[Communication for arboviral disease prevention: tailoring PAHO initiatives to the Cuban contextComunicação para prevenção de arboviroses: adequação das iniciativas da OPAS ao contexto cubano]. / Comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis: adecuación de iniciativas de la OPS al contexto cubano.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of training processes in the coordination of regional and national communication initiatives for arboviral disease prevention, using the lessons learned in the Cuban context as an example. In February 2016 and December 2017, professional staff from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine attended workshops for strengthening communication capacities for arboviral disease prevention in primary health care settings through gradual introduction of the most recent approaches promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in this regard. National, provincial, municipal, and health area specialists with diverse professional profiles were trained; multidisciplinary teams were strengthened at the different levels; specific tasks were assigned and coordinated at each level; and demonstration sites were established for the communication approaches promoted in the workshops. Learning needs in the field of mass communication were also identified, and activities for training technical staff and for monitoring and evaluation were introduced in the national strategy 2018-2021 to guarantee the implementation and sustainability of communication activities. Notwithstanding, participating institutions will have to address the challenges characteristic of communication for arboviral disease prevention, which include the rotation of trained personnel, the mobilization of resources for communication, and the identification of appropriate evaluation indicators.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as oportunidades e os desafios da capacitação em articulação de iniciativas regionais e nacionais de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses, a partir dos ensinamentos tirados com a experiência cubana. Em fevereiro de 2016 e em dezembro de 2017, profissionais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, em Cuba, participaram de um seminário sobre o fortalecimento da capacidade de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses na atenção primária à saúde com a incorporação gradual dos enfoques mais recentes promovidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Especialistas com diferentes perfis profissionais foram capacitados ao nível nacional, de província, do município e de áreas de saúde. Equipes multidisciplinares foram formadas e consolidadas nos diferentes níveis e elas receberam a incumbência de tarefas concretas coordenadas em cada nível e participaram da demonstração dos enfoques de comunicação apresentados nos seminários. Além disso, as necessidades de aprendizagem em comunicação social foram identificadas e atividades de capacitação do pessoal técnico e atividades de monitoramento e avaliação foram incorporadas à estratégia nacional 2018­2021 com o objetivo de garantir a implementação e a sustentabilidade das ações de comunicação. Porém, as instituições participantes terão de enfrentar os próprios desafios de comunicação na prevenção das arboviroses, por exemplo, rotatividade do pessoal capacitado, captação de recursos para comunicação e identificação dos indicadores adequados de avaliação.

Physicians' Reflections on Death and Dying on Completion of a Palliative Medicine Fellowship.

CONTEXT: Patient and family dissatisfaction may result when they are not satisfied with the physician/patient interaction, although the physician may feel he/she worked hard to provide information to the patient and family. New approaches to visual analysis can (1) identify significant insights from physicians' personal and clinical experiences in providing compassionate palliative care and end-of-life care and (2) provide an effective and practical vehicle for communicating with patients, their families, and other professional caregivers. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate palliative physicians' core experiences with their patients' dying and death. METHODS: A qualitative visual analysis was conducted on 75 images created by physicians completing a one year palliative medicine fellowship. These images are part of a larger personal reflections narratives database of images, text, and auditory projects prepared by students, interns, and fellows completing training in palliative care at a large hospice provider. Participation in the personal reflections project is a required part of the training program, with the goal of blending clinical competencies with lived experiences of caring for the dying. RESULTS: Two categories of visual metaphors underlying the images were identified, with both expressing the relationship and transitional dynamics of life and death: portraits (n = 30, 40%) and nature (n = 45, 60%). Conventional images representing anxiety, pain, or other dimensions of suffering commonly associated with death and dying were virtually absent (n = 2, 0.03%). CONCLUSION: We propose the communication of positive, hopeful, even peaceful perceptions of death and dying was likely the result of effective personal and professional skills gained through physicians' clinical experiences during the fellowship.

