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Meta-analyses often present flexibility regarding their inclusion criteria, outcomes of interest, statistical analyses, and assessments of the primary studies. For this reason, it is necessary to transparently report all the information that could impact the results. In this meta-review, we aimed to assess the transparency of meta-analyses that examined the benefits of cognitive training, given the ongoing controversy that exists in this field. Ninety-seven meta-analytic reviews were included, which examined a wide range of populations with different clinical conditions and ages. Regarding the reporting, information about the search of the studies, screening procedure, or data collection was detailed by most reviews. However, authors usually failed to report other aspects such as the specific meta-analytic parameters, the formula used to compute the effect sizes, or the data from primary studies that were used to compute the effect sizes. Although some of these practices have improved over the years, others remained the same. Moreover, examining the eligibility criteria of the reviews revealed a great heterogeneity in aspects such as the training duration, age cut-offs, or study designs that were considered. Preregistered meta-analyses often specified poorly how they would deal with the multiplicity of data or assess publication bias in their protocols, and some contained non-disclosed deviations in their eligibility criteria or outcomes of interests. The findings shown here, although they do not question the benefits of cognitive training, illustrate important aspects that future reviews must consider.
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BACKGROUND: The Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) and its pediatric version, the Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI), are instruments for evaluating obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. METHOD: A reliability generalization meta-analysis was conducted to estimate an average reliability of the scores and to identify study characteristics that explained the heterogeneity among scores. Using Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) and Cronbach's α, a total of 23 and 20 independent samples were included in the meta-analysis for the FOCI and C-FOCI. RESULTS: We found an average KR-20 of 0.826 for the FOCI's Symptom Checklist and an α of 0.882 FOCI's Symptom Severity. An average KR-20 of 0.740 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Checklist, while an average α of 0.794 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Severity. Moderator analyses showed that the source of the coefficients (i.e., whether they were reported by the authors of the primary study or estimated by the meta-analysts) was an important variable for the FOCI Symptom Severity, and that the focus of the study (i.e., whether it was psychometric or applied) and the sample size were relevant for the C-FOCI Symptom Checklist. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that the FOCI and C-FOCI are scales characterized by their brevity and ease of use, and the reliabilities obtained here, both scales are well suited for screening purposes.
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Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo , Criança , Humanos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Psicometria , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of highly related serine/threonine protein kinases involved in multiple signaling pathways, which control cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The role of PKCα in cancer has been studied for many years. However, it has been impossible to establish whether PKCα acts as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. Here, we analyzed the importance of PKCα in cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, or apoptosis by inhibiting its gene expression in a luminal A breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Differential expression analysis and phospho-kinase arrays of PKCα-KD vs. PKCα-WT MCF-7 cells identified an essential set of proteins and oncogenic kinases of the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways that were down-regulated, whereas IGF1R, ERK1/2, and p53 were up-regulated. In addition, unexpected genes related to the interferon pathway appeared down-regulated, while PLC, ERBB4, or PDGFA displayed up-regulated. The integration of this information clearly showed us the usefulness of inhibiting a multifunctional kinase-like PKCα in the first step to control the tumor phenotype. Then allowing us to design a possible selection of specific inhibitors for the unexpected up-regulated pathways to further provide a second step of treatment to inhibit the proliferation and migration of MCF-7 cells. The results of this study suggest that PKCα plays an oncogenic role in this type of breast cancer model. In addition, it reveals the signaling mode of PKCα at both gene expression and kinase activation. In this way, a wide range of proteins can implement a new strategy to fine-tune the control of crucial functions in these cells and pave the way for designing targeted cancer therapies.
