Microtensile bond strength to dentin and enamel of self-etch vs. etch-and-rinse modes of universal adhesives.

PURPOSE: To compare the immediate microtensile bond strengths (µTBSs) of four mild self-etch universal adhesives applied to dentin and enamel with self-etch and etch-and-rinse techniques. METHODS: Flat middle dentin surfaces from 104 human teeth and two enamel fragments from another 104 human teeth were randomly distributed into eight groups according to the various adhesive systems used: Scotchbond Universal (SBU) [etch-and-rinse mode vs. self-etch mode]; Optibond XTR (OPT) [ etch-and-rinse mode vs. self-etch mode]; Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CL) [ etch-and-rinse mode vs. self-etch mode]; and Adhese Universal (ADH) [etch-and-rinse mode vs. self-etch mode]. After 24 hours of water storage, the bonded sticks were tested for µTBS. The differences in the pre-test failure and fracture-failure modes were tested by a two-way ANOVA and GEE model analysis. Bond-strength data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA and mixed-model analysis. RESULTS: : For dentin, the mean µTBS was statistically different among the four adhesives, but not different between the self-etch and etch-and-rinse modes. For enamel, the mean µTBS was statistically different among the four adhesives, as was the application mode. GEE model analysis revealed a statistically significant adhesive failure rate proportion among the four types of adhesives for both enamel and dentin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Etching enamel prior to the application of a universal adhesive can be recommended as an approach to enhance bond strength.

Costs and utilization of treatment in patients with hemophilia.

BACKGROUND: Although hemophilia has a potentially high economic impact, there are no published estimates of healthcare costs for this disease in Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate costs of treatment and hospital utilization among patients with hemophilia A and B, with and without inhibitors, over a 3-year period in a Portuguese Comprehensive Care Hemophilia Centre. This is the first study on the financial impact of healthcare costs in patients with hemophilia in Portugal. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study identified patients diagnosed with hemophilia A and B using medical and pharmacy electronic medical records and data from Centro Hospitalar São João, between January 2011 and December 2013. Patients with inhibitors were all high responders (>5 Bethesda Units [BU]). Severity was classified as mild, moderate or severe based on clotting factor levels. Two main outcomes were measured: (1) cost associated with hospital pharmacy claims (clotting factor) and (2) number of hospital visits/hospitalization. RESULTS: A cohort of 103 patients were identified: 72 (69.9 %) with hemophilia A and 31 (30.1 %) with hemophilia B. Among these, five individuals were classified as patients with inhibitors (four with hemophilia A and one with hemophilia B). From the cohort of hemophilia A patients, 36 individuals (35.0 %) were identified as having severe disease; 20 (19.4 %) moderate; and 16 (15.5 %) mild. In the cohort of hemophilia B patients, 14 (13.6 %) were identified as having severe disease; 14 (13.6 %) moderate; and three (2.9 %) mild. The total mean aggregate cost per year (including clotting factor and hospital utilization) for patients with severe hemophilia B was €112,469, compared with €793 for mild hemophilia A. Clotting factor concentrate amounted for 90 % of total cost in severe cases and hospital utilization was also higher in these cases. CONCLUSIONS: Hemophilia treatment is expensive, particularly for patients with severe disease and especially if they develop inhibitors to replacement clotting factors. In our study, severe hemophilia is associated with greater annual total costs in both types of hemophilia (A = €77,587 and B = € 112,469). Patients with inhibitors have costs 3.3 times higher than patients without inhibitors. Age was not associated with significantly greater total costs (clotting factor and hospital visits/hospitalizations).

Impact of an individualized prophylaxis approach on young adults with severe hemophilia.

