Assessing the biodiversity of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi in Knoxia valerianoides under continuous cropping conditions.

BACKGROUND: Rhizosphere and endophytic fungi play important roles in plant health and crop productivity. However, their community dynamics during the continuous cropping of Knoxia valerianoides have rarely been reported. K. valerianoides is a perennial herb of the family Rubiaceae and has been used in herbal medicines for ages. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology Illumina MiSeq to study the structural and functional dynamics of the rhizosphere and endophytic fungi of K. valerianoides. RESULTS: The findings indicate that continuous planting has led to an increase in the richness and diversity of rhizosphere fungi, while concomitantly resulting in a decrease in the richness and diversity of root fungi. The diversity of endophytic fungal communities in roots was lower than that of the rhizosphere fungi. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant phyla detected during the continuous cropping of K. valerianoides. In addition, we found that root rot directly affected the structure and diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere and the roots of K. valerianoides. Consequently, both the rhizosphere and endophyte fungal communities of root rot-infected plants showed higher richness than the healthy plants. The relative abundance of Fusarium in two and three years old root rot-infected plants was significantly higher than the control, indicating that continuous planting negatively affected the health of K. valerianoides plants. Decision Curve Analysis showed that soil pH, organic matter (OM), available K, total K, soil sucrase (S_SC), soil catalase (S_CAT), and soil cellulase (S_CL) were significantly related (p < 0.05) to the fungal community dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: The diversity of fungal species in the rhizosphere and root of K. valerianoides was reported for the first time. The fungal diversity of rhizosphere soil was higher than that of root endophytic fungi. The fungal diversity of root rot plants was higher than that of healthy plants. Soil pH, OM, available K, total K, S_CAT, S_SC, and S_CL were significantly related to the fungal diversity. The occurrence of root rot had an effect on the community structure and diversity of rhizosphere and root endophytic fungi.

Cardiovascular aspects of the (pro)renin receptor: Function and significance.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels, are the major public health problems and the leading causes of mortality globally. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a single transmembrane protein, is present in cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. PRR plays an essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating the renin-angiotensin system and several intracellular signals such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and wnt/ß-catenin signaling in various cardiovascular cells. This review discusses the current evidence for the pathophysiological roles of the cardiac and vascular PRR. Activation of PRR in cardiomyocytes may contribute to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic or alcoholic cardiomyopathy, salt-induced heart damage, and heart failure. Activation of PRR promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell dysfunction, neovascularization, and the progress of vascular diseases. In addition, phenotypes of animals transgenic for PRR and the hypertensive actions of PRR in the brain and kidney and the soluble PRR are also discussed. Targeting PRR in local tissues may offer benefits for patients with CVDs, including heart injury, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.

First Report of Penicillium subrubescens Causing Root Rot of Knoxia roxburghii in China.