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Neoplasias , Proteína Quinase C-alfa , Humanos , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/genética , Proteína Quinase C-alfa/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Proliferação de CélulasRESUMO
Meta-analysis is a powerful and important tool to synthesize the literature about a research topic. Like other kinds of research, meta-analyses must be reproducible to be compliant with the principles of the scientific method. Furthermore, reproducible meta-analyses can be easily updated with new data and reanalysed applying new and more refined analysis techniques. We attempted to empirically assess the prevalence of transparency and reproducibility-related reporting practices in published meta-analyses from clinical psychology by examining a random sample of 100 meta-analyses. Our purpose was to identify the key points that could be improved, with the aim of providing some recommendations for carrying out reproducible meta-analyses. We conducted a meta-review of meta-analyses of psychological interventions published between 2000 and 2020. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science databases. A structured coding form to assess transparency indicators was created based on previous studies and existing meta-analysis guidelines. We found major issues concerning: completely reproducible search procedures report, specification of the exact method to compute effect sizes, choice of weighting factors and estimators, lack of availability of the raw statistics used to compute the effect size and of interoperability of available data, and practically total absence of analysis script code sharing. Based on our findings, we conclude with recommendations intended to improve the transparency, openness, and reproducibility-related reporting practices of meta-analyses in clinical psychology and related areas.
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Intervenção Psicossocial , Projetos de Pesquisa , Humanos , Metanálise como Assunto , Prevalência , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The composition of diets consumed following weight loss (WL) can have a significant impact on satiety and metabolic health. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to test the effects of including a nondigestible carbohydrate to achieve weight maintenance (WM) following a period of WL. METHODS: Nineteen volunteers [11 females and 8 males, aged 20-62 y; BMI (kg/m2): 27-42] consumed a 3-d maintenance diet (15%:30%:55%), followed by a 21-d WL diet (WL; 30%:30%:40%), followed by 2 randomized 10-d WM diets (20%:30%:50% of energy from protein:fat:carbohydrate) containing either resistant starch type 3 (RS-WM; 22 or 26 g/d for females and males, respectively) or no RS (C-WM) in a within-subject crossover design without washout periods. The primary outcome, WM after WL, was analyzed by body weight. Secondary outcomes of fecal microbiota composition and microbial metabolite concentrations and gut hormones were analyzed in fecal samples and blood plasma, respectively. All outcomes were assessed at the end of each dietary period. RESULTS: Body weight was similar after the RS-WM and C-WM diets (90.7 and 90.8 kg, respectively), with no difference in subjectively rated appetite. During the WL diet period plasma ghrelin increased by 36% (P < 0.001), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) decreased by 33% (P < 0.001), and insulin decreased by 46% (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were observed during the RS-WM and C-WM diet periods. Fasting blood glucose was lower after the RS-WM diet (5.59 ± 0.31 mmol/L) than after the C-WM diet [5.75 ± 0.49 mmol/L; P = 0.015; standard error of the difference between the means (SED): 0.09]. Dietary treatments influenced the fecal microbiota composition (R2 = 0.054, P = 0.031) but not diversity. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic benefits, for overweight adults, from WL were maintained through a subsequent WM diet with higher total carbohydrate intake. Inclusion of resistant starch in the WM diet altered gut microbiota composition positively and resulted in lower fasting glucose compared with the control, with no apparent change in appetite. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01724411.
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Fibras na Dieta/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Sobrepeso/dietoterapia , Redução de Peso , Adulto , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Dieta Redutora , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Intolerância à Glucose , Humanos , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Several studies demonstrated that protein from whey milk could be a new strategy to reduce energy intake and increase satiety. Sheep whey has high protein content, but it is also rich in lactose. The aim of this study was to screening different ultrafiltration membranes to separate protein and lactose from sheep whey in one step. Protein was recovered in the concentrate feed, and lactose passed through three membranes and was recovered in the permeate feed. Membranes with different chemical composition and molecular weight cut-offs were assayed, and the influence of operating pressure and lactose concentration feed in the permeate flux and lactose rejection coefficients were studied. Lactose separation was not affected by pressure in GR60PP or GR90PP, and 85% and 80%, respectively of the lactose was separated into permeate feed. When the feed concentration increased, lactose separation remained stable in all three membranes, being GR60PP the most efficient, as 90% of the disaccharides were separated. In all cases 100% of the protein was recovered. Finally, the Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky model perfectly fitted the results obtained about lactose rejection coefficients.
