MXene enhanced reduced graphene oxide aerogel for high-performance supercapacitors.

Three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Ti2CTx MXene hybrid aerogels were effectively prepared by a two-step method involving hydrothermal reaction and freeze-drying. The intimately coupled rGO/Ti2CTx hybrid aerogel combined high electrical conductivity, large interlayer spacing, and excellent mechanical stability of Ti2CTx, which not only effectively prevents the self-restacking of Ti2CTx nanosheets, exposes more active sites exposed, and improves the volume change during the charge/discharge process but also increases the accessibility of ions and promotes the rapid transfer of ions/electrons. As a result, rGO/Ti2CTx 17.5-2.5 as the working electrode of electric double layer capacitors delivers a large specific capacity (107.05 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 in a 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte), a high rate capability (maintains 30% of its initial capacitance at 10 A g-1, which is much better than rGO and Ti2CTx), and excellent long-term large-current cycle stability (the initial capacitance remains above 71.1% after 10 000 cycles at 1 A g-1). In addition to providing a high-performance electrode for supercapacitors, this study proposes an efficient and time-saving strategy for constructing 3D structures from 2D materials.

Dual drug delivery system of RAPTA-C and paclitaxel based on fructose coated nanoparticles for metastatic cancer treatment.

Ruthenium complexes have been widely studied as potential alternatives to platinum-type anticancer drugs due to their unique medical properties such as high selectivity, strong ability to inhibit solid tumour metastasis. However, non-specific biodistribution, and weak lethality of ruthenium to cancer cells limit its use in medical application. Drug delivery systems offer the ability to integrate multiple drugs in one system, which is particularly important to enhance the chemotherapeutic efficacy and to potentially achieve a synergistic effect of both drugs. Here, we report a dual drug nanocarrier that is based on a self-assembled biodegradable block copolymer, where the ruthenium complex (RAPTA-C) is chemically attached to the polymer chain, while another drug, paclitaxel (PTX), is entrapped in the core of the micelle. The dual drug delivery system was studied via in vitro tests using MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and it was observed that RAPTA-C in combination with PTX significantly enhanced anti-tumour and anti-metastasis activity.

An integrated approach of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemical profiling, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to reveal the potential mechanisms of Qishen Gubiao granules for treating coronavirus disease 2019.

Qishen Gubiao granules, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation composed of nine herbs, have been widely used to prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 with good clinical efficacy. In the present study, an integrated strategy based on chemical profiling followed by network pharmacology and molecular docking was employed, to explore the active components and potential molecular mechanisms of Qishen Gubiao granules in the therapy of coronavirus disease 2019. Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique, a total of 186 ingredients corresponding to eight structure types in Qishen Gubiao preparation were identified or structurally annotated with the elucidation of the fragmentation pathways in the typical compounds. The network pharmacology analysis screened 28 key compounds including quercetin, apigenin, scutellarein, luteolin and naringenin acting on 31 key targets, which possibly modulated signal pathways associated with immune and inflammatory responses in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. The molecular docking results observed that the top 5 core compounds had a high affinity for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease. This study proposed a reliable and feasible approach for elucidating the multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways intervention mechanism of Qishen Gubiao granules against coronavirus disease 2019, providing a scientific basis for its further quality evaluation and clinical application.

Phase Behavior of Ionic Liquid-Based Aqueous Two-Phase Systems.

As an environmentally friendly separation medium, the ionic liquid (IL)-based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) is attracting long-term attention from a growing number of scientists and engineers. Phase equilibrium data of IL-based ATPSs are an important basis for the design and optimization of chemical reactions and separation processes involving ILs. This article provides the recent significant progress that has been made in the field and highlights the possible directions of future developments. The effects of each component (such as salting-out agents and ILs) on the phase behavior of IL-based ATPSs are summarized and discussed in detail. We mainly focus on the phase behavior of ATPSs by using ILs, expecting to provide meaningful and valuable information that may promote further research and application.