It is now well established that the treatment of choice for children with severe hemophilia is prophylaxis started early in life. Although, there is no consensus among the hemophilia management community to either stop or maintain prophylactic treatment in adulthood, experts, and centers advise individualized prophylaxis according to clinical bleeding pattern, condition of joints, pharmacokinetic profile, physical activity, type of employment, and patients' personal preferences. The aim of this article is to describe the impact of an individualized prophylaxis approach on young adults with severe hemophilia, in the setting of a Portuguese Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre. We proposed a tailored prophylaxis approach on a young adult cohort with 10 patients with severe hemophilia (7× type A and 3× type B) on standard prophylactic regimens in childhood, based on clinical outcome. Patients were evaluated and prophylaxis was adjusted (dose and/or frequency) to daily life activity and bleeding pattern. After 12 months of follow-up, one patient returned to the previous regimen due to breakthrough bleeds and the remaining nine patients maintained their new prophylaxis approach, without increasing bleeding episodes. With an individualized approach, in this cohort of nine patients, we observed no negative impact on clinical outcome, with a proposed improvement in quality of life and a reduction of costs.

Effect of Application Deviations on Dentin Sealing of a Universal Adhesive: Permeability and Nanoleakage.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that deviations from the recommended protocol of a universal adhesive system, applied to dentin according to the self-etch (SE) and the etch-and-rinse (ER) techniques, has on permeability and nanoleakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Permeability: 60 extracted non-carious human third molars (N = 60) were sectioned to obtain 0.7-mm-thick dentin disks. The specimens were randomly assigned to three subgroups and treated with a universal adhesive system (Prime&Bond Active Universal) using the SE and ER techniques: (1) following the manufacturer's instructions with 5 seconds drying (MFR DRY 5S), (2) following the MFR DRY 10S, and (3) reduced application time of the adhesive to 5 seconds (APPL 5S). Nanoleakage: 12 additional 0.7-mm-thick dentin disks were prepared, treated and divided into six groups. They were immersed in 50 wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate and processed according to conventional methods for the analysis of nanoleakage under transmission electron microscopy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The results were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Bonferroni's test. RESULTS: Significant differences in permeability reduction were observed among the treatment groups (0.001). The results obtained for APPL 5S were significantly lower than the results obtained for both the MFR DRY 5S (p = 0.003) and MFR DRY 10S (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The reduced application time to 5 seconds creates imperfect dentin tubule sealing, which may explain clinical reports of postoperative sensitivity and early degradation of the resin-dentin interface.

Dentin adhesives application deviations: Effects on permeability and nanoleakage.

The purpose was to evaluate the effect that deviations from the recommended protocol of a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system has on permeability and nanoleakage. One hundred and twenty dentin disks were treated with a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system, according to the manufacturer's instructions, or using five simulated deviations from the recommended protocol: applying potassium oxalate, reducing the application time of the adhesive, avoiding adhesive drying, aggressively drying the adhesive, and double application of adhesive. Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey's post hoc comparisons were used to evaluate the permeability reduction (α=0.05). Twelve additional dentin disks were prepared for transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of nanoleakage. Aggressive drying, adding additional layers of adhesive or using oxalate reduced dentin permeability and yielded a better infiltration of the hybrid layer, whereas reducing the application time or less drying the adhesive did not to reduce dentin permeability, caused extensive nanoleakage, showing immediate compromised dentin sealing.

Effectiveness of hypnosis for pain and health-related quality-of-life among people with hemophilia: Three-month outcomes of a randomized controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pain is a common condition among people with hemophilia (PWH), negatively impacting quality of life. However, effective treatment remains a challenge. This two-arm, parallel randomized controlled pilot trial aimed to examine the three-month effects of hypnosis intervention on clinical and psychosocial variables, and on the inflammatory profile of PWH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted between January and October 2018, in a Reference Center for Congenital Coagulopathies. Adult (age ≥18) patients were randomized to experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). The EG received four weekly hypnosis sessions plus treatment-as-usual, and the CG maintained treatment-as-usual only. Outcomes were evaluated at one week and three months post-intervention and included pain, joint status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), emotional state and inflammatory profile (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, cytokines). The randomization sequence was computer-generated, and allocation was concealed until enrolment. The outcome assessor was blind to allocation, but blinding of the participants was not possible due to the differences in procedure. RESULTS: Twenty patients were randomized to EG (n = 10; 8 analyzed) or CG (n = 10; 10 analyzed). Two-way mixed ANOVA showed significant time × group interactions on pain interference with normal work and with relations with other people, and on perception of health status. The EG significantly improved in pain interference with normal work and perception of health status. There was no report of harm. CONCLUSION: Hypnosis may be a promising intervention to manage hemophilia-related pain and promote HRQoL, with benefits lasting up to three months.

