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BACKGROUND: Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), belongs to the CC chemokine family which is associated with the disease status and outcomes of cancers. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and shows a predilection for metastasis to the bone. However, the effect of CCL2 on human prostate cancer cells is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the role of CCL2 in integrin expression and migratory activity in prostate cancers. METHODS: Prostate cancer migration was examined using Transwell, wound healing, and invasion assay. The PKCδ and c-Src phosphorylations were examined by using western blotting. The qPCR was used to examine the mRNA expression of integrins. A transient transfection protocol was used to examine AP-1 activity. RESULTS: Stimulation of prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) induced migration and expression of integrin αvß3. Treatment of cells with αvß3 antibody or siRNA abolished CCL2-increased cell migration. CCL2-increased migration and integrin expression were diminished by CCR2 but not by CCR4 inhibitors, suggesting that the CCR2 receptor is involved in CCL2-promoted prostate cancer migration. CCL2 activated a signal transduction pathway that includes PKCδ, c-Src, and AP-1. Reagents that inhibit specific components of this pathway each diminished the ability of CCL2 to effect cell migration and integrin expression. CONCLUSIONS: Interaction between CCL2 and CCR2 enhances migration of prostate cancer cells through an increase in αvß3 integrin production. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: CCL2 is a critical factor of prostate cancer metastasis.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Integrina alfaVbeta3/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologiaRESUMO
Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA), one of the major lipophilic components isolated from the root of Salviae Miltiorrhizae, has been found to exhibit anticancer activity in various cancer cells. We have demonstrated that Tan-IIA induces apoptosis in several human cancer cells through caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways. Here we explored the anticancer effect of Tan-IIA in human bladder cancer cell lines. Our results showed that Tan-IIA caused bladder cancer cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Tan-IIA induced apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent pathway in these bladder cancer cells. Tan-IIA also suppressed the migration of bladder cancer cells as revealed by the wound healing and transwell assays. Finally, combination therapy of Tan-IIA with a lower dose of cisplatin successfully killed bladder cancer cells, suggesting that Tan-IIA can serve as a potential anti-cancer agent in bladder cancer.
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Abietanos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Células Epiteliais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , HumanosRESUMO
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and shows a predilection for metastasis to the bone. D-pinitol, a 3-methoxy analogue of d-chiro-inositol, was identified as an active principle in soy foods and legumes, and it has been proven to induce tumor apoptosis and metastasis of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-metastasis effects of D-pinitol in human prostate cancer cells. We found that D-pinitol reduced the migration and the invasion of prostate cancer cells (PC3 and DU145) at noncytotoxic concentrations. Integrins are the major adhesive molecules in mammalian cells and have been associated with the metastasis of cancer cells. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with D-pinitol reduced mRNA and cell surface expression of αvß3 integrin. In addition, D-pinitol exerted its inhibitory effects by reducing focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, c-Src kinase activity and NF-kB activation. Thus, D-pinitol may be a novel anti-metastasis agent for the treatment of prostate cancer metastasis.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Inositol/análogos & derivados , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Tirosina Quinase CSK , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quinase 1 de Adesão Focal/imunologia , Humanos , Inositol/farmacologia , Integrina alfaVbeta3/imunologia , Masculino , NF-kappa B/imunologia , Metástase Neoplásica/tratamento farmacológico , Metástase Neoplásica/imunologia , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Próstata/imunologia , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/imunologia , Quinases da Família src/imunologiaRESUMO
This study investigates age-specific prostate-specific antigen (PSA) distributions in Taiwanese men and recommends reference ranges for this population after comparison with other studies. From January 1999 to December 2016, a total of 213,986 Taiwanese men aged above 19 years old without history of prostate cancer, urinary tract infection, or prostate infection were recruited from the Taiwan MJ cohort, an ongoing prospective cohort of health examinations conducted by the MJ Health Screening Center in Taiwan. Participants were divided into seven age groups. Simple descriptive statistical analyses were carried out and quartiles and 95th percentiles were calculated for each group as reference ranges for serum PSA in screening for prostate cancer in Taiwanese men. Serum PSA concentration correlated with age (r = 0.274, p<0.001). The median serum PSA concentration (5th to 95th percentile) ranged from 0.7 ng/ml (0.3 to 1.8) for men 20-29 years old (n = 6,382) to 1.6 ng/ml (0.4 to 8.4) for men over 79 years old (n = 504). The age-specific PSA reference ranges are as follows: 20-29 years, 1.80 ng/ml; 30-39 years, 1.80 ng/ml; 40-49 years, 2.0 ng/ml; 50-59 years, 3.20 ng/ml; 60-69 years, 5.60 ng/ml; 70-79 years, 7.40 ng/ml; over 80 years, 8.40 ng/ml. Almost no change occurred in the median serum PSA value in men 50 years old or younger, while a gradual increase was observed in men over 50. Taiwanese men aged 60 years above showed higher 95th percentile serum PSA values compared to Caucasian men and men in other Asian countries but were closer to those of Asian American and African American men. Results indicate significantly different PSA levels correlating to different ethnicities, suggesting that Oesterling's age-specific PSA reference ranges might not be appropriate for Taiwanese men. Our results should be further studied to validate the age-specific PSA reference ranges for Taiwanese men presented in this study.