Effects of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes on bioconcentration of pentachlorophenol and hepatic damages in goldfish.

Carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) exerts strong adsorption capacity for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and they inevitably co-occur in the environment, but few studies have characterized the effects of MWCNT-COOH on the bioavailability of PCP and its oxidative and tissue damages to fish. In this work, we assessed the PCP accumulation in different organs and the induced oxidative and tissue damages of goldfish following 50-d in vivo exposure to PCP alone or co-exposure with MWCNT-COOH. Our results indicated that PCP bioaccumulation in goldfish liver, gill, muscle, intestine and gut contents was inhibited after co-exposure with MWCNT-COOH in uptake phase. PCP exposure alone and co-exposure with MWCNT-COOH evoked severe oxidative and tissue damages in goldfish bodies, as indicated by significant inhibition of activities of antioxidant enzymes, remarkable decrease in glutathione level, simultaneous elevation of malondialdehyde content, and obvious histological damages to liver and gill. The decreased accumulation of PCP in the presence of MWCNT-COOH led to the reduction of PCP-induced toxicity to liver tissues, as confirmed by the alleviation of hepatic oxidative damages. However, co-exposure groups had higher concentrations of PCP in the tissues than PCP treatment alone (p < 0.05 each) in the depuration phase, revealing that MWCNT-COOH-bound pollutants might pose higher risk once desorbed from the nanoparticles. These results provided substantial information regarding the combined effects of PCP and MWCNT-COOH on aquatic species, which helps to deeply understand the potential ecological risks of the emerging pollutants.

Perfusion Cultivation of Artificial Liver Extracellular Matrix in Fibrous Polymer Sponges Biomimicking Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering.

A major challenge in tissue engineering and artificial scaffolding is to combine easily tunable scaffolds biomimicking the extracellular matrix of native organs with delivery-controlled cell culturing to create fully cellularized, large artificial 3D scaffolds. Aiming at bioartificial liver construction, we present our research using galactose-functionalized, ultraporous polylactide 3D nanofiber sponges fabricated out of electrospun fibers. Sponge biomodification by blend galactosylation and in-solution coating is performed, respectively, using a polylactide-galactose carrier-copolymer that promotes cell delivery and features a pronounced autofluorescence. It allows us to verify the galactosylation success, evaluate its quality, and record dye-free, high-resolution images of the sponge network using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The galactose carrier and its impact on scaffold cellularization is validated in benchmark to several reference systems. Verification of the human hepatic cell asialoglycoprotein receptor presence and galactose interaction in culture is performed by Cu2+ receptor-blocking experiments. The culture results are extensively investigated in and ex situ to trace and quantify the cell culture progress, cell activity, and viability at different culture stages. Bioreactor cultivation of sponges reveals that the galactose carrier does not only facilitate cell adhesion but also enhances cellular distribution throughout the scaffold. The promising 3D culture results allow us to move forward to create mature in vitro liver model research systems. The elaboration into ex vivo testing platforms could help judging native cell material interactions with drugs or therapeutics, without the need of direct human or animal testing.

Correlation between Drug Loading Content and Biological Activity: The Complexity Demonstrated in Paclitaxel-Loaded Glycopolymer Micelle System.

