RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The study aim was to explore the experience of doctors and nursing assistants in the management of physical restraint (PR) in critical care units. METHOD: A multicentre phenomenological study that included 14 critical care units (CCU) in Madrid (Spain). The CCU were stratified according to their use of physical restraint: "frequently used" versus "seldom used". Three focus groups were formed: the first comprised nursing assistants from CCUs that frequently used physical restraint, the second comprised nursing assistants from CCUs that seldom used physical constraint, and the final group comprised doctors from both CCU subtypes. Sampling method: purposive. DATA ANALYSIS: thematic content analysis. Data saturation was achieved. RESULTS: Four principle themes emerged: 1) concept of safety and risk (patient safety versus the safety of the professional), 2) types of restraint, 3) professional responsibilities (prescription, recording, and professional roles) and 4) "zero restraint" paradigm. The conceptualisation regarding the use of physical contentions shows differences in some of the principal themes, depending on the type of CCU, in terms of policies, use and management of physical constraint (frequently used versus seldom used). CONCLUSIONS: The real reduction in the use of physical restraint in CCU must be based on one crucial point: acceptance of the complexity of the phenomenon. The use of physical restraint observed in the different CCU is influenced by individual, group and organisational factors. These factors will determine how doctors and nursing assistants interpret safety and risk, the centre of care (patient or professional-centred care), the concept of restraint, professional responsibilities and interventions, interactions of the team and the leadership.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Cuidados Críticos/normas , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Corpo Clínico Hospitalar/psicologia , Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem Hospitalar/psicologia , Restrição Física/normas , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Objetivos: El objetivo fue explorar la experiencia de médicos y técnicos en cuidados auxiliares de enfermería (TCAE) respecto al manejo de contenciones mecánicas en unidades de cuidados críticos. Método: Estudio fenomenológico multicéntrico que incluyó 14 unidades de cuidados críticos (UCC) de Madrid (España). Las UCC fueron estratificadas en función del uso de contenciones mecánicas: «uso frecuente» versus «uso escaso». Se realizaron 3 grupos de discusión: el primero compuesto por TCAE procedentes de UCC con uso frecuente de contenciones mecánicas, el segundo grupo por TCAE de UCC de uso escaso de contenciones mecánicas y el último grupo por médicos de ambos subtipos de UCC. Método de muestreo: por propósito. Análisis de datos: análisis temático de contenido. Se alcanzó la saturación de los datos. Resultados: Emergen 4 temas principales: 1) concepto de seguridad y riesgo (seguridad del paciente versus seguridad del profesional); 2) tipos de contenciones; 3) responsabilidades profesionales (prescripción, registro y roles profesionales); y 4) paradigma «contención cero». La conceptualización sobre el uso de contenciones mecánicas muestra diferencias en algunos de los temas principales dependiendo del tipo de UCC en cuanto a políticas, uso y manejo de contenciones mecánicas (uso frecuente versus uso escaso). Conclusiones: La reducción real del uso de contenciones mecánicas en UCC debe partir de un punto clave: la aceptación de la complejidad del fenómeno. El uso de contenciones mecánicas observado en las diferentes UCC está influenciado por factores individuales, grupales y organizativos. Estos factores determinan las interpretaciones que médicos y TCAE realizan sobre seguridad y riesgo, el centro del cuidado (cuidado centrado en el paciente o en el profesional), el concepto de contención, las responsabilidades e intervenciones profesionales y las interacciones del equipo y el liderazgo
Objectives: The study aim was to explore the experience of doctors and nursing assistants in the management of physical restraint (PR) in critical care units. Method; A multicentre phenomenological study that included 14 critical care units (CCU) in Madrid (Spain). The CCU were stratified according to their use of physical restraint: "frequently used" versus "seldom used". Three focus groups were formed: the first comprised nursing assistants from CCUs that frequently used physical restraint, the second comprised nursing assistants from CCUs that seldom used physical constraint, and the final group comprised doctors from both CCU subtypes. Sampling method: purposive. Data analysis: thematic content analysis. Data saturation was achieved. Results: Four principle themes emerged: 1) concept of safety and risk (patient safety versus the safety of the professional), 2) types of restraint, 3) professional responsibilities (prescription, recording, and professional roles) and 4) "zero restraint" paradigm. The conceptualisation regarding the use of physical contentions shows differences in some of the principal themes, depending on the type of CCU, in terms of policies, use and management of physical constraint (frequently used versus seldom used). Conclusions; The real reduction in the use of physical restraint in CCU must be based on one crucial point: acceptance of the complexity of the phenomenon. The use of physical restraint observed in the different CCU is influenced by individual, group and organisational factors. These factors will determine how doctors and nursing assistants interpret safety and risk, the centre of care (patient or professional-centred care), the concept of restraint, professional responsibilities and interventions, interactions of the team and the leadership