Design, Synthesis, and Performance of Photo-Responsive Liquid Crystal Polymers with Stepwise Deformation Capability.

Photo-responsive liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have potential application value in flexible robots, artificial muscles, and microfluidic control. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of LCPs. However, the preparation of LCPs with continuous and controllable stepwise deformation capabilities remains a challenge. In this study, visible photo-responsive cyanostilbene monomer, UV photo-responsive azobenzene monomer, and multiple hydrogen bond crosslinker are used to prepare photo-responsive LCPs capable of achieving continuously and controllable stepwise deformation. The comprehensive investigation of the multiple light response ability and photo-induced deformation properties of these copolymers is conducted. The results reveal that in the first stage of photo-induced deformation under 470 nm blue light irradiation, the deformation angle decreases with a reduction in cyanostilbene content in the copolymer component, ranging from 40° in AZ0-CS4 to 0° in AZ4-CS0. In the second stage of photo-induced deformation under 365 nm UV irradiation, the deformation angle increases with the increase of azobenzene content, ranging from 0° of AZ0-CS4 to 89.4° of AZ4-CS0. Importantly, the deformation between these two stages occurs as a continuous process, allowing for a direct transition from the first-stage to the second-stage deformation by switching the light source from 470 to 365 nm.

Perioperative circulating tumor DNA as a potential prognostic marker for operable stage I to IIIA non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a noninvasive biomarker for dynamically monitoring tumors. However, published data on perioperative ctDNA in patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are currently limited. METHODS: This prospective study recruited 123 patients with resectable stage I to IIIA NSCLC. Preoperative and postoperative plasma samples and tumor tissue samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing with a panel of 425 cancer-related genes. Peripheral blood samples were collected before surgery, postoperatively within 1 month, and every 3 to 6 months for up to 3 years. RESULTS: After 4 exclusions, 119 eligible patients were enrolled from June 2016 to February 2019. Presurgical ctDNA was detectable in 29 of 117 patients (24.8%) and was associated with inferior recurrence-free survival (RFS; hazard ratio [HR], 2.42; 95% CI, 1.11-5.27; P = .022) and inferior overall survival (OS; HR, 5.54; 95% CI, 1.01-30.35; P = .026). Similarly, ctDNA was detected in 12 of 116 first postsurgical samples (10.3%) and was associated with shorter RFS (HR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.22-7.58; P = .012). During surveillance after surgery, longitudinal ctDNA-positive patients (37 of 119; 31.1%) had significantly shorter RFS (HR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.59-7.55; P < .001) and significantly shorter OS (HR, 9.99; 95% CI, 1.17-85.78; P = .010) in comparison with longitudinal ctDNA-negative patients. Serial ctDNA detection preceded radiologic disease recurrence by a median lead time of 8.71 months. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that perioperative ctDNA analyses can predict recurrence and survival, and serial ctDNA analyses can identify disease recurrence/metastasis earlier than routine radiologic imaging in patients with resectable NSCLC. LAY SUMMARY: The utility of serial circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) monitoring for predicting disease recurrence and survival for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been well characterized. The detection of ctDNA before and after surgery is associated with the identification of a high risk of disease recurrence and long-term patient outcomes for resectable NSCLC. Perioperative ctDNA analyses identify disease recurrence earlier than routine radiologic imaging. ctDNA analyses can detect minimal residual disease for resectable NSCLC and thus can facilitate early intervention.

Manipulated and Improved Photoinduced Deformation Property of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystal Elastomers by Copolymerization.

Photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have aroused much attention due to their unique structures, properties, and potential applications. However, many reported photoresponsive LCEs show small photoinduced deformation with a slow deformation speed, which limits their application to a certain extent. In this article, multiple hydrogen bond component and biphenyl component was introduced into photoresponsive LCEs bearing cyanostilbene by copolymerization, and prepared a series of LCEs CSm-BPn (CS and BP means cyanostilbene and biphenyl component, respectively; m, n means the content ratio of CS and BP). All uniaxially oriented CSm-BPn fibers show photoinduced deformation behavior under 365 nm UV light except for CS0-BP5. The introduction of hydrogen bond and the decrease of glass transition temperature realize large deformation and fast deformation speed. Besides, the properties of LCEs are successfully regulated by changing the content ratio of each component. What's more interesting is that the addition of appropriate amount of biphenyl can significantly improve and manipulate the deformation property of the CSm-BPn fibers. The maximum bending angle can reach 175° , and the whole photoinduced deformation process only takes 11 s. The photoresponsive LCEs with such large bending angle and fast deformation rate are rarely reported.