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PURPOSE: Iron (Fe) deficiency anemia in young children is a global health concern which can be reduced by Fe fortification of foods. Cereal is often one of the first foods given to infants, providing adequate quantities of Fe during weaning. In this work, we have compared iron bioavailability and iron status of four iron sources used to fortify infant cereals, employing piglets as an animal model. METHOD: The study was conducted on 36 piglets, 30 of them with induced anemia. From day 28 of life, the weaned piglets were fed with four experimental diets (n = 6) each fortified with 120 mg Fe/kg by ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FSH), electrolytic iron (EI), ferrous fumarate (FF), or micronized dispersible ferric pyrophosphate (MDFP) for another 21 days. In addition, one group of six anemic piglets fed with the basal diet with no iron added (Control-) and a Control+ group of non-anemic piglets (n = 6) were also studied. Blood indicators of iron status were measured after depletion and during the repletion period. The Fe content in organs, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, and relative bioavailability (RBV) was also determined. RESULTS: The Fe salts adequately treated anemia in the piglets, allowing the animals to recover from the anemic state, although EI was less efficient with regard to replenishing Fe stores giving lower concentrations of plasma ferritin and iron in the spleen, liver, lung, and kidney. In addition, the RBV of EI was 88.27% with respect to the reference iron salt (FSH). CONCLUSIONS: Ferrous fumarate and MDFP were equally as bioavailable as the reference salt, and were used significantly better than EI in piglets. These results contribute to extend the evidence-based results for recommending the most suitable fortificant for infant cereals.
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Anemia/dietoterapia , Grão Comestível , Alimentos Fortificados , Alimentos Infantis , Ferro da Dieta/farmacocinética , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Suínos , DesmameRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a global crop and by far the most important non-cereal crop in the world. Therefore, it is necessary to assure its safe consumption. This is especially relevant in the case of its cultivation in abandoned mining areas, where the population tends to return to agriculture. In the present work, the objective is to evaluate the contribution to the diet of nutrients and contaminants of potato grown in soils from the Almadén area (mining district) by studying the intestinal absorption (in vitro) of the tuber, taking into account the preparation methods for its consumption. RESULTS: The results of contaminant and nutrient contents show that the potato peel retains significantly more elements (mainly in the case of toxic elements) than the flesh. Furthermore, potato (peel and flesh) is a good source of iron. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to boil potatoes with the peel in order to minimize nutrient loss and, before consumption, peeling them to eliminate possible risks due to contaminants. In addition, to minimize the risk due of mercury and to improve the levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, it is recommended to add salt during the boiling process. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Tubérculos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/química , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Culinária , Digestão , Humanos , Ferro/análise , Ferro/metabolismo , Mercúrio/análise , Mercúrio/metabolismo , Mineração , Modelos Biológicos , Tubérculos/química , Tubérculos/metabolismo , Potássio/análise , Potássio/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Solanum tuberosum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum tuberosum/metabolismoRESUMO
Folic acid (vitamin B9) is the common name of a number of chemically related compounds (folates), which play a central role as cofactors in one-carbon transfer reactions. Folates are involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of nucleotides and amino acids, as well as supplying methyl groups to a broad range of substrates, such as hormones, DNA, proteins, and lipids, as part of the methyl cycle. Humans and animals cannot synthesize folic acid and, therefore, need them in the diet. Folic acid deficiency is an important and underestimated problem of micronutrient malnutrition affecting billions of people worldwide. Therefore, the addition of folic acid as food additive has become mandatory in many countries thus contributing to a growing demand of the vitamin. At present, folic acid is exclusively produced by chemical synthesis despite its associated environmental burdens. In this work, we have metabolically engineered the industrial fungus Ashbya gossypii in order to explore its potential as a natural producer of folic acid. Overexpression of FOL genes greatly enhanced the synthesis of folates and identified GTP cyclohydrolase I as the limiting step. Metabolic flux redirection from competing pathways also stimulated folic acid production. Finally, combinatorial engineering synergistically increased the production of different bioactive forms of the folic vitamin. Overall, strains were constructed which produce 146-fold (6595µg/L) more vitamin than the wild-type and by far represents the highest yield reported.