Dengue Contingency Planning: From Research to Policy and Practice.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is an increasingly incident disease across many parts of the world. In response, an evidence-based handbook to translate research into policy and practice was developed. This handbook facilitates contingency planning as well as the development and use of early warning and response systems for dengue fever epidemics, by identifying decision-making processes that contribute to the success or failure of dengue surveillance, as well as triggers that initiate effective responses to incipient outbreaks. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Available evidence was evaluated using a step-wise process that included systematic literature reviews, policymaker and stakeholder interviews, a study to assess dengue contingency planning and outbreak management in 10 countries, and a retrospective logistic regression analysis to identify alarm signals for an outbreak warning system using datasets from five dengue endemic countries. Best practices for managing a dengue outbreak are provided for key elements of a dengue contingency plan including timely contingency planning, the importance of a detailed, context-specific dengue contingency plan that clearly distinguishes between routine and outbreak interventions, surveillance systems for outbreak preparedness, outbreak definitions, alert algorithms, managerial capacity, vector control capacity, and clinical management of large caseloads. Additionally, a computer-assisted early warning system, which enables countries to identify and respond to context-specific variables that predict forthcoming dengue outbreaks, has been developed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Most countries do not have comprehensive, detailed contingency plans for dengue outbreaks. Countries tend to rely on intensified vector control as their outbreak response, with minimal focus on integrated management of clinical care, epidemiological, laboratory and vector surveillance, and risk communication. The Technical Handbook for Surveillance, Dengue Outbreak Prediction/ Detection and Outbreak Response seeks to provide countries with evidence-based best practices to justify the declaration of an outbreak and the mobilization of the resources required to implement an effective dengue contingency plan.

Harnessing complex emergent metaphors for effective communication in palliative care: a multimodal perceptual analysis of hospice patients' reports of transcendence experiences.

Terminally ill patients can have unexpected, enigmatic, and profound cognitive shifts that significantly alter their perception of themselves, thereby eliminating their fear of death and dying. However, there are no systematic studies into these remarkable yet ineffable transcendence experiences. They therefore remain easily overlooked or viewed as isolated anomalies and therefore excluded from quality-of-life patient considerations. We use a multimodal methodology for identifying the prevalence and thematic properties of complex emergent metaphors patients use to report these experiences. Although previous research has pioneered the importance of understanding conventional or primary metaphors at the end of life, our findings indicate the considerable potential of more complex metaphors for reducing barriers to effective communication in palliative care.

The impact of additional support services on caregivers of hospice patients and hospice social workers.

Family caregivers often suffer higher levels of physical and emotional distress when caring for a chronically or terminally ill family member. Providing this kind of care to a loved one at the end of life contributes to increased stress, health problems, and a decreased quality of life. The Hospice Caregiver Support Project provided support services to caregivers identified by the hospice social worker as needing this support and/or assistance. Results from the project show that offering additional services relieved caregiver stress by allowing the caregiver time away from their caregiving role and reducing feelings of guilt and worry, and increased hospice social worker satisfaction with their ability to respond to the needs of hospice patients and caregivers.

PAL-MED CONNECT ®: a telephone consultation hotline for palliative medicine questions.

BACKGROUND: Community physicians are often ill-prepared for the management of complex symptoms. With a shortage of board certified physicians in palliative medicine to assist, the result is a lack of access to critical pain and symptom management expertise to care for seriously ill Californians. We report on a palliative medicine telephone hotline available to health care professionals. METHODS: San Diego Hospice and The Institute for Palliative Medicine received a grant to provide a telephone hotline for health care professionals to assist in answering clinical questions relating to palliative care. An extensive marketing campaign was initiated to publicize the service. Information from the calls was collected over a 2.5-year period. The data included referral source, geographic area, diagnosis, and reason for call. Satisfaction surveys were sent following each call. RESULTS: During the first 2.5 years of operation 498 calls were recorded. Although marketing was directed within the state of California, the majority of calls originated outside the state after the first year (66%). Approximately 43% of calls came from physicians, followed by 22% from registered nurses, 15% from nurse practitioners, and 6% from pharmacists. Nearly half of the calls were received from repeat callers. The most frequent topics for callers were related to pain and symptom management (29%), followed by hospice care (21%), medication dosing, and general palliative care (14% each). Ninety-five percent of the callers completed the satisfaction survey with 89% likely to use the service again. CONCLUSIONS: The hotline proved to be a valuable resource for health care providers caring for patients requiring palliative care as evidenced by the steady increase in the number of calls over the initial 2.5 years of operation. Future research on how the information directly impacted patient care might generate data to support the continuation of this service via partnerships with other organizations.

Comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis: adecuación de iniciativas de la OPS al contexto cubano

[RESUMEN]. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las oportunidades y los desafíos de los procesos de capacitación en la articulación de iniciativas regionales y nacionales de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis, usando como ejemplo las lecciones aprendidas en el contexto cubano. En febrero de 2016 y diciembre de 2017 profesionales del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí participaron en la realización de talleres de fortalecimiento de capacidades de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis en la Atención Primaria de Salud con la incorporación paulatina de los más recientes enfoques promovidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud sobre el tema. Se capacitaron especialistas de diferentes perfiles profesionales a nivel nacional, provincial, municipal y de áreas de salud, se formaron y consolidaron equipos multidisciplinarios en los diferentes niveles, se asignaron y articularon tareas concretas a cada nivel, y se establecieron sitios de demostración de los enfoques de comunicación promovidos en los talleres. Asimismo, se identificaron necesidades de aprendizaje en comunicación social y se incorporaron a la estrategia nacional 2018-2021 actividades de capacitación del personal técnico y de monitoreo y evaluación con el objetivo de garantizar la implementación de acciones de comunicación y su sostenibilidad. No obstante, las instituciones participantes tendrán que afrontar desafíos propios de la comunicación en la prevención de las arbovirosis como, por ejemplo, la fluctuación del personal entrenado, la movilización de recursos para la comunicación, y la identificación de indicadores adecuados de evaluación.

[ABSTRACT]. The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of training processes in the coordination of regional and national communication initiatives for arboviral disease prevention, using the lessons learned in the Cuban context as an example. In February 2016 and December 2017, professional staff from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine attended workshops for strengthening communication capacities for arboviral disease prevention in primary health care settings through gradual introduction of the most recent approaches promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in this regard. National, provincial, municipal, and health area specialists with diverse professional profiles were trained; multidisciplinary teams were strengthened at the different levels; specific tasks were assigned and coordinated at each level; and demonstration sites were established for the communication approaches promoted in the workshops. Learning needs in the field of mass communication were also identified, and activities for training technical staff and for monitoring and evaluation were introduced in the national strategy 2018-2021 to guarantee the implementation and sustainability of communication activities. Notwithstanding, participating institutions will have to address the challenges characteristic of communication for arboviral disease prevention, which include the rotation of trained personnel, the mobilization of resources for communication, and the identification of appropriate evaluation indicators.

[RESUMO]. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as oportunidades e os desafios da capacitação em articulação de iniciativas regionais e nacionais de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses, a partir dos ensinamentos tirados com a experiência cubana. Em fevereiro de 2016 e em dezembro de 2017, profissionais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, em Cuba, participaram de um seminário sobre o fortalecimento da capacidade de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses na atenção primária à saúde com a incorporação gradual dos enfoques mais recentes promovidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Especialistas com diferentes perfis profissionais foram capacitados ao nível nacional, de província, do município e de áreas de saúde. Equipes multidisciplinares foram formadas e consolidadas nos diferentes níveis e elas receberam a incumbência de tarefas concretas coordenadas em cada nível e participaram da demonstração dos enfoques de comunicação apresentados nos seminários. Além disso, as necessidades de aprendizagem em comunicação social foram identificadas e atividades de capacitação do pessoal técnico e atividades de monitoramento e avaliação foram incorporadas à estratégia nacional 2018–2021 com o objetivo de garantir a implementação e a sustentabilidade das ações de comunicação. Porém, as instituições participantes terão de enfrentar os próprios desafios de comunicação na prevenção das arboviroses, por exemplo, rotatividade do pessoal capacitado, captação de recursos para comunicação e identificação dos indicadores adequados de avaliação.

Comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis: adecuación de iniciativas de la OPS al contexto cubano / Communication for arboviral disease prevention: tailoring PAHO initiatives to the Cuban context / Comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses: adequação das iniciativas da OPAS ao contexto cubano