Knoxia roxburghii (syn. Knoxia valerianoides), locally known as 'Zi Daji', is a perennial herb that belongs to the Rubiaceae family, cultivated in different areas of China and recognized for its medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine (Chen et al. 2022). In 2021, root rot was observed during summer on K. roxburghii in Xiangyun and Dali, Yunnan Province (25°25'N, 100°40'E), China. Root rots were characterized by dark brown tissue from stem base to root, loss of vitality in tender leaves and wither. Three symptomatic root samples of K. roxburghii collected from different fields were rinsed with running water, and 0.5-1 cm2 fragments of diseased tissues were cut and surface-disinfested with 75% ethanol for 30 s, and 1% NaClO for 180 s. The fragments were then washed with sterile water, transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA, 4.6%) and incubated at 28℃ in the dark for 3 days. A total of 13 isolates with consistent appearances were obtained by single spore isolation. These colonies on PDA showed gray and light brown obverse, and light green reverse after 10 days. The average growth rate was 3 mm per day. Conidia were nearly spherical or broadly elliptic, greyish-green, and 1.4-2.4×1.3-2.2 µm in size (n=50). The conidiophore has symmetrical or asymmetrical broom branches from the tip, with 2-4 small stems. The conidiophore branching patterns were predominantly biverticillate; stipes coarsely roughened, 80-210×2.6-3.0 µm; metulae were usually appressed verticils of 3-6, 6.4-12.5×1.6-3.0 µm; phialides were short and wide neck, 3.8-4.8×1.1-1.8 µm (n=30). The morphological characteristics of the fungus were identical to Penicillium (Mansouri et al. 2013). To further identify the isolate, one isolate (ByF10) was randomly selected for identification. DNA was extracted from mycelia using a simplified CTAB method. Primer pairs, ITS1/ITS4 and Bt2a/Bt2b were used to amplify the partial regions of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and ß-tubulin (TUB), respectively (White et al. 1990; Glass and Donaldson 1999). Blast searches showed that the sequences of ITS (OQ954757) and TUB (OQ970059) of isolate ByF10 were 99% (MH865456) and 100% (KC797611) identical with P. subrubescens CBS 130205 and CBS 129617, respectively. A concatenated phylogenetic tree (ITS+TUB) constructed using the maximum likelihood method showed that ByF10 was closely grouped next to isolates of P. subrubescens. Pathogenicity test was carried out using 1-year-old healthy seedlings of K. roxburghii cv. Yunji-1 growing on autoclaved soil (n=10). Ten plants were inoculated with mycelial blocks (5 mm2), which were taken from the colony margins of a 10-day-old culture (PDA) colony, and placed on the roots near the soil. Five control plants were inoculated with non-colonized PDA plugs. The pathogenicity test was repeated three times. All plants were kept at 25℃, 70% relative air humidity, and 12 h light/12 h regime dark for 35 days. After that period 95% of inoculated plants showed typical symptoms of root browning. P. subrubescens was only re-isolated from the inoculated plants, and identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. No symptoms were observed in the controls. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. subrubescens causing root rot on K. roxburghii in China and the world.

Changes in, and correlation analysis of, volatile compounds, key enzymes, and fatty acids in lemon juice vesicles during freeze drying and hot-air drying.

BACKGROUND: Lemon juice vesicles are distinguished by their unique and abundant volatile flavor compounds, which can undergo complex changes during drying. In this study, integrated freeze drying (IFD), conventional freeze drying (CFD), and hot-air drying (AD) were used to dry lemon juice vesicles to investigate the changes in, and correlations among volatile compounds, fatty acids, and key enzyme activity during the drying process. RESULTS: Twenty-two volatile compounds were detected during the drying processes. Compared with fresh samples, seven compounds were lost in the dried samples after IFD, seven after CFS, and six after AD, and the loss rates of the total content of volatile compounds in the dried samples were 82.73% in CFD, more than 71.22% in IFD, and more than 28.78% in AD. In total, 1.015 mg/g of seven fatty acids were detected in the fresh samples; the content loss rates of total fatty acids after drying were 67.68% in AD, more than 53.00% in CFD, and more than 36.95% in IFD, respectively. During the three drying processes, IFD retained relatively higher enzyme activity in the samples. CONCLUSION: Many positive and negative correlations (P < 0.05) were observed among the key enzyme effects, fatty acids, and volatile compounds, showing close associations. The current work provides information that is important for the selection of suitable drying techniques for lemon juice vesicles and suggests how to control their flavor during the drying process. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization of aroma-active compounds in Dongli by quantitative descriptive analysis, gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-olfactometry.