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Eremothecium/genética , Eremothecium/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/biossíntese , Ácido Fólico/genética , Engenharia MetabólicaRESUMO
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a heterogeneous group of chronic diseases as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). IBD is the result of a dysregulation of intestinal homeostasis with a host's loss of tolerance toward normal enteric microflora. Plant-based extracts as phenolic compounds can play a role by modulating the intestinal inflammation response. Methods: The in vitro antimicrobial activity of French maritime pine bark extract (PBE) and its phenolic constituents has been investigated in this study. Furthermore, the ability of PBE and phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and taxifolin) to modulate the microbiota has been assessed. Results: Phenolic compounds and PBE showed a great inhibitory effect on the pathogens growth at the highest concentration assessed (1.25 mg/mL). The growth of E. sakazakii and E. faecalis were affected by the effect of caffeic acid and ferulic acid. Taxifolin showed a very strong activity against Listeria sp. (with a reduction ~98%). Gallic acid revealed antibacterial effect on S. aureus at different concentrations. The inhibitory effect of PBE was highly significant on the growth of E. coli O157:H7. PBE, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid seem to provide the greatest beneficial effect on the probiotic bacteria. However, the highest concentrations of taxifolin may have impaired the growth of beneficial microbiota. Conclusion: Present findings could be of interest for considering PBE and/or its phenolic constituents as protectors against gastrointestinal disturbances which lead to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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The Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29) is a 29-item self-administered symptom validity test (SVT) that assesses the credibility of clinical presentations related to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression/anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment and combination thereof. To date, no publications have summarized the classification accuracy of the IOP-29 using a bivariate meta-analytical approach that preserves the two-dimensional nature of the estimators. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis of the IOP-29 according to the relevant guidelines. Twenty-one independent samples were included, with a total sample size of 4,163 participants. The results indicated that the IOP-29 is able to discriminate adequately between instructed simulators and healthy controls/clinical patients. Using the recommended cutoff (False Disorder Probability Score [FDS], ≥ .50), a sensitivity of 82% was achieved, maintaining specificity at 93% (false positive rate of 7%). The language of the test and the type of comparison group have been identified as possible sources of heterogeneity. Specificity decreases for the non-English version of the IOP-29, for the FDS ≥ .30, and also decreases for studies using clinical controls, for all three cutoff scores. In general, our findings support the usefulness of the IOP-29 as an SVT; however, most of the included studies use a simulation design and have been coauthored by the test authors. Likewise, about half of the studies did not include bona fide patient controls but only nonclinical controls. The results obtained are highly promising, but further research, especially that using the criterion group paradigm, is recommended. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Transtornos Psicóticos , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos , Humanos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Testes Diagnósticos de RotinaRESUMO
Biscuits are bakery products made with wheat flour. Wheat is a good source of minerals and dietary fibre, although the presence of phytate or other components could modify mineral availability. In addition, cereal-based products are usually characterised by high fibre content that can influence satiety. The objectives of this study were to evaluate both the iron and calcium availability and the satiety effect of different types of biscuits (traditional recipe vs. "Digestive") sold in the Spanish market, identifying whether the biscuit type could have effects on these parameters. Nutritional composition and the use of the generic descriptor "Digestive" of biscuits were collected from labels. Phytate and mineral contents were also measured. All samples were previously digested by a simulated process of the gastrointestinal conditions. The satiating effect of biscuits was evaluated according to VAS questionnaires. Results indicated that the mineral content and availability were different between types of biscuits (the traditional recipe showed the highest calcium concentration, while iron was higher in the "Digestive" type). However, mineral availability showed the highest percentages for both minerals, calcium and iron, in the Maria-type samples. Regardless of the different fibre content of both types of biscuits, and despite being higher in the Digestive type than in the Maria type, the satiety measures indicated that the Maria type had more effect on the food intake control. Thus, the descriptor "Digestive¨ in biscuits does not seem to be a marker of better nutritional quality, including parameters of effects on health such as mineral availability or satiety.