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Antígeno Prostático Específico , Neoplasias da Próstata , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Negro ou Afro-Americano , População do Leste Asiático , Estudos Prospectivos , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Antígeno Prostático Específico/química , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Valores de Referência , População BrancaRESUMO
Bladder dysfunction is a common complication after chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients may experience renal function loss, urinary tract infection (UTI), urolithiasis, bladder cancer, and even life-threatening events such as severe sepsis or renal failure. Suitable patient care may prevent UTI and urinary incontinence, decrease medication use, and preserve renal function. As the primary goal is to preserve renal function, management should be focused on facilitating bladder drainage, the avoidance of UTI, and the maintenance of a low intravesical pressure for continence and complete bladder emptying. Currently, several bladder management options are available to SCI patients: (1) reflex voiding; (2) clean intermittent catheterization; (3) indwelling catheterization. The target organ may be the bladder or the bladder outlet. The purposes of intervention include the following: (1) increasing bladder capacity and/or decreasing intravesical pressure; (2) increasing bladder outlet resistance; (3) decreasing bladder outlet resistance; (4) producing detrusor contractility; (5) urinary diversion. Different bladder management methods and interventions may have different results depending on the patient's lower urinary tract dysfunction. This review aims to report the current management options for long-term bladder dysfunction in chronic SCI patients. Furthermore, we summarize the most suitable care plans for improving the clinical outcome of SCI patients.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term durability of retropubic suburethral sling procedure for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and to identify urodynamic factors that might predict long-term successful outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 286 women who underwent a retropubic suburethral sling for SUI were enrolled in this retrospective survey. Most patients received uroflowmetry, postvoid residual volume study and standardized video urodynamic testing preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively in half of them. Surgical results, demographic characteristics, preoperative and postoperative urodynamic parameters, and postoperative clinical manifestation were retrospectively analyzed. Urodynamic parameters that predict a failure outcome were investigated. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 10 years (4-29 years). The overall subjective cure rate was 80.8%. The success rates of the sling procedures at 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years were 89.2%, 87.7%, 78.8%, 68.6%, and 60.0%, respectively. Vaginal delivery and greater parity had negative influence on cure rate (Pâ¯=â¯.004 and .013, respectively). A significant interaction was detected from the baseline to 6 months between successes and failures for maximum flow rate (Qmax) (Pâ¯=â¯.007), voided volume (Pâ¯=â¯.020), and bladder outlet obstruction index (Pâ¯=â¯.001). Univariate analysis revealed significant decrease of Qmax, volume, and voiding efficiency; and increase of postvoid residual volume, detrusor pressure, and bladder outlet obstruction index in patients with successful outcome. However, multivariate logistic regression failed to find predictive factors for a failure suburethral sling procedure. CONCLUSION: Retropubic suburethral sling has a durable long-term effect for SUI. Slightly increased bladder outlet resistance after retropubic suburethral sling might be helpful for achieving long-term dryness.
Assuntos
Falha de Prótese , Slings Suburetrais , Incontinência Urinária por Estresse/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Incontinência Urinária por Estresse/fisiopatologia , Urodinâmica , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effects of oxybutynin, solifenacin and tolterodine on dementia risk in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) remain unknown. We investigated the effects of oxybutynin, solifenacin and tolterodine on dementia risk in patients with DM. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study by using the diabetes dataset of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 1 January, 2002 to 31 December, 2013. We included 10,938 patients received one type of oxybutynin, solifenacin, or tolterodine, while 564,733 had not. We included a comparable number of patients not receiving oxybutynin, solifenacin, or tolterodine as controls through systematic random sampling matching by age, gender, and the year of the index date with 1 to 1 ratio. The dementia risk was estimated through multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression after adjustment for several confounding factors. RESULTS: The dementia event rates were 3.9% in the oxybutynin group, 4.3% in the solifenacin group, 2.2% in the tolterodine group and 1.2% in the control group (P<0.001). The adjusted HRs compared to nonusers of anticholinergic drugs were 2.35 (95% CI, 1.96 to 2.81), 2.16 (95% CI, 1.81 to 2.58), and 2.24 (95% CI, 1.85 to 2.73), respectively, for patients receiving oxybutynin, solifenacin, or tolterodine. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates an association between taking oxybutynin, solifenacin and tolterodine and the subsequent diagnosis of dementia in DM patients. Moreover, the patients using oxybutynin had highest risk. The impact of these three drugs on risk of dementia in non-diabetic populations is warrant.