Repeated inoculation of antimony resistant bacterium reduces antimony accumulation in rice plants.

Applying beneficial bacteria in rice rhizosphere to manage heavy metal behaviour in soil-plant system is a promising strategy. However, colonization/domination of exogenous bacteria in rhizosphere soils remains a challenge. In this study, a bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi, which showed the potential of transforming soluble SbIII into Sb2O3 mineral, was repeatedly inoculated into the rice rhizosphere weekly throughout the rice growth period, and the colonization of this bacterium in rice rhizosphere soils and its effect on Sb accumulation in rice plants were investigated. Results showed that repeated inoculants changed the native bacterial community in rhizosphere soils in comparison with the control, but the inoculated O. anthropi was not identified as an abundant species. With weekly inoculation, the decrease in Sb in rice roots and straws was maintained throughout the rice growth period, with decrease percentages ranging from 36 to 49% and 33-35%. In addition, decrease percentages of Sb in husks and grains at the maturing stage obtained 34 and 37%, respectively. Furthermore, the XRD identified the formation of valentinite (Sb2O3) on rice root in inoculation treatment, and the decrease percentages in aqueous SbIII in rhizosphere were 53-100% through the growth period. It demonstrated that weekly inoculants performed their temporary activity of valentinite formation, and reduced Sb accumulation in rice plants efficiently. This study suggests that regardless of successful colonization, repeated inoculation of beneficial bacteria is an option to facilitate the positive effects of inoculated bacteria in the management of heavy metal behaviour.

Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide inhibits atherosclerosis by increasing tetrahydrobiopterin via regulation of GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 and reducing uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide D-4F, among its anti-atherosclerotic effects, improves vasodilation through mechanisms not fully elucidated yet. METHODS: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor null (LDLr-/-) mice were fed Western diet with or without D-4F. We then measured atherosclerotic lesion formation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and its association with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2•-) production, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1) concentration in the aorta. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and aortas were treated with oxidized LDL (oxLDL) with or without D-4F; subsequently, BH4 and GCH-1 concentration, NO and O2•- production, eNOS association with HSP90, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation were measured. RESULTS: Unexpectedly, eNOS phosphorylation, eNOS-HSP90 association, and O2•- production were increased, whereas BH4 and GCH-1 concentration and NO production were reduced in atherosclerosis. D-4F significantly inhibited atherosclerosis, eNOS phosphorylation, eNOS-HSP90 association, and O2•- generation but increased NO production and BH4 and GCH-1 concentration. OxLDL reduced NO production and BH4 and GCH-1 concentration but enhanced O2•- generation and eNOS association with HSP90, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. D-4F inhibited the overall effects of oxLDL. CONCLUSIONS: Hypercholesterolemia enhanced uncoupled eNOS activity by decreasing GCH-1 concentration, thereby reducing BH4 levels. D-4F reduced uncoupled eNOS activity by increasing BH4 levels through GCH-1 expression and decreasing eNOS phosphorylation and eNOS-HSP90 association. Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism by which hypercholesterolemia induces atherosclerosis and D-4F inhibits it, providing a potential therapeutic approach.