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Introduction: Introduction: there is a close relationship between obesity, gut health and immune system. A low-grade of inflammation, which could precede obesity, may have implications for the development of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Objective: analyzing the anti-inflammatory capacity of several types of whey (cow, sheep, goat and a mixture of them). Methods: an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation employing a cell co-culture (Caco-2 and RAW 264.7) was performed after an in vitro digestion and fermentation (simulating mouth-to-colon conditions). Inflammatory markers such as IL-8 and TNF-α, as well as the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 monolayer, were determined. Results: digested and fermented whey had a protective effect on cell permeability, being lower in the case of fermented goat whey and mixture. The anti-inflammatory activity of whey was greater the more digestion progressed. Fermented whey showed the greatest anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, probably due to its composition (protein degradation products such as peptides and amino acids, and SCFA). However, fermented goat whey did not show this degree of inhibition, perhaps due to its low SCFA concentration. Conclusion: milk whey, especially after being fermented in the colon, can be useful nutritional strategy to preserve the intestinal barrier and mitigate the low-grade of inflammation that characterizes metabolic disorders and obesity.
Introducción: Introducción: existe una estrecha relación entre obesidad, salud intestinal y sistema inmune. Un bajo grado de inflamación, que precedería a la obesidad, puede tener implicaciones en el desarrollo de síndrome metabólico y resistencia a la insulina. Objetivo: analizar el poder antiinflamatorio de varios tipos de lactosuero (vaca, oveja, cabra y mezcla de los anteriores). Metodología: se utilizó un modelo in vitro de inflamación intestinal, empleando un cocultivo celular (Caco-2 y RAW 264.7). Para ello, se realizó una digestión y fermentación in vitro (simulando las condiciones de boca a colon). Se estudiaron IL-8 y TNF-α como marcadores inflamatorios y la resistencia eléctrica transepitelial celular (RETE) de la monocapa celular Caco-2. Resultados: el suero digerido y fermentado tuvo un efecto protector sobre la permeabilidad celular que fue menor en el caso de lactosuero fermentado de cabra y mezcla. La actividad antiinflamatoria del suero fue mayor cuanto más progresaba la digestión. El lactosuero fermentado mostró el mayor efecto antiinflamatorio, inhibiendo la secreción de IL-8 y TNF-α, probablemente debido a su composición (productos de degradación proteica como péptidos y aminoácidos, y ácidos grasos de cadena corta [AGCC]). Sin embargo, el suero fermentado de cabra no mostró ese grado de inhibición, quizás debido a su baja concentración en AGCC. Conclusión: el lactosuero, sobre todo tras ser fermentado en colon, puede ser una estrategia nutricional útil para preservar la barrera intestinal y mitigar el bajo grado de inflamación que caracteriza a desordenes metabólicos y a la obesidad.
