Identification and core gene-mining of Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis-based co-expression modules related to flood resistance in quinoa seedlings.

BACKGROUND: As an emerging food crop with high nutritional value, quinoa has been favored by consumers in recent years; however, flooding, as an abiotic stress, seriously affects its growth and development. Currently, reports on the molecular mechanisms related to quinoa waterlogging stress responses are lacking; accordingly, the core genes related to these processes were explored via Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). RESULTS: Based on the transcriptome data, WGCNA was used to construct a co-expression network of weighted genes associated with flooding resistance-associated physiological traits and metabolites. Here, 16 closely related co-expression modules were obtained, and 10 core genes with the highest association with the target traits were mined from the two modules. Functional annotations revealed the biological processes and metabolic pathways involved in waterlogging stress, and four candidates related to flooding resistance, specifically AP2/ERF, MYB, bHLH, and WRKY-family TFs, were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide clues to the identification of core genes for quinoa underlying quinoa waterlogging stress responses. This could ultimately provide a theoretical foundation for breeding new quinoa varieties with flooding tolerance.

Integration of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the accumulation of related metabolites and gene regulation networks during quinoa seed development.

Quinoa seeds are gluten- and cholesterol-free, contain all amino acids required by the human body, have a high protein content, provide endocrine regulation, protein supplementation, and cardiovascular protection effects. However, metabolite accumulation and transcriptional regulatory networks in quinoa seed development are not well understood. Four key stages of seed development in Dianli-3260 and Dianli-557 were thus analyzed and 849 metabolites were identified, among which sugars, amino acids, and lipids were key for developmental processes, and their accumulation showed a gradual decrease. Transcriptome analysis identified 40,345 genes, of which 20,917 were differential between the M and F phases, including 8279 and 12,638 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. Grain development processes were mainly enriched in galactose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, the biosynthesis of amino acids, and carbon metabolism pathways, in which raffinose, phosphoenolpyruvate, series and other metabolites are significantly enriched, gene-LOC110689372, Gene-LOC110710556 and gene-LOC110714584 are significantly expressed, and these metabolites and genes play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid and Amino acid synthesis of quinoa. This study provides a theoretical basis to expand our understanding of the molecular and metabolic development of quinoa grains.

Identifying Core Genes Related to Low-Temperature Stress Resistance in Quinoa Seedlings Based on WGCNA.

Quinoa is a nutritious crop that is tolerant to extreme environmental conditions; however, low-temperature stress can affect quinoa growth, development, and quality. Considering the lack of molecular research on quinoa seedlings under low-temperature stress, we utilized a Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis to construct weighted gene co-expression networks associated with physiological indices and metabolites related to low-temperature stress resistance based on transcriptomic data. We screened 11 co-expression modules closely related to low-temperature stress resistance and selected 12 core genes from the two modules that showed the highest associations with the target traits. Following the functional annotation of these genes to determine the key biological processes and metabolic pathways involved in low-temperature stress, we identified four important transcription factors involved in resistance to low-temperature stress: gene-LOC110731664, gene-LOC110736639, gene-LOC110684437, and gene-LOC110720903. These results provide insights into the molecular genetic mechanism of quinoa under low-temperature stress and can be used to breed lines with tolerance to low-temperature stress.

Integrative metabolome and transcriptome profiling provide insights into elucidation of the synthetic mechanisms of phenolic compounds in Yunnan hulled wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King).