Dongli, or frozen pear, is a traditional Chinese snack with a unique flavor. This study identified the aroma-active volatile compounds (VOCs) in Dongli using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). QDA indicated that Dongli of all cultivars presented increased sweet and wine aromas. A total of 21 VOCs were identified by GC-MS/MS. Bidirectional orthogonal partial least square (O2PLS) analysis, GC-O analysis, detection frequency analysis (DFA), and relative odor activity values (ROAV) showed that: estragole and anethole contributing "anise, green" aromas were the key aromatic VOCs of fresh pears, while ethyl butanoate, butyl acetate, heptyl acetate, benzaldehyde, and geranyl acetone contributing "sweet, fruity, green" aromas were the key aromatic VOCs of Dongli. The results revealed that the repeated freezing treatment promoted a unique aroma in pears. This study would contribute to developing new pear products. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05463-8.

Multivariate analyses of the volatile components in fresh and dried turnip (Brassica rapa L.) chips via HS-SPME-GC-MS.

Turnip is a vegetable that has many health promoting effects. To diversify the usage and increase the consumption of turnip, the effects of hot air drying, infrared drying, explosion puff drying and freeze drying (FD) on the volatiles of turnip chips were studied. The volatiles of fresh turnip and dried turnip chips were isolated by HS-SPME-GC-MS and a total of 67 volatiles were identified. However, the volatiles in turnip chips dried by different methods are quite different. Based on principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, the volatiles of fresh turnip were distinguished from those of the dried chips and FD was separated from the other drying methods. As the result of orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), isothiocyanato-cyclopropane and (2-isothiocyanatoethyl)-benzene were identified as the characteristic volatiles of fresh turnip. While, 2-azido-2,3,3-trimethyl-butane and hexanal were identified as the characteristic volatiles for FD dried chips.

An extra insertion of tandem repeat sequence in African swine fever virus, China, 2019.

On 7 March 2019, African swine fever in a domestic pig farm was detected in Guangxi Province of China. The phylogenetic analysis showed that its causative strain contained two tandem repeat sequence insertions in the intergenic region between the I73R and the I329L genes, and was different from previously reported strains in China and other countries.

The Eno Gene of Burkholderia cenocepacia Strain 71-2 is Involved in Phosphate Solubilization.

Bacterial strain 71-2 with phosphate-solubilizing activity was isolated from tobacco rhizosphere and classified as Burkholderia cenocepacia based on sequence analyses of 16S rRNA and recA genes. To learn phosphate-solubilizing mechanisms of 71-2, mutants showing reduced solubilizing phosphate activity were obtained using the EZ-Tn5 transposon. Mutant 71-2-MT51 was reduced in the solubilizing phosphate content to 34.36% as compared with the wild-type strain 71-2. The disrupted gene in 71-2-MT51 was cloned and sequenced, and the putative protein from the gene shared 65.26% identity to protein sequences of enolase from Escherichia coli, which suggests the gene encodes an enzyme of enolase. Complementation analyzing showed that Eno was responsible for phosphate solubilizing for B. cenocepacia strain 71-2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Eno involved in phosphate solubilizing in B. cenocepacia as well as in other bacteria.

Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus, China, 2018.

On August 3, 2018, an outbreak of African swine fever in pigs was reported in China. We subjected a virus from an African swine fever-positive pig sample to phylogenetic analysis. This analysis showed that the causative strain belonged to the p72 genotype II and CD2v serogroup 8.

Variation of rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences in Rhizoctonia cerealis.

Fifty-four single protoplast isolates (SPIs) were regenerated from three Rhizoctonia cerealis strains. A total of 169 rDNA-ITS regions were cloned and sequenced from these 54 SPIs. Variations in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions that flank the 5.8S gene were found within clones from the same strain, as well as within clones from the same SPI. These include variations in GC content and ITS length, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The different strains and SPIs GC contents range from 40.25 to 41.74% and from 42.40 to 45.02%, in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, respectively. All SNPs occur in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions, with 3-6 and 4-6 polymorphic sites in each region, respectively, in the different strains. SNP variation is relatively stable within the same strain. For example, the 89 ITS sequences generated from isolate WK-207, regardless of SPI or clone, predominantly cluster into two separate clades on a phylogenetic tree, suggesting that nuclei genetic heterogeneity is related to ITS variation in R. cerealis. Although rDNA-ITS sequences from the three strains and different SPIs are somewhat variable, all of our ITS sequences cluster together in anastomosis subgroup AG-DI during phylogenetic analysis. The ITS variation we observed does not negatively influence R. cerealis anastomosis group or subgroup classification.

