National Rates of Lower Extremity Amputation in People With and Without Diabetes in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population: a Ten Year Study in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: Population level data from Asia on amputation rates in people with and without diabetes are extremely limited. Hence it is unclear how the rising diabetes prevalence in Asia has affected the amputation burden. The present study examined national amputation rates in people with and without diabetes in Singapore from 2008 to 2017 in the context of increasing diabetes prevalence and health system changes. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study using national population data for ages 16 - 100 years obtained from the Ministry of Health Singapore administrative datasets. Age sex standardised major and toe/ray amputation rates per 100 000 people with diabetes and per 100 000 people without diabetes were calculated. Rates were calculated overall and in each ethnic group (Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others), with trends over time calculated using joinpoint trend analysis. In addition, age specific rates, relative risk (RR) of amputation in diabetics compared with non-diabetics and proportion of amputations in the population attributable to diabetes were also calculated. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2017, the database included 3.6 million unique individuals, of whom 75% were Chinese, 8.6% Malay, 7.9% Indian, and 8.4% Others. Of those, 413 486 (11%) had diabetes. Major amputation rates in people with diabetes remained stable (2008: 99.5/100 000; 2017: 95.0/100 000 people with diabetes, p = .91) as did toe/ray amputation rates. Rates in people without diabetes were substantially lower, with major amputation rates decreasing significantly (2008: 3.0/100 000; 2017: 2.1/100 000 people without diabetes, 3% annual reduction, p = .048). Diabetes related amputation rates were highest in Malays and lowest in Chinese. Diabetes related major amputation rates declined significantly among Chinese (3.1% annual reduction, p < .038). While the RR for amputations in diabetes remained stable, the proportion of major amputations attributable to diabetes increased from 63.6% in 2008 to 81.7% in 2017 (3% annual increase, p = .003). CONCLUSION: Diabetes related major and toe/ray amputation rates have remained stable but relatively high in Singapore compared with other countries, and the proportion of amputations attributable to diabetes has increased over time. More research is needed to understand the aetiopathological, sociocultural, and health system factors that may underlie the continued high rates of diabetes related amputations in this population.

Combination therapy of oxidised regenerated cellulose/collagen/silver dressings with negative pressure wound therapy for coverage of exposed critical structures in complex lower-extremity wounds.

Complex wounds with exposed critical structures such as tendon and bone are a conundrum in wound management, especially in the setting where the patient is not a suitable candidate for flap surgery. While the individual use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) and oxidised regenerated cellulose (ORC)/collagen/silver (PROMOGRAN PRISMA) dressing has been described in the literature, there are little data on the efficacy of their combined use. In this study, we describe a novel technique of combining the use of NPWT and ORC/collagen/silver dressings to manage complex wound beds as an alternative management option for patients not suitable for reconstructive flap surgery. This technique was performed in a series of 37 patients with complex lower-extremity wounds that were not healing with conventional NPWT alone. All patients had open wounds with exposed critical structures that were difficult to manage, such as exposed tendon, bone, deep crevices, and joint. Successful coverage of exposed critical structures was achieved in 89% of patients, and coverage was achieved within 28 days of combination therapy in 82% of these patients, without any complications. The novel technique of combining ORC/collagen/silver dressing and NPWT provides a useful option in the armamentarium of a reconstructive surgeon dealing with difficult complex lower-extremity wounds.

Use of home negative pressure wound therapy in peripheral artery disease and diabetic limb salvage.

Use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in peripheral artery disease (PAD) and diabetic limb salvage (DLS) improves wound healing by providing moist wound conditions, reducing exudate, controlling wound-bed infection, and stimulating granulation. NPWT duration may take several weeks, and home-based NPWT allows patient to recover in the community while minimising risks of prolonged hospitalisation. The aim of this study is to review the use and outcomes of home NPWT in PAD and DLS. The methodology is the retrospective review of patients who were discharged with home NPWT after in-patient PAD revascularisation and DLS debridement or minor amputations. The results included a total of 118 patients who received home NPWT between January 2017 and December 2017. The mean age was 62.8 years with 66% male and 34% female patients. The study population comprised 25% smokers, 98% patients with diabetics, 35% with ischemic heart disease, and 21% with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Of which, 56% of patients required revascularisation while 31% of patients underwent foot debridement, 48% underwent toe amputations, and 20% underwent forefoot amputations. All patients received in-patient NPWT for a week before being discharged on home NPWT for 4 weeks. Then, 62% received targeted antibiotics regime while 36% received empirical antibiotics on discharge; 60% of patients achieved wound healing on home NPWT, with 9% requiring split-thickness skin graft; 4% required further surgical debridement, 16% required further minor amputation while 20% required major amputation. 9% required further home NPWT extension, with a mean length of 7.1 ± 4.7 weeks' extension. Overall survival of 1 year was 89%. Risk factors that predict the failure of home NPWT includes subjects with a background of ESRF and wet gangrene on presentation. Home NPWT is a useful adjunct in the management of PAD and DLS foot wounds.