Drug delivery carriers are now widely established because they can increase the therapeutic efficiency of drugs. In general, the aim in this field is to create effective carriers that have large amounts of drugs loaded to minimize drug carrier material that needs to be disposed of. However, there has been little attention so far in the literature on the effect of the amount of loaded drugs on the biological activity. In this paper, we are trying to answer the question of how the drug-loading content will affect the in vitro activity. We use two methods to load paclitaxel (PTX) into micelles based on the glycopolymer, poly(1- O-methacryloyl-ß-d-fructopyranose)- block-poly(methyl methacylate) (Poly(1- O-MAFru)35- b-PMMA145). In the one-step method, the drug is loaded into the particles during the self-assembly process. However, the size of nanoparticle increased with the PTX content from 26 to 50 nm, triggering enhanced cellular uptake by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, which was caused by changes in diameter size and not by changes in drug concentration. To keep the nanoparticle size constant, preformed micelles were loaded with PTX (two-step process). The increasing amount of loaded drug led to decreased cellular uptake and reduced cytotoxicity by the cancer cell lines. Small-angle neutron scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering, supported by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, exposed the PTX location in the shell. This caused shrinkage of the shell and lower levels of shell hydration, resulting in lower cellular uptake and lower cytotoxicity. Upon the release of PTX, the shell regained its original level of hydration. We could show that because drug loading causes morphology changes, in either the shell or the size, it is impossible to separate the parameters that will influence the biological activity. Although the same phenomenon may not apply to every drug delivery system, it needs to be considered that except for the well-known parameters that affect cell uptake-size, shape, surface chemistry, type of nanoparticle, and presence of bioactive groups-the amount of loaded drugs might change the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticle and thus the in vitro and potentially the in vivo outcomes.

Sugar Concentration and Arrangement on the Surface of Glycopolymer Micelles Affect the Interaction with Cancer Cells.

Glycopolymer-coated nanoparticles have attracted significant interest over the past few years, because of their selective interaction with carbohydrate receptors found on the surface of cells. While the type of carbohydrate determines the strength of the ligand-receptor interaction, the presentation of the sugar can be highly influential as the carbohydrate needs to be accessible in order to display good binding. To shine more light on the relationship between nanoparticle structure and cell uptake, we have designed several micelles based on fructose containing block copolymers, which are selective to GLUT5 receptors found on breast cancer cell lines. The polymers were based on poly-d,l-lactide (PLA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylate (PHEA), and poly(1- O-acryloyl-ß-d-fructopyranose) (P[1- O-AFru]). A set of six micelles was synthesized based on four fructose containing micelles (PLA242- b-P[1- O-AFru]41, PLA242- b-P[1- O-AFru]179, PLA242- b-P[1- O-AFru46-c-HEA214], PLA242- b-PHEA280- b-P[1- O-AFru]41) and two neutral controls (PLA247- b-PHEA53 and PLA247- b-PHEA166). SAXS analysis revealed that longer hydrophilic polymers led to lower aggregation numbers and larger hydrophilic shells, suggesting more glycopolymer mobility. Cellular uptake studies via flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed that the micelles based on PLA242- b-P[1- O-AFru]179 show, by far, the highest uptake by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines while the uptake of all micelles by RAW264.7 cell is negligible. The same micelle displayed was far superior in penetrating MCF-7 cancer spheroids (three-dimensional (3D) model). Taking the physicochemical characterization obtained by SAXS and the in vitro results together, it could be concluded that the glycopolymer chains on the surface of micelle must display high mobility. Moreover, a high density of fructose was found to be necessary to achieve good biological activity as lowering the epitope density led immediately to lower cellular uptake. This work showed that it is crucial to understand the micelle structure in order to maximize the biological activity of glycopolymer micelles.

Molecular interaction balanced one- and two-dimensional hybrid nanoarchitectures for high-performance supercapacitors.

Hybridisation of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) materials to enhance charge storage has received considerable attention, but a fundamental understanding of the inherent ratio-dependent charge transfer mechanisms associated with the modulation of their molecular interactions is still within the community. Herein, we examined 1D surface oxidised carbon nanotubes (Ox-CNTs) and 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to understand their ratio-dependent charge transfer and molecular interaction dynamics. We found that stepwise ultrasonication and the self-assembly process can control the thermodynamic molecular interactions, which result in rGO and Ox-CNT suspensions not only well dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide but also self-organised into sandwiched nanoarchitectures. We reveal that the enhanced charge storage performance originated from the Ox-CNT-mediated low contact resistance between the active material and the current collector, and the incorporation of rGO leads to a significant ion diffusion coefficient and gives rise to numerous ion diffusion channels for high rate retention. Through a systematic electrochemical characterisation, we found that the GC5 : 5 hybrids (mass ratio of rGO to Ox-CNT) provide the best compromise-balance ratio between rGO and Ox-CNT for realising a champion energy density (9 W h kg-1) and power density (10 kW kg-1) beyond the state-of-the-art performance of the individual materials. Our results herald the advent of molecular level hybridisation of 1D-2D materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage.