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Antagonistas Colinérgicos/uso terapêutico , Demência/induzido quimicamente , Complicações do Diabetes , Idoso , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Coortes , Demência/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bexiga Urinária Hiperativa/complicações , Bexiga Urinária Hiperativa/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by Campylobacter jejuni contains three subunits: CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC. Among these three toxin subunits, CdtB is the toxic moiety of CDT with DNase I activity, resulting in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and, consequently, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M stage and apoptosis. Radiation therapy is an effective modality for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa). However, patients often develop radioresistance. Owing to its particular biochemical properties, we previously employed CdtB as a therapeutic agent for sensitizing radioresistant PCa cells to ionizing radiation (IR). In this study, we further demonstrated that CDT suppresses the IR-induced autophagy pathway in PCa cells by attenuating c-Myc expression and therefore sensitizes PCa cells to radiation. We further showed that CDT prevents the formation of autophagosomes via decreased high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) expression and the inhibition of acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) formation, which are associated with enhanced radiosensitivity in PCa cells. The results of this study reveal the detailed mechanism of CDT for the treatment of radioresistant PCa.
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Toxinas Bacterianas/farmacologia , Próstata/efeitos dos fármacos , Próstata/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Tolerância a Radiação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos da radiação , Autofagossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos da radiação , Campylobacter jejuni/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Quimioterapia Combinada , Proteína HMGB1/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , CamundongosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the subsequent risk of acute urine retention and prostate surgery in patients receiving alpha-1 blockers treatment and having a maximum urinary flow rate of less than 15ml/sec. METHODS: We identified patients who were diagnosed with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and had a maximum uroflow rate of less than 15ml/sec between 1 January, 2002 to 31 December, 2011 from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database into study group (n = 303). The control cohort included four BPH/LUTS patients without 5ARI used for each study group, randomly selected from the same dataset (n = 1,212). Each patient was monitored to identify those who subsequently developed prostate surgery and acute urine retention. RESULTS: Prostate surgery and acute urine retention are detected in 5.9% of control group and 8.3% of study group during 10-year follow up. Compared with the control group, there was increase in the risk of prostate surgery and acute urine retention in the study group (HR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.91) after adjusting for age, comorbidities, geographic region and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: Maximum urine flow rate of less than 15ml/sec is a risk factor of urinary retention and subsequent prostate surgery in BPH patients receiving alpha-1 blocker therapy. This result can provide a reference for clinicians.
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Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Próstata/cirurgia , Hiperplasia Prostática/complicações , Retenção Urinária/complicações , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 1/uso terapêutico , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Hiperplasia Prostática/fisiopatologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/cirurgia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Patients with prostate cancer have an increased risk of stroke, but their absolute rate of stroke depends on age and comorbid conditions. The Charlson Comorbidity Index Score (CCIS) is a widely accepted measure for risk adjustment in administrative claims data sets. This study assesses the predictive value of CHADS2 scores and CCIS for stroke among patients with prostate cancer. The study was conducted based on data taken from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). We identified a total of 5414 participants with nonatrial fibrillation (AF) prostate cancer diagnoses who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1997 and 2011. CHADS2 scores and CCIS were used to stratify the 5-year ischemic stroke risk. All participants were followed from the date of enrollment until ischemic stroke, death, or the end of the 5-year follow-up period. The 5-year risk of ischemic stroke in the present study was 1.7%. Ischemic stroke has a better correlation with CHADS2 (CHADS2 score = 0 to 1: 0.02%, CHADS2 score = 2 to 3: 13.9%, CHADS2 score ≥ 4: 44.4%; AUC = 0.978) than CCIS (CCIS = 0 to 1: 1.6%, CCIS = 2 to 3: 1.7%, CCIS ≥ 4: 3.8%; AUC = 0.520). Our results show that patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy show significantly higher risk of ischemic stroke in high CHADS2 score patients, and the CHADS2 score could be applied for ischemic stroke prediction. Cardiovascular risks evaluation and management are suggested for prostate cancer patients with higher CHADS2 score.