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Leite , Soro do Leite , Humanos , Bovinos , Feminino , Animais , Ovinos , Leite/química , Soro do Leite/química , Células CACO-2 , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa , Interleucina-8/análise , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/farmacologia , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/análise , Digestão , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/análise , Anti-Inflamatórios/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , CabrasRESUMO
Mass spectrometry has become the technique of choice for the assessment of a high variety of molecules in complex food matrices. It is best suited for monitoring the evolution of digestive processes in vivo and in vitro. However, considering the variety of equipment available in different laboratories and the diversity of sample preparation methods, instrumental settings for data acquisition, statistical evaluations, and interpretations of results, it is difficult to predict a priori the ideal parameters for optimal results. The present work addressed this uncertainty by executing an inter-laboratory study with samples collected during in vitro digestion and presenting an overview of the state-of-the-art mass spectrometry applications and analytical capabilities available for studying food digestion. Three representative high-protein foods - skim milk powder (SMP), cooked chicken breast and tofu - were digested according to the static INFOGEST protocol with sample collection at five different time points during gastric and intestinal digestion. Ten laboratories analysed all digesta with their in-house equipment and applying theirconventional workflow. The compiled results demonstrate in general, that soy proteins had a slower gastric digestion and the presence of longer peptide sequences in the intestinal phase compared to SMP or chicken proteins, suggesting a higher resistance to the digestion of soy proteins. Differences in results among the various laboratories were attributed more to the peptide selection criteria than to the individual analytical platforms. Overall, the combination of mass spectrometry techniques with suitable methodological and statistical approaches is adequate for contributing to the characterisation of the recently defined digestome.
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Digestão , Proteínas de Soja , Animais , Proteínas de Soja/metabolismo , Leite/química , Peptídeos/análise , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
Introduction: Objective: human lactoferrin (Lf) and human milk oligosaccharides possess a wide range of functions. So, the present study focusses on the role of Lf and/or galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in the modulation of gut microbiota composition. Methods: recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLf) was added to the first infant formula (0.10, 0.15, 0.20 %) alone or in combination with GOS (1 %) in vessels of a small-scale batch culture fermentation model. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial population groups, and pH were monitored through fermentation for 24 hours. Results: insignificant changes were observed in pH values and acetic acid accumulated during fermentation. Propionic acid content has been insignificantly increased while butyric acid has been insignificantly decreased. Moreover, increments in all bacterial groups except for Bacteroides were observed through the fermentation process. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium showed an increase in relation to initial time over the fermentation process, demonstrating the prebiotic effect of lactoferrin and GOS. After 24 hours of fermentation, all tested ingredients showed significant similarities in Enterococcus for controls except for 0.20 % rhLf + 1 % GOS, which provoked a diminution of Enterococci growth. Conclusion: despite the importance of the batch culture fermentation technique in uncovering the prebiotic activity of food ingredients, it is not useful for detecting the prebiotic nature of Lf due to its nature as a protein. Thus, Lf maybe shows its prebiotic activity on the gut microbiota through other mechanisms.
Introducción: Objetivo: la lactoferrina humana (Lf) y los oligosacáridos de leche materna presentan un amplio rango de funciones. El presente estudio se centra en el papel de la Lf y/o galactooligosácridos (GOS) en la modulación de la composición de la microbiota intestinal. Métodos: se añadió lactoferrina humana recombinante (rhLf) a fórmula infantil (0,10, 0,15, 0,20 %), sola o en combinación con GOS (1 %) en botes de fermentación colónica. A lo largo de 24 horas de fermentación, se monitorizaron ácidos grasos de cadena corta, grupos de poblaciones microbianas y pH. Resultados: se observaron pequeños cambios en valores de pH y cantidad de ácido acético durante la fermentación. El contenido de ácido propiónico aumentó ligeramente, mientras que el butírico sufrió un ligero descenso. Todos los grupos bacterianos estudiados incrementaron, excepto los Bacteroides, durante la fermentación. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium mostraron un incremento respecto al valor inicial, demostrando el efecto prebiótico de la lactoferrina y los GOS. A las 24 horas de fermentación, todos los ingredientes estudiados mostraron similitud al control en cuanto a Enterococcus, excepto para 0,20 % rhLf + 1 % GOS, donde disminuyó el crecimiento de los enterococos. Conclusión: a pesar de la importancia de los estudios de fermentación in vitro para descubrir potenciales ingredientes prebióticos, no fue útil en el caso de lactoferrina debido a su naturaleza proteica. Por tanto, la lactoferrina podría mostrar su actividad prebiótica en la microbiota intestinal a través de otros mecanismos.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Lactente , Lactoferrina/farmacologia , Lactoferrina/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Oligossacarídeos/farmacologia , Ácido Acético/metabolismo , Ácido Acético/farmacologia , Prebióticos , Fermentação , Fezes/microbiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Both theoretical proposals and empirical work point to a common concurrence between attitudes toward school violence and violent behavior. Studies often address this issue superficially or within intervention programs. Our objective is to describe the results of a systematic review and to conduct a meta-analysis exploring these associations. METHOD: A systematic review was conducted in the main databases. Effect sizes were calculated and synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between attitudes toward violence and school violence. A meta-regression was performed for the moderator analysis of sex and age. RESULTS: The literature search strategy produced 12,293 articles. The review process produced a final result of 23 studies. Our results estimate a significant positive relationship (r =.368 p < .001; 95% CI [.323, .412]) between attitudes toward violence and school violence in children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study allows us to quantify with an adequate degree of specificity the attitude-behavior relationship in the school context. These results may facilitate future researchers to design programs that address this specificity in order to improve school climate. More research is needed using validated instruments to further specify the type of attitudes that have the greatest influence on the manifestation of school violence.
ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Las propuestas teóricas y trabajos empíricos apuntan una concurrencia entre las actitudes y la conducta violenta en el contexto escolar. Los estudios suelen abordar esta cuestión superficialmente o dentro de programas de intervención donde se trabajan múltiples variables, existiendo diferencias en la magnitud de esta relación. El objetivo del estudio es describir los resultados de una revisión sistemática y realizar un meta análisis que explore estas asociaciones. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las principales bases de datos. Se calcularon los tamaños del efecto y fueron sintetizados mediante un meta análisis de efecto aleatorio para la relación entre actitudes hacia la violencia y violencia escolar. Se realizó una meta regresión para el análisis moderador del sexo y edad. RESULTADOS: La estrategia de búsqueda produjo 12.293 artículos. El proceso de revisión estructurado produjo un resultado final de 23 estudios. Nuestros resultados estiman una relación positiva y significativa (râ¯=â¯0,368 p < 0,001; 95% CIâ¯=â¯[0,323, 0,412]) entre actitudes y violencia escolar en menores. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio permite cuantificar con un adecuado grado de especificidad la relación actitud conducta en el contexto escolar. Estos resultados facilitarían a futuros investigadores plantear programas que aborden esta especificidad para mejorar el clima escolar.
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Recently, plant-based milk substitutes, as an emerging industry, are receiving more attention. Despite that, these dairy alternatives have not been adequately studied for their functional properties. Thus, the current research was devoted to study the satiety potential through in vitro secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and the antioxidant capacity of these dairy alternatives after in vitro digestion. The enteroendocrine cell line, STC-1, was used to measure satiety hormones release (CCK and GLP-1) by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Also, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (using oxygen radical absorbance capacity [ORAC], ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid [ABTS] assays) were measured before and after in vitro digestion. The results demonstrated that CCK secretion was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for cow's milk (350.64 pg ml-1 ) as compared to plant-based milk substitutes. Among the plant-based milk substitutes, tiger nut milk showed the highest CCK stimulant (228.96 pg ml-1 ), followed by hazelnut milk (220.04 pg ml-1 ). Concerning GLP-1 release, the data exhibited that spelt milk was the food with the highest induction of GLP-1 hormone secretion, followed by cow's milk (910.17 and 876.59 pg ml-1 , respectively), but without any significant differences between them. total phenolic content (TPC) values strongly increased after in vitro digestion, cow's milk and soymilk being the samples with the highest TPC values after in vitro digestion (165.76 and 153.71 mg GAE/100 ml, respectively). In line with TPC values, soymilk had the highest ORAC, ABTS, and FRAP values after in vitro digestion (25.41, 8.17, and 2.51 µmol TE/ml, respectively). Thus, these dairy alternatives could be an adequate substitute for cow's milk, according to its satiety and antioxidant capacity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The first study deals with the efficacy of plant-based milk substitutes as satiating foods. Spelt milk was the highest stimulant for GLP-1 secretion. Tiger nut milk showed the highest CCK stimulant, followed by hazelnut milk. TPC and total antioxidant capacity increased after digestion.