HO-1 induction by CO-RM2 attenuates TNF-α-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression via inhibition of PKCα-dependent NADPH oxidase/ROS and NF-κB.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammatory infiltration of the synovium and elevation of proinflammatory cytokines. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is involved in the development of inflammatory diseases. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of the study was to investigate the detailed mechanisms of TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression and to determine whether carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CO-RM2) suppresses TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB-related proinflammatory genes, including cPLA2, via HO-1 induction in RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Here, we reported that TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression was mediated through TNFR1/PKCα-dependent signaling pathways, including NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation/ROS production and NF-κB activation. CO-RM2 significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced cPLA2 expression by inhibiting the ROS generation and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and IKK α/ß, but not the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2. These results were further confirmed by a ChIP assay to detect the NF-κB DNA-binding activity. Our results demonstrated that induction of HO-1 by CO-RM2 exerted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects which were required in concert to prevent the activation of NF-κB leading to induction of various inflammatory genes implicated in the pathogenesis of RA.

Genome sequence of Fusarium oxysporum strain ByF01, the causal agent of root rot of Knoxia roxburghii in China.

OBJECTIVES: Knoxia roxburghii is a member of the madder (Rubiaceae) family. This plant is cultivated in different areas of China and recognized for its medicinal properties, which leads to its use in traditional Chinese medicine. The incidence of root rot was 10-15%. In June 2023, the causal agent of root rot on K. roxburghii was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete genome of F. oxysporum strain ByF01 that is the causal agent of root rot of K. roxburghii in China. The results will provide effective resources for pathogenesis on K. roxburghii and the prevention and control of root rot on this host in the future. DATA DESCRIPTION: To understand the molecular mechanisms used by F. oxysporum to cause root rot on K. roxburghii, strain ByF01 was isolated from diseased roots and identified by morphological and molecular methods. The complete genome of strain ByF01 was then sequenced using a combination of the PacBio Sequel IIe and Illumina sequencing platforms. We obtained 54,431,725 bp of nucleotides, 47.46% GC content, and 16,705 coding sequences.

Decreased plasma ELABELA level as a novel screening indicator for heart failure: a cohort and observational study.

The predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is limited by its low specificity in patients with heart failure (HF). Discovery of more novel biomarkers for HF better diagnosis is necessary and urgent. ELABELA, an early endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ (Apelin peptide jejunum, Apelin receptor), exhibits cardioprotective actions. However, the relationship between plasma ELABELA and cardiac function in HF patients is unclear. To evaluate plasma ELABELA level and its diagnostic value in HF patients, a total of 335 patients with or without HF were recruited for our monocentric observational study. Plasma ELABELA and Apelin levels were detected by immunoassay in all patients. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between plasma ELABELA or Apelin levels and study variables. The receiver operating characteristic curves were used to access the predictive power of plasma ELABELA or Apelin levels. Plasma ELABELA levels were lower, while plasma Apelin levels were higher in HF patients than in non-HF patients. Plasma ELABELA levels were gradually decreased with increasing New York Heart Association grade or decreasing LVEF. Plasma ELABELA levels were negatively correlated with BNP, left atrial diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness and positively correlated with LVEF in HF patients. In contrast, the correlation between plasma Apelin levels and these parameters is utterly opposite to ELABELA. The diagnostic value of ELABELA, Apelin, and LVEF for all HF patients was 0.835, 0.673, and 0.612; the sensitivity was 62.52, 66.20, and 32.97%; and the specificity was 95.92, 67.23, and 87.49%, respectively. All these parameters in HF patients with preserved ejection fraction were comparable to those in total HF patients. Overall, plasma ELABELA levels were significantly reduced and negatively correlated with cardiac function in HF patients. Decreased plasma ELABELA levels may function as a novel screening biomarker for HF. A combined assessment of BNP and ELABELA may be a good choice to increase the accuracy of the diagnosis of HF.