Effectiveness of hypnosis for pain management and promotion of health-related quality-of-life among people with haemophilia: a randomised controlled pilot trial.

Joint deterioration and associated chronic pain are common among people with haemophilia (PWH), having an impact on quality-of-life. Though non-pharmacological strategies are recommended, psychological interventions to promote pain control and quality-of-life have scarcely been tested in haemophilia. This randomised controlled pilot trial aimed to assess feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of hypnosis for pain management and promotion of health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) among PWH. Twenty adults were randomised either to four weekly hypnosis sessions plus treatment-as-usual (experimental group; EG) or treatment-as-usual only (control group; CG). Participants completed sociodemographic and clinical assessment, measures of pain, HRQoL and emotional distress before (T1) and after (T2) intervention. Changes were analysed by calculating the differences between T1 and T2, and the groups were compared through independent-sample t tests (or chi-squared). Retention rates (90%) and analysis of patient satisfaction showed good acceptability and feasibility of the intervention. The EG (n = 8) had a higher reduction on pain interference than the CG (n = 10) (d = -0.267). A higher improvement on HRQoL (EQ-5D index: d = 0.334; EQ-5D VAS: d = 1.437) and a tendency towards better haemophilia-related quality-of-life (A36-Hemofilia QoL) were also evident in the EG. This is the first study showing the effectiveness of hypnosis to reduce pain interference and promote HRQoL among PWH.

Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Psychosocial Characteristics of People with Hemophilia in Portugal: Findings from the First National Survey.

Hemophilia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder associated with pain, impaired functionality, and decreased quality of life (QoL). Several studies have focused on patient-reported outcomes of people with hemophilia (PWH) worldwide, but no such data are available for Portugal. This survey aimed to describe sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics of PWH of all ages in Portugal. Questionnaires were answered by self-report or by parents of children with hemophilia (proxy version). Variables assessed were sociodemographic and clinical, physical activity patterns, pain, functionality (HAL/PedHAL), QoL (A36 Hemofilia-QoL/CHO-KLAT), anxiety and depression (PROMIS), and illness perceptions (IPQ-R). One-hundred and forty-six PWH answered the survey: 106 adults, 21 children/teenagers between 10 and 17 years, 11 children between 6 and 9 years, and 8 children between 1 and 5 years. Most participants had severe hemophilia (60.3%) and type A was most commonly reported (86.3%). Bleeding episodes, joint deterioration, and pain were very prevalent, with the ankles and knees being the most affected joints, as illustrated by HAL/PedHAL scores. The A36 Hemofilia-QoL assessment showed moderate QoL (96.45; 0-144 scale) and significant anxiety and depression symptoms were found in 36.7 and 27.2% of adults, respectively. CHO-KLAT global score (0-100 scale) was 75.63/76.32 (self-report/proxy). Concerning hemophilia-related illness beliefs, a perception of chronicity and symptoms unpredictability was particularly prominent among adults and children/teenagers. This survey provided a comprehensive characterization of Portuguese PWH, including the first report of psychosocial characteristics. The findings allow for a deeper understanding of life with hemophilia in Portugal and the identification of relevant health care and research needs.

Effectiveness of two psychological interventions for pain management, emotional regulation and promotion of quality of life among adult Portuguese men with haemophilia (PSY-HaEMOPEQ): study protocol for a single-centre prospective randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder associated with significant pain, emotional distress, quality of life (QoL) impairment and considerable healthcare costs. Psychosocial health and effective pain management are considered essential end points for optimal haemophilia care, but there is a significant gap in evidence-based treatments targeting these outcomes in people with haemophilia (PWH). Psychological interventions are cost-effective in promoting emotional well-being, QoL and pain control, although these have been scarcely used in haemophilia field. This investigation aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two psychological interventions for pain management, emotional regulation and promotion of QoL in PWH. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a single-centre parallel randomised controlled trial conducted at a European Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre in Portugal, with five assessment points: baseline (T0), postintervention (T1), 3 (T2), 6 (T3) and 12 (T4) months follow-up. Eligible adult males, with moderate or severe haemophilia A or B will be randomised to experimental (EG) or control (CG) group. Intervention is either cognitive-behavioural therapy (EG1) or hypnosis (EG2), both consisting of four weekly sessions following standardised scripts delivered by trained psychologists. Randomisation will be computer generated, allocation concealment will be guaranteed and outcome assessors will be blind to EG/CG allocation. Main outcomes are pain and haemophilia-related QoL and secondary outcomes include clinical (clotting factor replacement consumption, joint bleeding episodes, analgesic intake) and psychological (pain coping strategies, anxiety, depression, illness perceptions) variables, functional assessment of the joints, inflammatory biomarkers (cytokines, high-sensitivity C reactive protein) and white blood cell count. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the competent authorities and all procedures will comply with international ethical guidelines for clinical studies involving humans. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The dissemination plan includes peer-reviewed scientific publications, conference participation and web and media coverage. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02870452.