Circulating endothelial microparticles: a promising biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Current diagnostic strategies for acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are nonspecific and limited. Previously, we demonstrated that circulating microparticles (MPs) in patients with valve heart disease (VHD) and congenital heart diseases (CHD) induce endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil chemotaxis, which may result in kidney injury. We also found that circulating MPs increase after cardiac surgery with CPB and are related to cardiac function. However, the relationship between circulating MPs and AKI after CPB is unknown. METHODS: Eighty-five patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were enrolled. Patients were divided into AKI and non-AKI groups based on the serum creatinine levels at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. Circulating MPs were isolated from plasma, and their levels including its subtypes were detected by flow cytometer. Independent risk factors for the CPB-associated AKI (CPB-AKI) were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to measure the prognostic potential of CPB-AKI. RESULTS: The morbidity of AKI at 12 h and 3 d after cardiac surgery with CPB was 40% and 31.76%, respectively. The concentrations of total MPs and platelet-derived MPs (PMP) remained unchanged at 12 h and then increased at 3 d post-CPB, while that of endothelial-derived MPs (EMP) increased at both time points. In patients with AKI, PMP and EMP were elevated compared with the patients without AKI. However, no significant change was detected on monocyte-derived MPs (MMP) at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. The logistic regression analysis showed that EMP was the independent risk factor for AKI both at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB. The area under ROC for the concentrations of EMP at 12 h and 3 d post-CPB was 0.86 and 0.91, with the specificity up to 0.88 and 0.91, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating EMP may serve as a potential biomarker of AKI after cardiac surgery with CPB.

Circulating Tumor DNA Analyses as a Potential Marker of Recurrence and Effectiveness of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Resected Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although adjuvant chemotherapy is established for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the long-term survival remains to be improved. Postsurgical circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis of resectable NSCLC may identify patients at high risk of recurrence after adjuvant chemotherapy and facilitate personalized therapy. METHODS: This analysis included 38 patients who underwent curative-intent resection and received adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC. ctDNA analyses of tumor tissue, and pre- and post-operative plasma samples were performed with next-generation sequencing targeting 425 cancer-relevant genes. We define a ctDNA positive event as at least one shared mutation identified simultaneously in the plasma and tumor specimens. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: At least one somatic mutation was identified in the tumor tissue of all 38 patients. Tumor tissue-specific mutated ctDNA was detected in the preoperative plasma samples of 19 (50%) patients. ctDNA in preoperative plasma was in good accordance with that in tissue. ctDNA was detectable in the first post-operative pre-chemotherapy samples of 8 of 35 (22.9%) patients and was associated with inferior RFS (HR, 3.69; P = 0.033). ctDNA was detected in the first post-chemotherapy samples of 8 of 36 (22.2%) patients and was also associated with inferior RFS (HR, 8.76; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative and post-chemotherapy ctDNA is a promising prognostic marker for resected NSCLC. ctDNA analyses may define a subgroup that remains at high risk of relapse despite standard adjuvant chemotherapy, and may help to inform intensified therapeutic strategies.

Processing Characteristics and Parametric Effects on Picosecond Laser Nanoscaled Patterning of Poly(methyl methacrylate).

Characteristics of picosecond laser processing for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are studied in this text. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) can be applied to micro- or nano-scale electronic devices. Short-pulsed laser is usually used for noncontact processing of nanoscale patterning of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This study considers optical energy of laser to be transferred into decomposition energy of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Using the condition of the energy balance at the decomposition interface, the variation of the ablation rate with the logarithm of the laser fluence is calculated for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and agrees with the measured data. This study also discusses parametric effects of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on the variation of the ablation rate with the logarithm of the laser fluence.

Apatinib monotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer after the failure of chemotherapy or other targeted therapy.

BACKGROUND: Apatinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), has proven to be effective and safe for treating patients with advanced gastric cancer after second-line chemotherapy failure. As VEGFR-2 targeted therapy has made encouraging progress for the treatment of a broad range of malignancies, we explored the efficacy and safety of apatinib for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer after the failure of chemotherapy or other targeted therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 34 patients (11 with squamous carcinoma and 23 with adenocarcinoma) who were treated with apatinib alone in a daily oral dose of 250 mg in the second-line or third-line setting from January 2016 to July 2017. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: EGFR mutation or amplification was detected in 15 patients. The median PFS of the whole group was four months (95% confidence interval 0.3-7.7). A partial response was observed in 2 patients (5.88%) and stable disease in 19 (55.88%). The disease control rate was 61.76%. Common side effects of apatinib were hypertension (n = 12), hand-foot syndrome (n = 8), and proteinuria (n = 5), which accounted for 35.30%, 23.53%, and 14.71%, respectively, and no grade 3/4 adverse reactions occurred. Apatinib toxicity was controllable and tolerable. CONCLUSIONS: Apatinib appears to be effective and safe for advanced non-small cell lung cancer after the failure of chemotherapy or other targeted therapy.