BACKGROUND: Yunnan hulled wheat grains (YHWs) have abundant phenolic compounds (PCs). However, a systematic elucidation of the phenolic characteristics and molecular basis in YHWs is currently lacking. The aim of the study, for the first time, was to conduct metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of YHWs at different developmental stages. RESULTS: A total of five phenolic metabolite classes (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, lignans and coumarins, and tannins) and 361 PCs were identified, with flavonoids and phenolic acids being the most abundant components. The relative abundance of the identified PCs showed a dynamic decreasing pattern with grain development, and the most significant differences in accumulation were between the enlargement and mature stage, which is consistent with the gene regulation patterns of the corresponding phenolic biosynthesis pathway. Through co-expression and co-network analysis, PAL, HCT, CCR, F3H, CHS, CHI and bZIP were identified and predicted as candidate key enzymes and transcription factors. CONCLUSION: The results broaden our understanding of PC accumulation in wheat whole grains, especially the differential transfer between immature and mature grains. The identified PCs and potential regulatory factors provide important information for future in-depth research on the biosynthesis of PCs and the improvement of wheat nutritional quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification of core genes associated with different phosphorus levels in quinoa seedlings by weighted gene co-expression network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Quinoa is a highly nutritious and novel crop that is resistant to various abiotic stresses. However, its growth and development is restricted due to its limited utilization of soil phosphorus. Studies on the levels of phosphorus in quinoa seedlings are limited; therefore, we analyzed transcriptome data from quinoa seedlings treated with different concentrations of phosphorus. RESULTS: To identify core genes involved in responding to various phosphorus levels, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis method was applied. From the 12,085 expressed genes, an analysis of the gene co-expression network was done. dividing the expressed genes into a total of twenty-five different modules out of which two modules were strongly correlated with phosphorus levels. Subsequently we identified five core genes that correlated strongly either positively or negatively with the phosphorus levels. Gene ontology and assessments of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes have uncovered important biological processes and metabolic pathways that are involved in the phosphorus level response. CONCLUSIONS: We discovered crucial new core genes that encode proteins from various transcription factor families, such as MYB, WRKY, and ERF, which are crucial for abiotic stress resistance. This new library of candidate genes associated with the phosphorus level responses in quinoa seedlings will help in breeding varieties that are tolerant to phosphorus levels.

Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of high temperature stress response of quinoa seedlings.

BACKGROUND: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) originates in high altitude areas, such as the Andes, and has some inherent characteristics of cold, drought, and salinity tolerance, but is sensitive to high temperature. RESULTS: To gain insight into the response mechanism of quinoa to high temperature stress, we conducted an extensive targeted metabolomic study of two cultivars, Dianli-3101 and Dianli-3051, along with a combined transcriptome analysis. A total of 794 metabolites and 54,200 genes were detected, in which the genes related to photosynthesis were found down-regulated at high temperatures, and two metabolites, lipids and flavonoids, showed the largest changes in differential accumulation. Further analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and transcription factors revealed that quinoa inhibits photosynthesis at high temperatures, and the possible strategies being used for high temperature stress management are regulation of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) to obtain heat tolerance, and regulation of purine metabolism to enhance stress signals for rapid response to high temperature stress. The tolerant genotype could have an enhanced response through lower purine levels. The induction of the stress response could be mediated by HSF transcription factors. The results of this study may provide theoretical references for understanding the response mechanism of quinoa to high temperature stress, and for screening potential high temperature tolerant target genes and high temperature tolerant strains. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal the regulation of the transcription factor family HSF and the purinergic pathway in response to high temperature stress to improve quinoa varieties with high temperature tolerance.

Metabolic characteristics of self-pollinated wheat seed under red and blue light during early development.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Blue light has a greater effect on jasmonic acid and flavonoid accumulation in wheat seeds than red light; blue light reduces starch synthesis and the size of starch granules and seeds. This study sought to elucidate the effects of blue and red light on seed metabolism to provide important insights regarding the role of light quality in regulating seed growth and development. We used combined multi-omics analysis to investigate the impact of red and blue light (BL) on the induction of secondary metabolite accumulation in the hexaploid wheat Dianmai 3 after pollination. Flavonoids and alkaloids were the most differentially abundant metabolites detected under different treatments. Additionally, we used multi-omics and weighted correlation network analysis to screen multiple candidate genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and flavonoids. Expression regulatory networks were constructed based on RNA-sequencing data and their potential binding sites. The results revealed that BL had a greater effect on JA and flavonoid accumulation in wheat seeds than red light. Furthermore, BL reduced starch synthesis and stunted the size of starch granules and seeds. Collectively, these findings clarify the role of BL in the metabolic regulation of early seed development in wheat.

RNAi-based silencing of proteasome 20S subunit alpha 2 affected the survival and development of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata.

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a notorious pest of solanaceous plants in Asia, which is mainly managed by chemical pesticides. RNA interference (RNAi) technique is considered to be a promising and effective alternative for pest control. In this study, we selected the proteasome 20S subunit alpha 2 (Prosα2) gene, a cellular protein involved in many proteins regulatory processes, to explore the RNAi efficiency in H. vigintioctopunctata. The obtained results confirmed the significant lethal effects of HvProsα2 silencing on the H. vigintioctopunctata 1st instar larvae at concentrations of 100, 50, and 5 ng/µL. Ingestion of the bacterially expressed dsHvProsα2 caused high mortality in both larvae and adults. Moreover, silencing of HvProsα2 resulted in feeding disorders, growth delay, and abnormal intestinal development of the larvae. Overall, HvProsα2 acts as an important regulator for the growth and development of H. vigintioctopunctata, and can serve as a candidate target gene for the RNAi-based control of H. vigintioctopunctata.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Amyl Ester Tethered Dihydroartemisinin-Isatin Hybrids as Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Agents.