Immunocytochemical identification of type I collagen in acid-etched dentin.

The hypothesis tested in this study is that the application of phosphoric acid prevents collagen fibrils (CF) from maintaining their structural morphology, as assessed by their immunochemical antigenicity. Dentin was conditioned with EDTA and with 35% H3PO4 for 15, 30, and 60 s. For a control there was no treatment. A pre-embedding immunohistochemical procedure was evaluated under high-resolution SEM and a postembedding immunolocalization technique was performed on ultrathin sections at TEM level. Conditioning with EDTA resulted in a weaker labeling signal than for dentin conditioned with H3PO4. The most intense labeling was observed after dentin had been etched with H3PO4 for 15 s. The least intensive labeling was evident when the acid was applied for 30 s or for 60 s. A very weak signal was detected on the untreated dentin surface. These results provide evidence that a 15-s application of 35% H3PO4 causes mineral dissolution of the crystals enveloping the superficial CF without damaging the ultrastructure of the CF while longer applications of 35% H3PO4 cause alterations in the CF that decrease their antigenicity.

The use of flowable composites as filled adhesives.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of filled adhesives on bonding resin composites to dentin has not been fully understood. Due to their filler content, filled adhesives may act as stress breakers. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the use of flowable composites of different viscosities on bonding to enamel and dentin without the use of an intermediate bonding resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enamel and dentin bond strengths of OptiBond FL, Syntac Classic, and EBS Multi combined either with their proprietary bonding agent or a flowable resin composite (Ultraseal XT Plus or Revolution) were measured. The tests were carried out with a microtensile device at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min after 24h of storage at 37 degrees C in water. Mean bond strengths were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and multiple comparisons according to the Mann-Whitney U-test. The micro-morphology of corresponding resin-dentin interfaces of the same teeth were analyzed using SEM and TEM. RESULTS: The control groups with adhesive systems used as per manufacturers' protocol showed bond strengths of 38.9-41.1 MPa to enamel and 28.8-33.4 MPa to dentin. With respect to bond strength to etched enamel, only Ultraseal XT Plus as bonding resin reached the level of the control groups. When used as bonding agents on dentin, both flowable composites produced lower microtensile bond strengths to etched and primed dentin than did the control groups. Micro-morphological analysis using SEM and TEM resulted in hybrid layer formation for both control and experimental groups. However, many areas of the resin-dentin interface showed insufficient penetration of the flowable composites at the top of the hybrid layer as well as numerous tubules obstructed by filler particles. CONCLUSIONS: The flowable composites tested in this study should not be used to replace bonding agents. Flowable composites of thinner viscosity, such as Ultraseal XT Plus, may bond to enamel adequately without the requirement of an intermediate bonding resin.

Colorimeter and scanning electron microscopy analysis of teeth submitted to internal bleaching.

INTRODUCTION: This in vitro study compared the tooth color and the ultrastructure of internal dental tissues before and after internal bleaching. METHODS: Sodium perborate was placed in the pulp chamber of endodontically treated molars and sealed with intermediate restorative material. The test samples were stored in a physiologic solution, and the bleaching agent was replaced every 7 days. A control group was used. After 1 month, the colors of the test and control samples were measured with a colorimeter, and the internal surfaces were observed under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between the test and control sample colors. The FESEM ultrastructure analysis of the internal enamel and dentin surfaces did not show any changes after the internal bleaching. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study show that sodium perborate is effective in bleaching nonvital teeth and does not produce ultrastructural changes in the dental tissues.