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Gravidade do Paciente , Prostatectomia/efeitos adversos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Idoso , Comorbidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Curva ROC , Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Taiwan/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This nationwide population-based study investigated the risk of cardiovascular diseases after 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. METHODS: In total, 1,486 adult patients newly diagnosed with BPH and who used 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors were recruited as the study cohort, along with 9,995 subjects who did not use 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors as a comparison cohort from 2003 to 2008. Each patient was monitored for 5 years, and those who subsequently had cardiovascular diseases were identified. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of cardiovascular diseases between the study and comparison cohorts after adjusting for possible confounding risk factors. RESULTS: The patients who received 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy had a lower cumulative rate of cardiovascular diseases than those who did not receive 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy during the 5-year follow-up period (8.4% vs. 11.2%, P=0.003). In subgroup analysis, the 5-year cardiovascular event hazard ratio (HR) was lower among the patients older than 65 years with 91 to 365 cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD) 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor use (HR=0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 0.92; P=0.018), however there was no difference among the patients with 28 to 90 and more than 365 cDDD 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor use (HR=1.14, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.68; P=0.518 and HR=0.83, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.20; P=0.310, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy did not increase the risk of cardiovascular events in the BPH patients in 5 years of follow-up. Further mechanistic research is needed.
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Inibidores de 5-alfa Redutase/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperplasia Prostática/epidemiologia , Inibidores de 5-alfa Redutase/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Estudos de Coortes , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Medição de Risco , Taiwan/epidemiologiaRESUMO
AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether cholesterol plays a pivotal role in cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) mediated pathogenic effects in hosts. MATERIALS & METHODS: The molecular mechanisms underlying cholesterol sequestering conferred resistance to CDT-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and cell cycle arrest were investigated. Histopathological analysis was conducted for evaluating CDT-induced intestinal inflammation in mouse. RESULTS: CDT actions were attenuated by treatment of cells with methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD). Severe intestinal inflammation induced by CDT treatment was observed in high-cholesterol diet-fed mice, but not in normal diet-fed mice, indicating that cholesterol is essential for CDT intoxication. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate a molecular link between Campylobacter jejuni CDT and cholesterol, which is crucial to facilitate CDT-induced pathogenesis in hosts.
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Toxinas Bacterianas/toxicidade , Campylobacter jejuni/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Animais , Infecções por Campylobacter/patologia , Dieta/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Histocitoquímica , Intestinos/patologia , CamundongosRESUMO
With advances in molecular biologic and genomic technology, detailed molecular mechanisms for development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have surfaced. Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) no longer represents an end stage, with many emerging therapeutic agents approved as effective in prolonging survival of patients from either pre- or post-docetaxel stage. Given tumor heterogeneity in patients, a one-size-fits-all theory for curative therapy remains questionable. With the support of evidence from continuing clinical trials, each treatment modality has gradually been found suitable for selective best-fit patients: e.g., new androgen synthesis inhibitor arbiraterone, androgen receptor signaling inhibitor enzalutamide, sipuleucel-T immunotherapy, new taxane carbazitaxel, calcium-mimetic radium-223 radiopharmaceutical agent. Moreover, several emerging immunomodulating agents and circulating tumor cell enumeration and analysis showed promise in animal or early phase clinical trials. While the era of personalized therapy for CRPC patients is still in infancy, optimal therapeutic agents and their sequencing loom not far in the future.
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Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) produced by Campylobacter jejuni is a genotoxin that induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that prostate cancer (PCa) cells can acquire radio-resistance when DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) is downregulated. In this study, we showed that CDT could induce cell death in DAB2IP-deficient PCa cells. A combination of CDT and radiotherapy significantly elicited cell death in DAB2IP-deficient PCa cells by inhibiting the repair of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) during G2/M arrest, which is triggered by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent DNA damage checkpoint responses. We also found that CDT administration significantly increased the efficacy of radiotherapy in a xenograft mouse model. These results indicate that CDT can be a potent therapeutic agent for radio-resistant PCa.
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Toxinas Bacterianas/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Radiossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos da radiação , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos da radiação , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Radiação Ionizante , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Proteínas Ativadoras de ras GTPase/deficiência , Proteínas Ativadoras de ras GTPase/genéticaRESUMO
Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant pathogen isolated from liver abscess of diabetic patients in Asian countries. With the spread of multiple-drug-resistant K. pneumoniae, there is an increasing need for the development of alternative bactericides and approaches to block the production of bacterial virulence factors. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), especially from the K1 and K2 serotypes, is considered the major determinant for K. pneumoniae virulence. We found that extracts of the traditional Chinese medicine Fructus mume inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae strains of both serotypes. Furthermore, Fructus mume decreased the mucoviscosity, and the CPS produced in a dose-dependent manner, thus reducing bacterial resistance to serum killing. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that Fructus mume downregulated the mRNA levels of cps biosynthesis genes in both serotypes, possibly by increasing the intracellular iron concentration in K. pneumoniae. Moreover, citric acid, a major organic acid in Fructus mume extracts, was found to have an inhibitory effect on growth and CPS biosynthesis in K. pneumoniae. Taken together, our results indicate that Fructus mume not only possesses antibacterial activity against highly virulent K. pneumoniae strains but also inhibits bacterial CPS biosynthesis, thereby facilitating pathogen clearance by the host immune system.