A series of novel amyl ester tethered dihydroartemisinin-isatin hybrids 4a-d and 5a-h were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as anti-breast cancer agents. The synthesized hybrids were preliminarily screened against estrogen receptor-positive (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231 and) breast cancer cell lines. Three hybrids 4a,d and 5e not only were more potent than artemisinin and adriamycin against drug-resistant MCF-7/ADR and MDA-MB-231/ADR breast cancer cell lines, but also displayed non-cytotoxicity towards normal MCF-10 A breast cells, and the SI values were >4.15, indicating their excellent selectivity and safety profiles. Thus, hybrids 4a,d and 5e could act as potential anti-breast cancer candidates and were worthy of further preclinical evaluations. Moreover, the structure-activity relationships which may facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates were also enriched.

Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses of the mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in seeds of differently colored quinoa strains.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an herb of the genus Chenopodiaceae that is native to the Andes Mountains of South America. To understand the metabolic differences between various quinoa strains, we selected quinoa strains of four colors (black, red, yellow, and white) and we subjected seeds to extensive targeted metabolomics analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and transcriptomics analysis. In total, 90 flavonoid-related metabolites were detected in quinoa seeds of the four colors. We elucida ted the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in the different quinoa varieties, and thus identified key genes for flavonoid biosynthesis. The results showed that 18 flavone metabolites and 25 flavonoid-related genes were key contributors to flavonoid biosynthesis in quinoa seeds. The results of this study may provide a basis for the breeding and identification of new quinoa strains and for the screening of potential target genes in flavonoid biosynthesis regulation in quinoa.

Recent updates on 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine hybrids (2017-present): The anticancer activity, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world, and the prevalence and mortality rates of cancer will continue to grow. Chemotherapeutics play a critical role in cancer therapy, but drug resistance and side effects are major hurdles to effective treatment, evoking an immediate need for the discovery of new anticancer agents. Triazines including 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine have occupied a propitious place in drug design and development due to their excellent pharmacological profiles. Mechanistically, triazine derivatives could interfere with various signaling pathways to induce cancer cell death. Hence, triazine derivatives possess potential in vitro and in vivo efficacy against diverse cancers. In particular, triazine hybrids are able to overcome drug resistance and reduce side effects. Moreover, several triazine hybrids such as brivanib (indole-containing pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine), gedatolisib (1,3,5-triazine-urea hybrid), and enasidenib (1,3,5-triazine-pyridine hybrid) have already been available in the market. Accordingly, triazine hybrids are useful scaffolds for the discovery of novel anticancer chemotherapeutics. This review focuses on the anticancer activity of 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine hybrids, together with the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action developed from 2017 to the present. The enriched structure-activity relationships may be useful for further rational drug development of triazine hybrids as potential clinical candidates.

Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Amino Acid Biosynthesis Mechanisms during the Physiological Maturity of Grains in Yunnan Hulled Wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King).

Yunnan hulled wheat (YHW) possesses excellent nutritional characteristics; however, the precise amino acid (AA) composition, contents, and molecular mechanisms underlying AA biosynthesis in YHW grains remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to perform metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling to identify the composition and genetic factors regulating AA biosynthesis during the physiological maturation of grains of two YHW genotypes, Yunmai and Dikemail, with high and low grain protein contents, respectively. A total of 40 and 14 differentially accumulated amino acids (AAs) or AA derivatives were identified between the waxy grain (WG) and mature grain (MG) phenological stages of Yunmai and Dikemail, respectively. The AA composition differed between WG and MG, and the abundance of AAs-especially that of essential AAs-was significantly higher in WG than in MG (only 38.74-58.26% of WG). Transcriptome analysis revealed differential regulation of structural genes associated with the relatively higher accumulation of AAs in WG. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and correlation analyses of WG and MG indicated differences in the expression of clusters of genes encoding both upstream elements of AA biosynthesis and enzymes that are directly involved in AA synthesis. The expression of these genes directly impacted the synthesis of various AAs. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of AA biosynthesis during the different developmental stages of grains and provide a foundation for further research to improve the nutritional value of wheat products.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Mechanisms Underlying the Response of Quinoa Seedlings to Nitrogen Fertilizers.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a dicotyledonous annual amaranth herb that belongs to the family Chenopodiaceae. Quinoa can be cultivated across a wide range of climatic conditions. With regard to its cultivation, nitrogen-based fertilizers have a demonstrable effect on the growth and development of quinoa. How crops respond to the application of nitrogen affects grain quality and yield. Therefore, to explore the regulatory mechanisms that underlie the responses of quinoa seedlings to the application of nitrogen, we selected two varieties (i.e., Dianli-1299 and Dianli-71) of quinoa seedlings and analyzed them using metabolomic and transcriptomic techniques. Specifically, we studied the mechanisms underlying the responses of quinoa seedlings to varying concentrations of nitrogen by analyzing the dynamics of metabolites and genes involved in arginine biosynthesis; carbon fixation; and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate biosynthetic pathways. Overall, we found that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) of quinoa are affected by the concentration of nitrogen. We detected 1057 metabolites, and 29,012 genes were annotated for the KEGG. We also found that 15 DEMs and 8 DEGs were key determinants of the differences observed in quinoa seedlings under different nitrogen concentrations. These contribute toward a deeper understanding of the metabolic processes of plants under different nitrogen treatments and provide a theoretical basis for improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of quinoa.