A multiplicidade de papéis da mulher contemporânea e a maternidade tardia / The multiple roles of contemporary women and late motherhood / Las múltiples funciones de la mujer contemporánea y la maternidad tardía

A mulher atual assumiu muitos papéis antes desempenhados pelos homens, o que trouxe mudanças não apenas para sua rotina, mas também para seus projetos de vida. A maternidade tem sofrido o impacto dessas mudanças. Investigaram-se os múltiplos papéis exercidos pela mulher contemporânea e a relação dessa multiplicidade de papéis com a maternidade tardia. Utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: ficha de dados sociodemográficos e entrevista semiestruturada sobre a multiplicidade de papéis da mulher e sobre maternidade. Construíram-se três categorias a partir da análise de conteúdo: multiplicidade de papéis da mulher contemporânea, reflexões sobre maternidade e maternidade tardia versus rotina atual. Se por um lado, as mulheres sofrem prejuízos em função do excesso de tarefas, por outro, elas se sentem felizes por ocuparem seus postos de trabalho. A maternidade tardia é uma opção para mulheres que trabalham e que mantém relações estáveis com seus companheiros. Entretanto, observaram-se sentimentos como medo, insegurança e ambivalência em relação à maternidade tardia.(AU).

Women currently have taken on many roles, previously filled by men, which not only changed their everyday lives but also impacted their life projects. Motherhood has been impacted in important ways by this change. We investigated the multiple roles played by contemporary woman and the relation between this multiplicity of roles and late motherhood. Two instruments were used: a socio-demographic profile and a semi-structured interview about the multiple roles of women and motherhood. We constructed three categories based on content analysis of the interviews: the multiple roles of contemporary women; reflections on motherhood; and late motherhood's impact on current routine. If, on one hand, women are negatively affected due to the additional workload, on the other they feel happy to have developed a career. Late motherhood is an option for women who intend to develop their careers and maintain stable relationships with their partners. However, the women also reported feelings such as fear, insecurity and ambivalence related to late motherhood.(AU).

La mujer actual adoptó muchos papeles que antes eran realizados por los hombres; esto produjo cambios no solamente en su rutina, sino proporcionó cambios en sus proyectos de vida. La maternidad ha sufrido el impacto de esos cambios. Fueron investigados los múltiples papeles que ejercen la mujer contemporánea y la relación de esa multiplicidad de papeles con la maternidad tardía. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: una ficha de datos sociodemográficos y una entrevista semiestructurada sobre la multiplicidad de los papeles de la mujer y sobre la maternidad. Fueron construidas tres categorías a partir del análisis de contenido: multiplicidad de papeles de la mujer contemporánea, reflexiones sobre la maternidad y maternidad tardía versus rutina actual. Si, de un lado, las mujeres sufren pérdidas en función del exceso de tareas, de otro, ellas se sienten felices por ocupar sus puestos de trabajo. La maternidad tardía es una opción para mujeres que trabajan y que mantienen relaciones estables con sus compañeros. Sin embargo, se observaron sentimientos como miedo, inseguridad y ambivalencia en relación a la maternidad tardía.(AU).

A multiplicidade de papéis da mulher contemporânea e a maternidade tardia / The multiple roles of contemporary women and late motherhood / Las múltiples funciones de la mujer contemporánea y la maternidad tardía

A mulher atual assumiu muitos papéis antes desempenhados pelos homens, o que trouxe mudanças não apenas para sua rotina, mas também para seus projetos de vida. A maternidade tem sofrido o impacto dessas mudanças. Investigaram-se os múltiplos papéis exercidos pela mulher contemporânea e a relação dessa multiplicidade de papéis com a maternidade tardia. Utilizaram-se dois instrumentos: ficha de dados sociodemográficos e entrevista semiestruturada sobre a multiplicidade de papéis da mulher e sobre maternidade. Construíram-se três categorias a partir da análise de conteúdo: multiplicidade de papéis da mulher contemporânea, reflexões sobre maternidade e maternidade tardia versus rotina atual. Se por um lado, as mulheres sofrem prejuízos em função do excesso de tarefas, por outro, elas se sentem felizes por ocuparem seus postos de trabalho. A maternidade tardia é uma opção para mulheres que trabalham e que mantém relações estáveis com seus companheiros. Entretanto, observaram-se sentimentos como medo, insegurança e ambivalência em relação à maternidade tardia.