Delivery of Amonafide from Fructose-Coated Nanodiamonds by Oxime Ligation for the Treatment of Human Breast Cancer.

The introduction of a strategy toward polymer/nanodiamond hybrids with high polymer grafting density and accessible polymer structural characterization is of critical importance for nanodiamonds' surface modification and bioagent attachment for their biomedical application. Here, we report a glycopolymer/nanodiamond hybrid drug delivery system, which was prepared by grafting amonafide-conjugated glycopolymers onto the surface of nanodiamonds via oxime ligation. Poly(1-O-methacryloyl-2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-ß-d-fructopyranose)-b-poly(3-vinylbenzaldehyde-co-methyl methacrylate), featuring pendant aldehyde groups, is prepared via RAFT polymerization. The anticancer drug amonafide is conjugated to the polymer chains via imine chemistry, resulting in acid-degradable imine linkages. The obtained amonafide-conjugated glycopolymers are subsequently grafted onto the surface of aminooxy-functionalized nanodiamonds via oxime ligation. The molecular weight of the conjugated polymers is characterized by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), while the successful conjugation and corresponding grafting density is assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric aanalysis (TGA). Our results indicate that the mass percentage of amonafide in the polymer chains is around 17% and the surface density of polymer chains is 0.24 molecules/nm2. The prepared drug delivery system has a hydrodynamic size around 380 nm with low PDI (0.3) and can effectively deliver amonafide into breast cancer cell and significantly inhibit the cancer cell viability. In 2D cell culture models, the IC50 values of ND-Polymer-AMF delivery system (7.19 µM for MCF-7; 4.92 µM for MDA-MB-231) are lower than those of free amonafide (11.23 µM for MCF-7; 13.98 µM for MDA-MB-231). An inhibited cell viability of nanodiamonds/polymer delivery system is also observed in 3D spheroids' models, suggesting that polymer-diamonds hybrid materials can be promising platforms for breast cancer therapy.

PEG Grafted-Nanodiamonds for the Delivery of Gemcitabine.

Carboxyl end-functionalized poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] [P(PEGMEMA)] and its block copolymer with gemcitabine substituted poly(N-hydroxysuccinimide methacrylate) [PGem-block-P(PEGMEMA)] are synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Then, two polymers are grafted onto the surface of amine-functionalized nanodiamonds to obtain [P(PEGMEMA)]-grafted nanodiamonds (ND-PEG) and [PGem-block-P(PEGMEMA)]-grafted nanodiamonds (ND-PF). Gemcitabine is physically absorbed to ND-PEG to produce ND-PEG (Gem). Two polymer-grafted nanodiamonds (i.e., with physically absorbed gemcitabine ND-PEG (Gem) and with chemically conjugated gemcitabine ND-PF) are characterized using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and thermogravimetric analysis. The drug release, cytotoxicity (to seed human pancreatic carcinoma AsPC-1 cells), and cellular uptake of ND-PEG (Gem) and ND-PF are also investigated.

Nanoparticle-mediated universal CAR-T therapy.

In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has been highly successful in treating hematological malignancies, leading to significant advancements in the cancer immunotherapy field. However, the typical CAR-T therapy necessitates the enrichment of patients' own leukocytes for ex vivo production of CAR-T cells, this customized pattern requires a complicated and time-consuming manufacturing procedure, making it costly and less accessible. The off-the-shelf universal CAR-T strategy could reduce manufacturing costs and realize timely drug administration, presenting as an ideal substitute for typical CAR-T therapy. Utilizing nanocarriers for targeted gene delivery is one of the approaches for the realization of universal CAR-T therapy, as biocompatible and versatile nanoparticles could deliver CAR genes to generate CAR-T cells in vivo. Nanoparticle-mediated in situ generation of CAR-T cells possesses multiple advantages, including lowered cost, simplified manufacturing procedure, and shortened administration time, this strategy is anticipated to provide a potentially cost-effective alternative to current autologous CAR-T cell manufacturing, thus facilitating the prevalence and improvement of CAR-T therapy.