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las oportunidades y los desafíos de los procesos de capacitación en la articulación de iniciativas regionales y nacionales de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis, usando como ejemplo las lecciones aprendidas en el contexto cubano. En febrero de 2016 y diciembre de 2017 profesionales del Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí participaron en la realización de talleres de fortalecimiento de capacidades de comunicación para la prevención de arbovirosis en la Atención Primaria de Salud con la incorporación paulatina de los más recientes enfoques promovidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud sobre el tema. Se capacitaron especialistas de diferentes perfiles profesionales a nivel nacional, provincial, municipal y de áreas de salud, se formaron y consolidaron equipos multidisciplinarios en los diferentes niveles, se asignaron y articularon tareas concretas a cada nivel, y se establecieron sitios de demostración de los enfoques de comunicación promovidos en los talleres. Asimismo, se identificaron necesidades de aprendizaje en comunicación social y se incorporaron a la estrategia nacional 2018-2021 actividades de capacitación del personal técnico y de monitoreo y evaluación con el objetivo de garantizar la implementación de acciones de comunicación y su sostenibilidad. No obstante, las instituciones participantes tendrán que afrontar desafíos propios de la comunicación en la prevención de las arbovirosis como, por ejemplo, la fluctuación del personal entrenado, la movilización de recursos para la comunicación, y la identificación de indicadores adecuados de evaluación.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to describe the opportunities and challenges of training processes in the coordination of regional and national communication initiatives for arboviral disease prevention, using the lessons learned in the Cuban context as an example. In February 2016 and December 2017, professional staff from the Pedro Kourí Institute of Tropical Medicine attended workshops for strengthening communication capacities for arboviral disease prevention in primary health care settings through gradual introduction of the most recent approaches promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in this regard. National, provincial, municipal, and health area specialists with diverse professional profiles were trained; multidisciplinary teams were strengthened at the different levels; specific tasks were assigned and coordinated at each level; and demonstration sites were established for the communication approaches promoted in the workshops. Learning needs in the field of mass communication were also identified, and activities for training technical staff and for monitoring and evaluation were introduced in the national strategy 2018-2021 to guarantee the implementation and sustainability of communication activities. Notwithstanding, participating institutions will have to address the challenges characteristic of communication for arboviral disease prevention, which include the rotation of trained personnel, the mobilization of resources for communication, and the identification of appropriate evaluation indicators.

RESUMO O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de descrever as oportunidades e os desafios da capacitação em articulação de iniciativas regionais e nacionais de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses, a partir dos ensinamentos tirados com a experiência cubana. Em fevereiro de 2016 e em dezembro de 2017, profissionais do Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, em Cuba, participaram de um seminário sobre o fortalecimento da capacidade de comunicação para prevenção de arboviroses na atenção primária à saúde com a incorporação gradual dos enfoques mais recentes promovidos pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Especialistas com diferentes perfis profissionais foram capacitados ao nível nacional, de província, do município e de áreas de saúde. Equipes multidisciplinares foram formadas e consolidadas nos diferentes níveis e elas receberam a incumbência de tarefas concretas coordenadas em cada nível e participaram da demonstração dos enfoques de comunicação apresentados nos seminários. Além disso, as necessidades de aprendizagem em comunicação social foram identificadas e atividades de capacitação do pessoal técnico e atividades de monitoramento e avaliação foram incorporadas à estratégia nacional 2018-2021 com o objetivo de garantir a implementação e a sustentabilidade das ações de comunicação. Porém, as instituições participantes terão de enfrentar os próprios desafios de comunicação na prevenção das arboviroses, por exemplo, rotatividade do pessoal capacitado, captação de recursos para comunicação e identificação dos indicadores adequados de avaliação.

Daily oral ketamine for the treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care: a 28-day open-label proof-of-concept trial.