Women currently have taken on many roles, previously filled by men, which not only changed their everyday lives but also impacted their life projects. Motherhood has been impacted in important ways by this change. We investigated the multiple roles played by contemporary woman and the relation between this multiplicity of roles and late motherhood. Two instruments were used: a socio-demographic profile and a semi-structured interview about the multiple roles of women and motherhood. We constructed three categories based on content analysis of the interviews: the multiple roles of contemporary women; reflections on motherhood; and late motherhood's impact on current routine. If, on one hand, women are negatively affected due to the additional workload, on the other they feel happy to have developed a career. Late motherhood is an option for women who intend to develop their careers and maintain stable relationships with their partners. However, the women also reported feelings such as fear, insecurity and ambivalence related to late motherhood.

La mujer actual adoptó muchos papeles que antes eran realizados por los hombres; esto produjo cambios no solamente en su rutina, sino proporcionó cambios en sus proyectos de vida. La maternidad ha sufrido el impacto de esos cambios. Fueron investigados los múltiples papeles que ejercen la mujer contemporánea y la relación de esa multiplicidad de papeles con la maternidad tardía. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos: una ficha de datos sociodemográficos y una entrevista semiestructurada sobre la multiplicidad de los papeles de la mujer y sobre la maternidad. Fueron construidas tres categorías a partir del análisis de contenido: multiplicidad de papeles de la mujer contemporánea, reflexiones sobre la maternidad y maternidad tardía versus rutina actual. Si, de un lado, las mujeres sufren pérdidas en función del exceso de tareas, de otro, ellas se sienten felices por ocupar sus puestos de trabajo. La maternidad tardía es una opción para mujeres que trabajan y que mantienen relaciones estables con sus compañeros. Sin embargo, se observaron sentimientos como miedo, inseguridad y ambivalencia en relación a la maternidad tardía.

Comparative study of flexural strength and elasticity modulus in two types of direct fiber-reinforced systems.

The objective of this study was to compare the flexural strength and elasticity modulus of two types of staple reinforcement fibers, Interlig - Angelus/glass (Londrina, PR, Brazil) and Connect - KerrLab(R)/polyethylene (MFG Co., West Collins Orange, CA, USA), which are widely used in Dentistry for chairside use, after varying the number of layers employed and submitting or not to thermocycling. This study was performed on 72 specimens, divided into 8 groups: G1 - single layer of Interlig fibers without thermocycling; G2 - double layer of Interlig fibers without thermocycling; G3 - single layer of Interlig fibers with thermocycling; and G4 - double layer of Interlig fibers with thermocycling; G5 - single layer of Connect fibers without termocycling; G6 - double layer of Connect fibers without termocycling; G7 - single layer of Connect fibers with termocycling; G8 - double layer of Connect fibers with termocycling. For each group, values for flexural strength and elasticity modulus were obtained. The polyethylene fiber employed in a double layer presented the highest flexural strength (p < 0.05), independently of thermocycling (p < 0.001), when compared to the other evaluated combinations. The polyethylene fiber, used in a single layer without thermocycling, demonstrated a significantly higher elasticity modulus, when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that the polyethylene fiber in a double layer appears to be more resistant, regardless of whether it was submitted to thermocycling or not.

Impacto das doenças periodontais na qualidade de vida / Impact of periodontal diseases on quality of life

Este trabalho objetivou revisar sobre o impacto das doenças periodontais na qualidade de vida de seus portadores. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Blackwell, Science Direct, SciELO e Ovid, pesquisando artigos nos períodos entre 1984 a 2007. Foram utilizadas como estratégia de busca as palavras-chave: saúde bucal, qualidade de vida, impacto, doenças periodontais e periodontite. Observou-se nos últimos anos que vários artigos têm sido publicados para avaliar a relação entre as enfermidades do periodonto e a qualidade de vida. No entanto, aspectos socioeconômicos heterogêneos na amostra e a presença de outras doenças da cavidade oral influenciaram a verificação e comprovação dessa associação. Diante da literatura consultada, foi possível concluir que indivíduos periodontalmente comprometidos apresentaram influências negativas na qualidade de vida, e as piores condições de qualidade de vida são ainda mais prevalentes nos pacientes mais severamente acometidos.