A bioactive calcium silicate nanowire-containing hydrogel for organoid formation and functionalization.

Organoids, which are 3D multicellular constructs, have garnered significant attention in recent years. Existing organoid culture methods predominantly utilize natural and synthetic polymeric hydrogels. This study explored the potential of a composite hydrogel mainly consisting of calcium silicate (CS) nanowires and methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) as a substrate for organoid formation and functionalization, specifically for intestinal and liver organoids. Furthermore, the research delved into the mechanisms by which CS nanowires promote the structure formation and development of organoids. It was discovered that CS nanowires can influence the stiffness of the hydrogel, thereby regulating the expression of the mechanosensory factor yes-associated protein (YAP). Additionally, the bioactive ions released by CS nanowires in the culture medium could accelerate Wnt/ß-catenin signaling, further stimulating organoid development. Moreover, bioactive ions were found to enhance the nutrient absorption and ATP metabolic activity of intestinal organoids. Overall, the CS/GelMA composite hydrogel proves to be a promising substrate for organoid formation and development. This research suggested that inorganic biomaterials hold significant potential in organoid research, offering bioactivities, biosafety, and cost-effectiveness.

Exploring microbial and moist-heat effects on Pu-erh tea volatiles and understanding the methoxybenzene formation mechanism using molecular sensory science.

Piling fermentation (PF) is crucial for Pu-erh tea aroma, yet its microbial and moist-heat impact on aroma quality is poorly understood. Solid-phase microextraction, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to detected and analyses the samples of sun-green green tea, sterile PF and spontaneous PF. Microbiological action promotes the formation of stale aromas. Moist-heat action promotes the formation of plum-fragrance and sweet aroma. 20 microbial markers and 28 moist-heat markers were screened from 184 volatile components. Combining odor activity values and gas chromatography-olfactometry, 22 aroma-active compounds were screened (1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, linalool, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene …), and analyzed during PF processing. Aroma omission and addition experiments verified its importance. Gallic acid addition experiments successfully verified that microorganisms are the main contributors to the synthesis of methoxybenzenes. Finally, Blastobotrys, Rasamsonia, and Thermomyces showed positive correlation with the synthesis of 1-ethyl-4-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene, and 1,2-dimethoxybenzene. The formation mechanism of Pu-erh tea's aroma was clarified. Exploring microbial and moist-heat effects on Pu-erh tea volatiles and understanding the methoxybenzene formation mechanism using molecular sensory science.

Metabolomics and electronic-tongue analysis reveal differences in color and taste quality of large-leaf yellow tea under different roasting methods.

Roasting is a key process in the production of large-leaf yellow tea (LYT). In this study, we synthesized metabolomics and electronic-tongue analysis to compare the quality of charcoal-roasted, electric-roasted and drum-roasted LYT. Charcoal-roasted LYT had the highest yellowness and redness, drum-roasted LYT had a more prominent umami and brightness, and electric roasting reduced astringency. A total of 48 metabolites were identified by metabolomics. Among these, leucocyanidin, kaempferol, luteolin-7-lactate, and apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside might affect the brightness and yellowness. Theanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid contents significantly and positively correlated with umami levels, and the high retention of flavonoid glycosides and catechins in drum-roasted LYT contributed to its astringency. These findings elucidate the contribution of the roasting method to the quality of LYT and provide a theoretical basis for LYT production.

Revealing the differences in aroma of black tea under different drying methods based on GC-MS, GC-O.

