanomolar affinity for the bradykinin B(1) receptor (K(i) = 0.59 nM) and high selectivity against the bradykinin B(2) receptor (K(i) > 10 microM). In vivo efficacy, comparable to morphine, was demonstrated for lead compounds in a rodent hyperalgesia model.

Discovery of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes as potent and orally bioavailable NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonists.

A series of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes has been identified as highly potent and selective NR2B receptor antagonists. Incorporation of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole linker and substitution of the pendant phenyl ring led to the discovery of orally bioavailable analogues that showed efficient NR2B receptor occupancy in rats. Unlike nonselective NMDA antagonists, the NR2B-selective antagonist 22 showed no adverse affects on motor coordination in the rotarod assay at high dose. Compound 22 was efficacious following oral administration in a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain and in an acute model of Parkinson's disease in a dose dependent manner.

The effects of deleting the mouse neurotensin receptor NTR1 on central and peripheral responses to neurotensin.

Mice deficient in the neurotensin (NT)-1 receptor (NTR1) were developed to characterize the NT receptor subtypes that mediate various in vivo responses to NT. F2 generation (C57BL6/Sv129J) NTR1 knockout (-/-) mice were viable, and showed normal growth and overt behavior. The -/- mice lacked detectable NTR1 radioligand binding in brain, whereas NTR2 receptor binding density appeared normal compared with wild-type (+/+) mice. The gene deletion also resulted in the loss of NTR1 expression as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Intracerebroventricular injection of NT (1 microg) to +/+ mice caused a robust hypothermic response (5-6 degrees C) and a significant increase in hot-plate latency. These effects were absent in the -/- mice. Similar results were obtained with i.p. injections of the brain-penetrant NT analog NMe-Arg-Lys-Pro-Trp-Tle-Leu (NT-2, 1 mg/kg i.p.). NT-2 administration also impaired rotarod performance in wild-type mice, but had no effect on motor coordination in knockout mice. In vitro, NT and NT-2 at 30 nM caused predominantly contraction and relaxation in isolated distal colon and proximal ileum, respectively, from +/+ mice, but no responses were observed with tissues from -/- mice. A similar loss of the contractile effects of NT was observed in the isolated stomach fundus from the knockout mice. In vivo, NT-2 administration reduced colonic propulsion substantially in wild-type mice. In contrast, NT-2 had no effect in NTR1 null mice, whereas the hypomotility effect of clonidine was intact. These data indicate that NTR1 mediates several of the central and peripheral effects of NT.