Objetivo The present study aimed to review the literature concerning the impact of periodontal diseases on quality of life. It was used Blackwell, Science Direct, Scielo and Ovid databases to search scientific articles from 1984 to 2007. In this research was used the following key-words: oral health, quality of life, impact, periodontal diseases and periodontitis. During the last years some researches have showed association of periodontal disease with the quality of life; however, heterogeneous socio-economics aspects for the subjects and the presence of other oral diseases could be able to confound this correlation. According the present review, it could be concluded that periodontal compromised patients self-report negative influences on quality of life, and the worse conditions on quality of life were reported to have a higher prevalence in more severely compromised patients.

Comparative study of flexural strength and elasticity modulus in two types of direct fiber-reinforced systems

The objective of this study was to compare the flexural strength and elasticity modulus of two types of staple reinforcement fibers, Interlig - Ângelus®/glass (Londrina, PR, Brazil) and Connect - KerrLab®/polyethylene (MFG Co., West Collins Orange, CA, USA), which are widely used in Dentistry for chairside use, after varying the number of layers employed and submitting or not to thermocycling. This study was performed on 72 specimens, divided into 8 groups: G1 - single layer of Interlig fibers without thermocycling; G2 - double layer of Interlig fibers without thermocycling; G3 - single layer of Interlig fibers with thermocycling; and G4 - double layer of Interlig fibers with thermocycling; G5 - single layer of Connect fibers without termocycling; G6 - double layer of Connect fibers without termocycling; G7 - single layer of Connect fibers with termocycling; G8 - double layer of Connect fibers with termocycling. For each group, values for flexural strength and elasticity modulus were obtained. The polyethylene fiber employed in a double layer presented the highest flexural strength (p < 0.05), independently of thermocycling (p < 0.001), when compared to the other evaluated combinations. The polyethylene fiber, used in a single layer without thermocycling, demonstrated a significantly higher elasticity modulus, when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that the polyethylene fiber in a double layer appears to be more resistant, regardless of whether it was submitted to thermocycling or not.

Discutindo o uso do laboratório de análise do comportamento no ensino de psicologia / Discussing the use of behavior analysis laboratories in teaching of psychology

Neste artigo, é feita uma discussão sobre o uso do laboratório experimental como recurso didático no ensino de Psicologia a partir de aproximações entre a utilização do laboratório no ensino de Ciências e no ensino da Análise do Comportamento. Questiona-se sobre qual é o papel desempenhado pelo laboratório e quais são suas contribuições efetivas como recurso didático na aprendizagem dos alunos. As funções tradicionalmente associadas ao Laboratório Animal Operante são abordadas, assim como suas principais características e críticas recebidas. Ressalta-se, sobretudo, que as práticas de laboratório devem-se constituir como espaço para criação de condições em que os estudantes possam desenvolver habilidades que lhe serão imprescindíveis na futura profissão. É destacada, por fim, a pertinência de se conceber o Laboratório de Análise do Comportamento não necessariamente como Laboratório Animal Operante, mas como um espaço propício à realização de outras práticas.(AU)

This article is an argument about using experimental laboratory as a resource in teaching psychology by the approachs between the use of the laboratory in Teaching Sciences and Behavior Analysis. It is questioned outwhat is the role played by the laboratory and what are its effective contributions as a teaching resource in students’ learning. The functions traditionally associated with the Animal Operant Laboratory are addressed, as well as its main features and his critics. It is emphasized, above all, that the laboratory practices must be as a space for creating conditions in which students can develop skills that will be indispensable in their future profession. It is emphasized, at last, the relevance of conceiving the Behavior Analysis Laboratory not necessarily as Animal Operant Laboratory but as a space conducive to other activities.(AU)