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are prevalent and undertreated in patients receiving hospice care. Standard antidepressants do not work rapidly or often enough to benefit most of these patients. Ketamine has many properties that make it an interesting candidate for rapidly treating depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care. To test this hypothesis, a 28-day, open-label, proof-of-concept trial of daily oral ketamine administration was conducted in order to evaluate the tolerability, potential efficacy, and time to potential efficacy in treating depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care. METHODS: In this open-label study, 14 subjects with symptoms of depression or depression mixed with anxiety warranting psychopharmacological intervention received daily oral doses of ketamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg) over a 28-day period. The primary outcome measure was the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), which was used to rate overall depression and anxiety symptoms at baseline, and on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. RESULTS: Over the 28-day trial there was significant improvement in both depressive symptoms (F5,35=8.03, p=0.002, η(2)=0.534) and symptoms of anxiety (F5,35=14.275, p<0.001, η(2)=0.67) for the eight subjects that completed the trial. One hundred percent of subjects completing the trial responded to ketamine for both anxiety and depression. A significant response in depressive symptoms occurred by day 14 for depression (mean Δ=3.5, d=1.14, 95% CI=1.09-5.9, p=0.01) and day 3 for anxiety (mean Δ=2.4, d=0.67, 95% CI=1.0-3.7, p=0.004). These improvements remained significant through day 28 for both depression (mean Δ=4.0, d=1.34, 95% CI=2.3-5.9, p=0.001) and anxiety (mean Δ=6.09, d=1.34, 95% CI=3.6-8.6, p<0.001). Side effects were rare, the most common being diarrhea, trouble sleeping, and trouble sitting still. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received daily oral ketamine experienced a robust antidepressant and anxiolytic response with few adverse events. The response rate for depression is similar to those found with IV ketamine; however, the time to response is more protracted. The findings of the potential efficacy of oral ketamine for depression and the response of anxiety symptoms are novel. Further investigation with randomized, controlled clinical trials is necessary to firmly establish the efficacy and safety of oral ketamine for the treatment of depression and anxiety in patients receiving hospice care or other subject populations.

The hospice caregiver support project: providing support to reduce caregiver stress.

INTRODUCTION: The vast majority (80%) of care provided to hospice patients is given by informal and unpaid caregivers, who are often family members. They may be responsible for everything from management of the household and finances to medical and personal care. Providing this kind of care to a loved one at the end of life can contribute to increased stress, health problems, and decreased quality of life. METHODS: Hospice social workers referred caregivers identified as needing additional support into a special project that funded services not covered by hospice and that the family could not afford to purchase. There were no restrictions on the types of services that could be requested. The Pearlin role overload measure (ROM) was administered and the family selected a service provider from an approved list of agencies. Upon completion of the service period, the ROM was re-administered. Use of the hospice respite benefit by any hospice patient during this study was compared with use before the project began. RESULTS: Self-reported caregiver stress, as measured by the Pearlin ROM pre- and post-services, decreased by 52% (t(122) = 10.254; p < 0.0001). Use of the hospice respite benefit requested by any hospice patient caregiver decreased during the project period (χ(2), p < 0.02), and when respite was requested fewer days were used as compared with the same time period prior to the project (χ(2), p < 0.0043). CONCLUSION: The project results show that offering such services relieved caregiver stress, reduced use of respite, and reduced the number of respite days used.

Welfare and immigration reform and use of prenatal care among women of Mexican ethnicity in San Diego, California.

Foreign-born women and, in particular, Hispanic foreign-born women, are less likely to have insurance, are less likely to have insurance that covers prenatal care, and are less likely to utilize prenatal care compared with US-born Hispanic women. Significant concern has been raised regarding the ability of immigrant women to access prenatal care services because of severe restrictions imposed on immigrants' eligibility for Medicaid-funded services following the passage in 1996 of the federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reform Act (PRWORA) and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRAIRA). We conducted an interview-based study of prenatal care utilization with women of Mexican ethnicity and diverse immigration statuses in San Diego County, California. Our findings indicate that, despite increased levels of fear associated with recent immigration and with undocumented status, there were no statistically significant differences across immigration statuses in length of time to receipt of medical care for gynecological events and for prenatal care.

Community participation in dengue prevention and control: a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practice in Trinidad and Tobago

The priorities of public health planners are often at variance with the community's own environmental sanitation priorities and perspectives. Public opinion about individual, collective, and governmental responsibilities in addressing these issues and priorities is of particular importance when designing community-based programs. In a study conducted in Trinidad and Tobago on knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding dengue, its prevention and control, a high level of awareness about dengue and its etiology was evident, but there was poor understanding of the symptoms and hence little concern about the health risks associated with it. The most important household pest problem identified by the respondents was related to mosquito nuisance, particularly from night-biting mosquitoes. Rodents were also a major concern perceived as being responsible for economic losses, ruined food, and a health hazard. Unreliable water supply, a factor associated with Aedes aegypti abundance, was an environmental sanitation issue of major importance to householders in rural areas. No correlation was found between knowledge of dengue and levels of Ae.aegypti abundance as measured by larval surveys of the respondents' premises. The study gave a clear indication of the need for broad-based environmental sanitation strategies when planning community-based vector control initiatives for the prevention and control of dengue in Trinidad and Tobago (AU)