Metabolome and transcriptome profiles in quinoa seedlings in response to potassium supply.

BACKGROUND: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a herb within the Quinoa subfamily of Amaranthaceae, with remarkable environmental adaptability. Its edible young leaves and grains are rich in protein, amino acids, microorganisms, and minerals. Although assessing the effects of fertilization on quinoa yield and quality has become an intensive area of research focus, the associated underlying mechanisms remain unclear. As one of the three macro nutrients in plants, potassium has an important impact on plant growth and development. In this study, extensive metabolome and transcriptome analyses were conducted in quinoa seedlings 30 days after fertilizer application to characterize the growth response mechanism to potassium.  RESULTS: The differential metabolites and genes present in the seedlings of white and red quinoa cultivars were significantly enriched in the photosynthetic pathway. Moreover, the PsbQ enzyme on photosystem II and delta enzyme on ATP synthase were significantly down regulated in quinoa seedlings under potassium deficiency. Additionally, the differential metabolites and genes of red quinoa seedlings were significantly enriched in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a more thorough understanding of the molecular changes in quinoa seedlings that occur under deficient, relative to normal, potassium levels. Furthermore, this study provides a theoretical basis regarding the importance of potassium fertilizers, as well as their efficient utilization by growing quinoa seedlings.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Combined to Analyze Quinoa Grain Quality Differences of Different Colors Cultivars.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique nutritional, economic, and medicinal values. Meanwhile, quinoa germplasm resources and grain colors are rich and diverse. In this study, we analyzed the composition of primary and secondary metabolites and the content of the grains of four different high-yield quinoa cultivars (black, red, white, and yellow) harvested 42 days after flowering. The grains were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and transcriptome sequencing to identify the differentially expressed genes and metabolites. Analysis of candidate genes regulating the metabolic differences among cultivars found that the metabolite profiles differed between white and black quinoa, and that there were also clear differences between red and yellow quinoa. It also revealed significantly altered amino acid, alkaloid, tannin, phenolic acid, and lipid profiles among the four quinoa cultivars. Six common enrichment pathways, including phenylpropane biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, and ABC transporter, were common to metabolites and genes. Moreover, we identified key genes highly correlated with specific metabolites and clarified the relationship between them. Our results provide theoretical and practical references for breeding novel quinoa cultivars with superior quality, yield, and stress tolerance. Furthermore, these findings introduce an original approach of integrating genomics and transcriptomics for screening target genes that regulate the desirable traits of quinoa grain.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Revealed the Response Mechanism of Quinoa Seedlings to Different Phosphorus Stresses.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a dicotyledonous annual herb of Family Amaranthaceae and Subfamily Chenopodiaceae. It has high nutritional and economic value. Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant macronutrient, a component of many biomolecules, and vital to growth, development, and metabolism. We analyzed the transcriptomes and metabolomes of Dianli-1299 and Dianli-71 quinoa seedlings, compared their phenotypes, and elucidated the mechanisms of their responses to the phosphorus treatments. Phenotypes significantly varied with phosphorus level. The plants responded to changes in available phosphorus by modulating metabolites and genes implicated in glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid and glycolysis, and glyconeogenesis metabolism. We detected 1057 metabolites, of which 149 were differentially expressed (DEMs) and common to the control (CK) vs. the low-phosphorus (LP) treatment samples, while two DEMs were common to CK vs. the high-phosphorus (HP) treatment samples. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) annotated 29,232 genes, of which 231 were differentially expressed (DEGs) and common to CK vs. LP, while one was common to CK vs. HP. A total of 15 DEMs and 11 DEGs might account for the observed differences in the responses of the quinoa seedlings to the various phosphorus levels. The foregoing results may provide a theoretical basis for improving the phosphorus utilization efficiency in quinoa.