Clinical and economic burden of wound care in the tropics: a 5-year institutional population health review.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and economic burden of wound care in the Tropics via a 5-year institutional population health review. Within our data analysis, wounds are broadly classified into neuro-ischaemic ulcers (NIUs), venous leg ulcers (VLUs), pressure injuries (PIs), and surgical site infections (SSIs). Between 2013 and 2017, there were a total of 56 583 wound-related inpatient admissions for 41 461 patients, with a 95.1% increase in wound episodes per 1000 inpatient admissions over this period (142 and 277 wound episodes per 1000 inpatient admissions in 2013 and 2017, respectively). In 2017, the average length of stay for each wound episode was 17.7 days, which was 2.4 times that of an average acute admission at our institution. The average gross charge per wound episode was USD $12 967. Among the 12 218 patients with 16 674 wound episodes in 2017, 71.5% were more than 65 years of age with an average Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of 7.2. Half (51.9%) were moderately or severely frail, while 41.3% had two or more wound-related admission episodes. In 2017, within our healthcare cluster, the gross healthcare costs for all inpatient wound episodes stand at USD $216 million within hospital care and USD $596 000 within primary care. Most NIU patients (97.2%) had diabetes and they had the most comorbidities (average CCI 8.4) and were the frailest group of patients (44.9% severely frail). The majority of the VLU disease burden was at the specialist outpatient setting, with the average 1-year VLU recurrence rate at 52.5% and median time between healing and recurrence at 9.5 months. PI patients were the oldest (86.5% more than 65 years-old), constituted the largest cohort of patients with 3874 patients at an incidence of 64.6 per 1000 admissions in 2017, and have a 1-year all-cause mortality rate of 14.3%. For SSI patients, there was a 125% increase of 14.2 SSI wound episodes per 1000 inpatient admissions in 2013 to 32.0 in 2017, and a 413% increase in wound-related 30-day re-admissions, from 40 in 2013 (4.1% of all surgeries) to 205 (8.3% of all surgeries) in 2017. The estimated gross healthcare cost per patient ranges from USD $15789-17 761 across the wound categories. Similar to global data, there is a significant and rising trend in the clinical and economic burden of wound care in Tropics.

A feasibility study on the efficacy of a patient-owned wound surveillance system for diabetic foot ulcer care (ePOWS study).

Objective: Wound image analysis tools hold promise in helping patients to monitor their wounds. We aim to perform a novel feasibility study on the efficacy of a patient-owned wound surveillance system for diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) care. Methods: This two-institutional, prospective, single-arm pilot study examined patients with DFU. An artificial intelligence-enabled image analysis app calculating the wound surface area was installed and patients or caregivers were instructed to take pictures of wounds during dressing changes. Patients were followed until wound deterioration, wound healing, or wound stability at 6 months occurred and the outcomes of interest included study adherence, algorithm performance, and user experience. Results: Between January 2021 and December 2021, 39 patients were enrolled in the study, with a mean age of 61.6 ± 8.6 years, and 69% (n = 27) of subjects were male. All patients had documented diabetes and 85% (n = 33) of them had peripheral arterial disease. A mean follow-up for those completing the study was 12.0 ± 8.5 weeks. At the conclusion of the study, 80% of patients (n = 20) had primary wound healing whilst 20% (n = 5) had wound deterioration. The study completion rate was 64% (n = 25). Usage of the app for surveillance of DFU healing, as compared to physician evaluation, yielded a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 20%, positive predictive value of 83%, and negative predictive value of 100%. Of those who provided user experience feedback, 59% (n = 10) felt the app was easy to use, 47% (n = 8) would recommend the wound analysis app to others but only 6% would pay for the app out of pocket (n = 1). Conclusion: Implementation of a patient-owned wound surveillance system is feasible. Most patients were able to effectively monitor wounds using a smartphone app-based solution. The image analysis algorithm demonstrates strong performance in identifying wound healing and is capable of detecting deterioration prior to interval evaluation by a physician. Patients generally found the app easy to use but were reluctant to pay for the use of the solution out of pocket.

Clinics in diagnostic imaging (162). Meckel's diverticulum.

A 28-year-old Chinese man presented with acute bleeding per rectum. Computed tomography showed a posterior outpouching arising from the distal ileum. The outpouching had hyperaemic walls, but no active contrast extravasation was detected. Technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy showed focal areas of abnormal uptake in the right side of the pelvis, superior and posterior to the urinary bladder. These areas of uptake appeared simultaneously with the gastric uptake and demonstrated gradual increase in intensity on subsequent images. The diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was confirmed on surgery and the lesion was resected. The clinical and imaging features of Meckel's diverticulum are discussed.