Drying greatly affects the aroma of black tea. In this study, the differences in aroma of black tea under hot-air drying (HD), sun drying (SD), and pan-fired drying (PD) were investigated through quantitative descriptive analysis. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and solvent assisted flavor evaporation combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactory were used to analyze the overall aroma profile of black tea. Aroma extract dilution analysis and odor activity values revealed that 15 aroma-active compounds led to differences in aroma, namely linalool, geraniol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde, (Z) -linalool oxide (furanoid), ß-damascenone, dimethyl sulfide, methional, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, methyl salicylate, ß-myrcene, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and heptanal. Among them, geraniol, linalool, and methional significantly enhanced the floral and roasty aroma of HD, while hexanal enhanced the green aroma of SD. Finally, our results were validated through aroma recombination and addition experiments. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the aroma of black tea.

Contribution of tea stems to large-leaf yellow tea aroma.

Large-leaf yellow tea (LYT) is processed from both leaves and stems, resulting in a distinctive rice crust-like aroma. Tea stems may contribute differently to the aroma of LYT than leaves. This study aimed to clarify the specific contribution of stems to LYT. The volatile compounds in different components of LYT were extracted and analyzed using a combination of headspace solid-phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with gas chromatography-olfactory-mass spectrometry. The results revealed high concentrations of compounds with roasty attributes in stems such as 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (OAV 153-208) and 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (OAV 111-140). Aroma recombination and addition experiments confirmed that the roasty aroma provided by stems plays a pivotal role in the formation of the distinctive flavor of LYT. This study offers novel insights into the contribution of stems to the aroma of LYT, which can be used for processing and quality enhancement of roasted tea.

Enhanced power output of an electrospun PVDF/MWCNTs-based nanogenerator by tuning its conductivity.

PVDF nanofibre-based piezoelectric nanogenerators are directly prepared via electrospinning without any post-poling treatment. The effect of the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the fibre diameter, mechanical properties, ß-phase composition, surface and volume conductivities, output voltage and output power are investigated. Increased surface conductivity of the poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibre mats, which plays an important role in the enhancement of output power, is first found by the addition of an appropriate amount of MWCNTs. The maximum generated piezo-voltage exhibited by PVDF nanofibre mats in the presence of 5 wt% MWCNTs is as high as 6 V, while the average capacitor charging power is 81.8 nW, increases of 200% and 44.8%, respectively, compared with bare PVDF nanofibre mats.

[Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in Henan Province, China between 2010-2011].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological features of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Henan Province, China and to evaluate the safety of vaccines currently used in Henan. METHODS: The AEFI cases reported in Henan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011 were collected through the China Surveillance System of Information on National Immunization Program. The descriptive method was used for epidemiological analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2415 cases of AEFI were reported in Henan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011, and 1238 (51.26%) of them were found in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Jiaozuo cities. The male-to-female ratio was 1.32:1. Seven hundred and ninety-nine (33.08%) of these cases were less than one year old. Measles vaccine and DPT vaccine (against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) were the main causes of AEFI, contributing to 61.24% of cases; the incidence rates of AEFI among people receiving measles and DPT vaccines were 30.3/105 and 5.0/105, respectively. 1528 cases (63.27%) developed AEFI after the first dose of vaccination. Inflammation and allergic symptoms were the predominant adverse effects caused by the top 5 vaccines AEFI-causing vaccines, and the clinical manifestations were significantly different among AEFI cases caused by different vaccines (χ2=304.5, P<0.001). Among the 2415 AEFI cases, 1946 (80.58%) had common adverse reaction, 348 (14.41%) had rare adverse reaction, 98 (4.06%) had coupling disease, 13 (0.51%) had psychogenic reaction, and 10 (0.41%) had reaction for unknown reasons. The prognosis of most AEFI cases was good, with a cure rate as high as 90.64%. CONCLUSIONS: AEFI occurs mostly in young children and after the first dose of vaccination. This should be brought to the attention of vaccination service personnel and the children's parents.

WITHDRAWN: Conjugation of Ruthenium Drugs to Nanocellulose using Boronic Ester

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