Changes and correlation analysis of volatile flavor compounds, amino acids, and soluble sugars in durian during different drying processes.

Durian contains rich flavor components that undergo complex changes during drying. In this study, durian was subjected to integrated freeze-drying (IFD), conventional freeze-drying (CFD), and hot air drying (AD). Compared with the fresh samples, those dried by IFD, CFD, and AD lost 11, 9, and 7 original volatile compounds, respectively, and generated 7, 6, and 8 new volatile compounds, respectively, and showed a rapid and then slow decreasing trend in the total content during drying. However, the types of amino acids and soluble sugars remained unchanged during each of the drying methods. Furthermore, volatile compounds showed a significant negative correlation with the majority of amino acids and a significant positive correlation with soluble sugars. The IFD samples had the highest content of volatile compounds, amino acids, and soluble sugars. Therefore, IFD is recommended as a preferable drying method for durian.

Effect of guar gum, gelatin, and pectin on moisture changes in freeze-dried restructured strawberry blocks.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of edible gum addition on moisture changes in freeze-dried restructured strawberry blocks (FRSB), which involved five groups: the control, 1.2% guar gum, 1.2% gelatin, 1.2% pectin, and the composite group with 0.5% guar gum, 0.5% gelatin, and 0.45% pectin. The results indicated that the drying rates of the five groups of FRSB presented similar early acceleration and later deceleration trends. Moisture content in FRSB was linearly predicted by peak area of low field nuclear magnetic resonance with R2 higher than 0.90 for all the five groups. The FRSB samples in the gelatin and composition groups formed a denser porous structure and had a lower hygroscopicity after four days of storage. This study provides a theoretical basis for controlling the processing of FRSB.

Development of an attenuated potato virus Y mutant carrying multiple mutations in helper-component protease for cross-protection.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the major cash crops in China. Potato virus Y (PVY), a representative member of the genus Potyvirus, greatly reduces the quality and yield of tobacco leaves by inducing veinal necrosis. Mild strain-mediated cross-protection is an attractive method of controlling diseases caused by PVY. Currently, there is a lack of effective and stable attenuated PVY mutants. Potyviral helper component-protease (HC-Pro) is a likely target for the development of mild strains. Our previous studies showed that the residues lysine at positions 124 and 182 (K124 and K182) in HC-Pro were involved in PVY virulence, and the conserved KITC motif in HC-Pro was involved in aphid transmission. In this study, to improve the stability of PVY mild strains, K at position 50 (K50) in KITC motif, K124, and K182 were separately substituted with glutamic acid (E), leucine (L), and arginine (R), resulting in a triple-mutant PVY-HCELR. The mutant PVY-HCELR had attenuated virulence and did not induce leaf veinal necrosis symptoms in tobacco plants and could not be transmitted by Myzus persicae. Furthermore, PVY-HCELR mutant was genetically stable after six serial passages, and only caused mild mosaic symptoms in tobacco plants even at 90 days post inoculation. The tobacco plants cross-protected by PVY-HCELR mutant showed high resistance to the wild-type PVY. This study showed that PVY-HCELR mutant was a promising mild mutant for cross-protection to control PVY.

Generation of High-Quality African Swine Fever Virus Complete Genome from Field Samples by Next-Generation Sequencing.