Impacts of EGFR mutation and EGFR-TKIs on incidence of brain metastases in advanced non-squamous NSCLC.

OBJECTIVE: Brain metastases remain lethal in lung cancer patients. The impacts of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on the incidence of brain metastases in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still uncertain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1672 patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC with a definitive report on EGFR mutation status between January 2005 and June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The impacts of EGFR mutation status and EGFR TKIs use on the incidence of brain metastases and survival were investigated. RESULTS: Of the 1672 patients, 465 (27.8%) had an EGFR mutation, and 1207 (72.2%) did not. Four hundred and eighteen (25.0%) patients had baseline brain metastases. The cumulative incidence of brain metastases for patients in EGFR+ group was significantly higher than patients in EGFR- group (HR, 1.27; 95% CI 1.06-1.52; P=0.008). The cumulative incidence of brain metastases was also higher for patients who received an EGFR-TKI as their first-line treatment than those who received other first-line treatment (HR, 1.36; 95% CI 1.14-1.64; P=0.001). Patients harboring EGFR mutations had prolonged overall survival (OS) than patients with wild-type EGFR (HR, 0.47; 95% CI 0.41-0.54; P<0.001; median, 25.2 vs. 12.9 months). CONCLUSIONS: Both the EGFR mutation-positive status and the use of a TKI are associated with higher incidence of brain metastases for patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC.

Elevated pretreatment neutrophil/white blood cell ratio and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio predict poor survival in patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer: Results from a large cohort.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic values of preoperative neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been previously described. This study assessed the prognostic values of other pretreatment complete blood cell parameters in Chinese patients with curatively resected NSCLC. METHODS: A total of 1466 consecutive NSCLC patients who received curative surgery from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009 with complete data from pretreatment blood tests were enrolled in this retrospective study. Correlations between each blood test parameter and overall survival were examined by Kaplan-Meier method or Cox proportional hazards regression, followed by a stratification analysis of significant variables. RESULTS: Optimal cut-off values of 0.55 for neutrophil/white blood cell ratio (NWR), 0.28 for lymphocyte/white blood cell ratio (LWR), 0.09 for monocyte/white blood cell ratio (MWR), 2.06 for NLR, 0.35 for MLR, 204.00 for PLR, and 38.25 for platelet/white blood cell ratio (PWR) were identified using X-tile software. Univariate analysis suggested that NWR ≥ 0.55, LWR < 0.28, MWR ≥ 0.09, NLR ≥ 2.06, MLR ≥ 0.35, and PLR ≥ 204.00 predicted a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. However, only NWR and MLR were identified as independent significant prognostic factors in multivariable analysis, especially in tumor node metastasis stage I and I/II/III NSCLCs. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment NWR, MWR, LWR, NLR, MLR, and PLR values are associated with poor overall survival for patients with curatively resected NSCLC. NWR and MLR are independent prognostic factors in curatively resected NSCLC.

Saccharomonospora marina sp. nov., isolated from an ocean sediment of the East China Sea.

A novel, aerobic, Gram-positive actinomycete strain, designated XMU15T, was isolated from an ocean sediment collected from Zhaoan Bay in the East China Sea and was subjected to a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. The isolate grew optimally at 28 degrees C and at pH 7.0 in the presence of 3% (w/v) NaCl on ISP medium 2. Gelatin liquefaction, milk coagulation and nitrate reduction were positive. Cellulose and starch hydrolysis, hydrogen sulfide and melanin production, and catalase, urease and oxidase activities were negative. The predominant menaquinone of the isolate was MK-9 (H4), and meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid in the cell wall. The phospholipids of the isolate comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and a minor amount of phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids of the strain were iso-C16:0 (26.36%), C17:1omega6c (16.80%), C15:0 (16.2%), C16:0 (8.90%), C17:1omega8c (7.69%) and iso-C16:1 H (5.95%). The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.1 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate fell within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Saccharomonospora and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.7%) to Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis DSM 44391T. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phenotypic and genotypic characterization, strain XMU15T (=KCTC 19701T =CCTCC AA 209048T) represents a novel species of the genus Saccharomonospora, for which the name Saccharomonospora marina sp. nov. is proposed.