[Fatty acid composition of human breast milk across lactational stages in six representative cities in China from 2018 to 2019].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fatty acid composition in breast milk at different lactation stages in six representative cities of China. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2019, milk sampling of 690 healthy lactating mothers(full-term) in 5 lactation periods of 0-5 days, 10-14 days, 40-45 days, 200-240 days and 300-400 days was collected from 6 representative regions in China, with 23 cases of breast milk received in each lactation stage in each city. Mix it into one mixture, and make a total of 30 mixes. Determination of fatty acids in breast milk was conducted by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. RESULTS: The contents of total fatty acids(TFA), saturated fatty acids(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) in breast milk increased with the progress of lactation and reached a relatively stable level after reaching a peak at 40-45 days. However, the composition ratio of SFA, MUFA and PUFA in TFA remained relatively stable from 0 to 400 days. The ratio of arachidonic to docosahexaenoic(AA/DHA) in breast milk from 0 to 400 days in the six cities ranged from 1.14 to 1.55, and there was no obvious trend of change in the whole lactation stage. The ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid(LA/ALA) in Chinese breast milk ranged from 3.84 to 18.94, showing significant regional variation. CONCLUSION: The content and composition of fatty acids in breast milk of six cities in China vary to a certain extent and show a dynamic change process with the passage of time of lactation.

[Feeding status of 0～23-month-old infants in poor rural areas of Gansu Province from 2018 to 2019].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feeding status of infants and their feeder's feeding literacy in poor rural areas of Gansu Province. METHODS: From November 2018 to January 2019, a multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select 1200 infant and child families aged 0 to 23 months in 40 villages of Gansu Province. A standardized questionnaire from the Chinese Nutrition Society(CNS)was used to investigate the basic situation of infant and young children's families, the situation of breastfeeding and the addition of supplementary food, and parents feeding knowledge, attitude behavior(KAP). Using chi-square test, logistic regression and other method to statistically describe and infer the collected data. RESULTS: A total of 1193 infants and 1165 feeders were investigated. The exclusive breastfeeding rate of infants and young children under the age of 6 months was 39. 02%. The rate of continuous breastfeeding at 1 year old was 37. 40%, and the rate of continuous breastfeeding at 2 years old was 20. 88%, the difference between the two was significant(χ~2=13. 498, P<0. 01). The supplementary food supplement rate of infants and children over 6 months was 94. 37%, the highest supplementary supplement for cereals and potatoes(98. 01%), and the lowest percentage for beans and nuts(23. 51%), and the distribution of supplementary foods at different ages was significantly different(χ~2=52. 336, P<0. 01). The qualification rate of infants and young children's minimum dietary diversity was 64. 13%, the minimum eating frequency qualification rate was 70. 64%, the minimum acceptable dietary intake qualification rate was 42. 16%, and the qualification rates of various indicators were significantly different between different months(χ~2=85. 421, P<0. 01;χ~2=19. 66, P<0. 01; χ~2=17. 261, P<0. 01). The KAP score passing rate of infant caregivers was 37. 34%, and there was a statistical difference between the age of infants and young children, the education level and the sex of the caregiver(χ~2=9. 411, P<0. 05;χ~2=25. 901, P<0. 01;χ~2=3. 874, P<0. 05). Taking low-month-old infants and young children, low education and male caregivers as controls, infants and young children aged over 12 months, high school education and female caregivers were the protective factors of KAP scores(P<0. 05). CONCLUSION: The problems of infant breastfeeding and supplementary feeding in poor rural areas of Gansu Province were serious, and the knowledge and skills of raising people were scarce, which were related to the age of infants and young children, the education and the sex of raising people.

Catalytic degradation of sulfaquinoxalinum by polyester/poly-4-vinylpyridine nanofibers-supported iron phthalocyanine.

Iron (II) phthalocyanine (FePc) supported on electrospun polyester/poly-4-vinylpyridine nanofibers (PET/P4VP NFs) was prepared by stirring in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting product was confirmed and characterized by ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography. More than 95% of sulfaquinoxalinum (SQX) could be removed by the activation of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of FePc-P4VP/PET with a PET and P4VP mass ratio of 1:1. This system exhibited a high catalytic activity across a wide pH and temperature range. The degradation rates of SQX achieved 100, 95, and 78% at a pH of 3, 7, and 9, respectively, and the degradation rates of SQX are more than 80% at the temperature ranging from 35 to 65 °C. DMSO2 could be detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after the addition of DMSO, suggesting the formation of the high-valent iron intermediates in this catalytic system. In addition, the electron paramagnetic resonance experiments proved that free radicals did not dominate the reaction in our system. Therefore, the high-valent iron intermediates were proposed to the main active species in the FePc-P4VP/PET/hydrogen peroxide system. In summary, the heterogeneous catalytic processes with non-radical catalytic mechanism might have better catalytic performance for the removal of organic pollutants, which can potentially be used in wastewater treatment.