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The pandemic spread of ASF has caused severe effects on the global pig industry. Whole-genome sequencing provides crucial information for virus strain characterization, epidemiology analysis and vaccine development. Here, we evaluated the performance of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in generating ASFV genome sequences from clinical samples. Thirty-four ASFV-positive field samples including spleen, lymph node, lung, liver and blood with a range of Ct values from 14.73 to 25.95 were sequenced. For different tissue samples collected from the same sick pigs, the proportion of ASFV reads obtained from the spleen samples was 3.69-9.86 times higher than other tissues. For the high-viral-load spleen samples (Ct < 20), a minimum of a 99.8% breadth of ≥10× coverage was revealed for all the samples. For the spleen samples with Ct ≥ 20, 6/12 samples had a minimum of a 99.8% breadth of ≥10× coverage. A high average depth of sequencing coverage was also achieved from the blood samples. According to our results, high-quality ASFV whole-genome sequences could be obtained from the spleen or blood samples with Ct < 20. The high-quality ASFV genome sequence generated in this study was further used for the high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of the ASFV genomes in the early stage of the ASF epidemic in China. Our study demonstrates that NGS may act as a useful tool for efficient ASFV genome characterization, providing valuable information for disease control.

Complete genome sequence of a Peste des petits ruminants virus recovered from wild bharal in Tibet, China.

For the first time, here we announce the complete genome sequence of a field isolate of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) derived from macerated rectal tissue of a free living bharal (Pseudois nayaur) that displayed clinical disease consistent with severe infection with PPRV. Further, we compare the full genome of this isolate, termed PPRV Tibet/Bharal/2008, with previously available PPRV genomes, including those of virus isolates from domestic small ruminants local to the area where the reported isolate was collected. The current sequence is phylogenetically classified as a lineage IV virus, sharing high levels of sequence identity with previously described Tibetan PPRV isolates. Indeed, across the entire genome, only 26 nucleotide differences (0.16% nucleotide variation) and, consequently, 9 amino acid changes were present compared to sequences of locally derived viruses.

Effect of Mst1 overexpression on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and the sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro.

Mammalian STE20-like kinase 1 (Mst1) is the mammalian homologue of Drosophila Hippo, a major inhibitor of cell proliferation in Drosophila. It ubiquitously encodes serine threonine kinase that belongs to the family of protein kinases related to yeast STE20, and is involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, and organ growth. Recent studies have shown that Mst1 has tumor-suppressor function, and the deletion or mutation of Mst1 is reported to be associated with tumorigenesis. To investigate the effect of overexpression of Mst1 on the growth of human liver cancer cell line HepG2 cells and the sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro, here we constructed recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N1-Mst1 containing Mst1 gene, and transiently transfected into HepG2 cells. The effects of Mst1 overexpression on the cell proliferation and apoptosis, the phosphorylation status of Yes-associated protein, and the mRNA transcript levels of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), amphiregulin (AREG), and birc5 (Survivin) were determined. Results showed that overexpression of Mst1 inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells, promoted YAP (Ser127) phosphorylation, and downregulated the mRNA expression of CTGF, AREG, and Survivin. We also investigated the relationship between the expression and cleavage of Mst1 and cisplatin-induced cell death. We found that Mst1 overexpression could induce cisplatin chemosensitivity, and cisplatin could promote the cleavage of Mst1 without affecting the expression of Mst1. Overall, our results indicated that Mst1 might be a promising anticancer target.

Genetic variants, pathophysiological pathways, and oral anticoagulation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is commonly prevalent in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, whether the prevalence and incidence of AF are different between genotype-positive vs. genotype-negative patients with HCM remains controversial. Recent evidence has indicated that AF is often the first presentation of genetic HCM patients in the absence of a cardiomyopathy phenotype, implying the importance of genetic testing in this population with early-onset AF. However, the association of the identified sarcomere gene variants with HCM occurrence in the future remains unclear. How the identification of these cardiomyopathy gene variants should influence the use of anticoagulation therapy for a patient with early-onset AF is still undefined. In this review, we sought to assess the genetic variants, pathophysiological pathways, and oral anticoagulation in patients with HCM and AF.