Assuntos
Colecistocinina , Substitutos do Leite , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Bovinos , Colecistocinina/metabolismo , Digestão , Feminino , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Fenóis/análise , Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant and antiproliferative effect of fruit juices enriched with Pycnogenol® (0.5 g/L) on a colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2). The total phenolic concentration (TPC), antioxidant activity and inhibition cell growth were studied in fresh and digested pineapple juice and red fruits juice (both enriched with pine bark extract and not). After in vitro digestion the level of detectable phenolic compounds (expressed as gallic acid equivalent) was higher in both pineapple and red fruits juices enriched with Pycnogenol® than in non-enriched commercial juices (155.6 mg/100 mL vs 94.6 mg/100 mL and 478.5 mg/100 mL vs 406.9 mg/100 mL, respectively). Increased antioxidant activity (measured by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) methods) was observed in digested enriched juices with respect to the same samples before digestion. Pycnogenol® enrichment led to a high antiproliferative effect between 24 and 72 h of incubation with undigested pineapple juice compared with the non-enriched juice. It can be concluded that enrichment of fruit juices with Pycnogenol® provides a source of phenolic compounds with high stability to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions; however, the antioxidant properties of fruit juices were affected to a different extent.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Digestão/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Bebidas , Células CACO-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/química , Humanos , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/metabolismo , Pinus/química , Extratos VegetaisRESUMO
Nowadays, overweight and obesity has reached an epidemic level around the world. With the aim to tackle them, an interesting strategy is the study of food and ingredients with satiety properties. In addition to reducing food and/or calorie intake, this type of foods must be included as part of a healthy diet. With regard to this, it is well known that the Mediterranean Diet (MD) is a feeding pattern that helps us to maintain good health, providing an adequate intake of micronutrients and active compounds. With this background, the main aim of this research was to identify MD foods with a high satiating potential capacity. For this purpose, three typical foods of the Mediterranean region, mainly based on vegetables, were selected: hummus, ajoblanco and gazpacho. As a control, white bread was used. Twenty-four human healthy volunteers consumed a standard breakfast followed by the different typical Mediterranean foods, and then the subjective sensation of hunger and satiety for each food was assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS) during 3 h. Subsequently, volunteers had ad libitum access to a standard meal. The results indicate that gazpacho showed the highest satiating scores, despite the fact that it was not the food that provided the highest protein or fibre amount. More studies of this type are needed to determine the proportion and/or combination of ingredients from these classical Mediterranean recipes that could enhance human satiety.
RESUMO
Polycaprolactone (PCL)was used via double emulsion/solvent evaporation technique for the encapsulation of polyphenols olive leaves (OLs) extracts. In this study, the PCL-microcapsules loaded with OLs polyphenols extract powder were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis. Their total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) contents, and antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS), and polyphenols stability were measured after oral, gastric, and intestinal steps of in vitro digestion. PCL-microcapsules were utilized in formulating novel functional yogurt containing 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg of TPC estimated as mg GAE (added as PCL-microcapsules) per 100g yogurt. All yogurt samples were evaluated for their pH, acidity, syneresis, viscosity, and color during storage. In vitro digestion significantly affected the phenolic composition in non-encapsulated extract whereas it had a lower impact on encapsulated phenolics. Higher protection was provided for encapsulated OLs extract and their higher release was observed at the intestinal phase. Unlike the undigested OLs extract, which had a TPC of 490 mg GAE/100 g, lower values of TPC (136 and 289 mg GAE/100 g) were obtained for non-encapsulated and encapsulated OLs extract, respectively, in the intestinal fluids. Yogurt with PCL-microcapsules had lower viscosity, syneresis, and color parameters, compared to control yogurt. Thus, OLs represent a valuable and cheap source of polyphenols that can be successfully applied in microencapsulated form, in formulating functional yogurt.