Mechanisms of Resistance to Spot Blotch in Yunnan Iron Shell Wheat Based on Metabolome and Transcriptomics.

Spot blotch (SB) is a fungal disease that threatens wheat yield and quality. Presently, the molecular mechanism against SB is unclear. In this study, the resistant variety Zhenkang iron shell wheat (Yunmai 0030) and susceptible variety Lincang iron shell wheat (Yunmai 0608) were selected by identifying SB of Yunnan iron shell wheat. The metabolome and transcriptome of leaves of two varieties at different positions were detected using the systemic acquired resistance theory to investigate the molecular and physiological changes in Yunnan iron shell wheat under SB stress. We found that the genes and metabolites related to benzoxazinoid biosynthesis and arginine and proline metabolism were highly enriched after infection with leaf blight. The enriched differential metabolites mainly included phenolic acids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. We further observed that DIBOA- and DIMBOA-glucoside positively affected iron shell wheat resistance to leaf blight and proline and its derivatives were important for plant self-defense. Furthermore, we confirmed that the related metabolites in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis and arginine and proline metabolism positively affected Triticum aestivum ssp. resistance to SB. This study provides new insights into the dynamic physiological changes of wheat in response to SB, helps us better understand the mechanism of resistance to SB, and contributes to the breeding and utilization of resistant varieties.

Density Functional Study of Trimetallic AuxPdyPtz (x + y + z = 7) Clusters and Their Interactions with the O2 Molecule.

Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the structural and energetic properties of trimetallic AuxPdyPtz clusters with x + y + z = 7. The possible stable geometrical configurations with their electronic states are determined. We analyze the chemical order, binding energies, vertical ionization potential, electron affinity, and HOMO-LUMO gaps as a function of the whole concentration range. The affinity of AuxPdyPtz clusters toward one O2 molecule is also evaluated in terms of the changes in geometry, adsorption energy, and charge transfer.

Novel skeleton compound Allomyrinanoid A and two purine alkaloids from the adult of Allomyrina dichotoma L.

Three new compounds were isolated from the adult insect of Allomyrina dichotoma L. for the first time. A new skeleton compound is named as Allomyrinanoid A (1) originated from the familiar norbornane derivatives and two new compounds of purine alkaloid are named as adenine-9-methylaldehyde oxime B (2) and 6-N-methyleneimine-adenine-9-methylaldehyde oxime B (3). The compounds (2) and (3) are the tautomers of imine-enamine and creatively separated form the solvent using column chromatography method. The structures of all isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic methods including analyses of their 1D, 2D NMR and HRESI-MS data, and confirmed by comparison of the literature data. These new components displayed antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strain.

Elucidating the Differentiation Synthesis Mechanisms of Differently Colored Resistance Quinoa Seedings Using Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa wild.), a dicotyledonous plant native to the Andes, is an increasingly popular pseudograin owing to its high nutritional value, stress resistance capabilities, and gluten-free properties. In this study, we aimed to explore the dynamic changes in different varieties of quinoa at the seedling stage and their regulatory networks. Here, we found that the leaves of quinoa showed obvious coloration after 45 days, and four quinoa seedling types (red, white, yellow, and black) were subjected to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and transcriptome sequencing to identify their differentially expressed genes and metabolites. A total of 29 differential metabolites and 19 genes (14 structural and 5 regulatory genes) were identified, and consistent differences were observed in the flavonoid, phenolic acid, and alkaloid metabolites in the different quinoa types. These differential metabolites were significantly enriched in flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technology was used to detect the expression of four structural genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and four regulatory genes (interaction network). The results revealed that the structural and regulatory gene transcript levels in the flavonoid pathway were higher in the red quinoa cultivars than in the white, yellow, and black. Additionally, the differences in the leaves of these four quinoa cultivars were mainly due to differences in flavonoid, phenolic acid, and alkaloid accumulation. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the accumulation and coloration mechanisms of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids in quinoa seedlings of different colors and also provide a theoretical basis for future investigations.