Differential effects of coconut versus soy oil on gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic function in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: Animal studies show that high fat (HF) diet-induced gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity. Oil composition of high-fat diet affects metabolic inflammation differently with deleterious effects by saturated fat. The aim of the present study was to examine the diversity and metabolic capacity of the cecal bacterial community in C57BL/6 N mice administered two different diets, enriched respectively with coconut oil (HFC, high in saturated fat) or soy oil (HFS, high in polyunsaturated fat). The relative impact of each hypercaloric diet was evaluated after 2 and 8 weeks of feeding, and compared with that of a low-fat, control diet (LF). RESULTS: The HFC diet induced the same body weight gain and fat storage as the HFS diet, but produced higher plasma cholesterol levels after 8 weeks of treatment. At the same time point, the cecal microbiota of HFC diet-fed mice was characterized by an increased relative abundance of Allobaculum, Anaerofustis, F16, Lactobacillus reuteri and Deltaproteobacteria, and a decreased relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila compared to HFS mice. Comparison of cecal microbiota of high-fat fed mice versus control mice indicated major changes that were shared between the HFC and the HFS diet, including the increase in Lactobacillus plantarum, Lutispora, and Syntrophomonas, while some other shifts were specifically associated to either coconut or soy oil. Prediction of bacterial gene functions showed that the cecal microbiota of HFC mice was depleted of pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic degradation and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides compared to mice on HFS diet. Correlation analysis revealed remarkable relationships between compositional changes in the cecal microbiota and alterations in the metabolic and transcriptomic phenotypes of high-fat fed mice. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights significant differences in cecal microbiota composition and predictive functions of mice consuming a diet enriched in coconut vs soy oil. The correlations established between specific bacterial taxa and various traits linked to host lipid metabolism and energy storage give insights into the role and functioning of the gut microbiota that may contribute to diet-induced metabolic disorders.

Gut response induced by weaning in piglet features marked changes in immune and inflammatory response.

At weaning, piglets are exposed to many stressors, such as separation from the sow, mixing with other litters, end of lactational immunity, and a change in their environment and gut microbiota. The sudden change of feeding regime after weaning causes morphological and histological changes in the small intestine which are critical for the immature digestive system. Sixteen female piglets were studied to assess the effect of sorbic acid supplementation on the small intestine tissue transcriptome. At weaning day (T0, piglet age 28 days), four piglets were sacrificed and ileal tissue samples collected. The remaining 12 piglets were weighed and randomly assigned to different postweaning (T5, piglet age 33 days) diets. Diet A (n = 6) contained 5 g/kg of sorbic acid. In diet B (n = 6), the organic acids were replaced by barley flour. Total RNA was isolated and then hybridized to CombiMatrix CustomArray™ 90-K platform microarrays, screening about 30 K genes. Even though diet had no detectable effect on the transcriptome during the first 5 days after weaning, results highlighted some of the response mechanisms to the stress of weaning occurring in the piglet gut. A total of 205 differentially expressed genes were used for functional analysis using the bioinformatics tools BLAST2GO, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis 8.0, and Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that apoptosis, RIG-I-like, and NOD-like receptor signaling were altered as a result of weaning. Interferons and caspases gene families were the most activated after weaning in response to piglets to multiple stressors. Results suggest that immune and inflammatory responses were activated and likely are a cause of small intestine atrophy as revealed by a decrease in villus height and villus/crypt ratio.

Chromosome Transplantation: Opportunities and Limitations.

There are thousands of rare genetic diseases that could be treated with classical gene therapy strategies such as the addition of the defective gene via viral or non-viral delivery or by direct gene editing. However, several genetic defects are too complex for these approaches. These "genomic mutations" include aneuploidies, intra and inter chromosomal rearrangements, large deletions, or inversion and copy number variations. Chromosome transplantation (CT) refers to the precise substitution of an endogenous chromosome with an exogenous one. By the addition of an exogenous chromosome and the concomitant elimination of the endogenous one, every genetic defect, irrespective of its nature, could be resolved. In the current review, we analyze the state of the art of this technique and discuss its possible application to human pathology. CT might not be limited to the treatment of human diseases. By working on sex chromosomes, we showed that female cells can be obtained from male cells, since chromosome-transplanted cells can lose either sex chromosome, giving rise to 46,XY or 46,XX diploid cells, a modification that could be exploited to obtain female gametes from male cells. Moreover, CT could be used in veterinary biology, since entire chromosomes containing an advantageous locus could be transferred to animals of zootechnical interest without altering their specific genetic background and the need for long and complex interbreeding. CT could also be useful to rescue extinct species if only male cells were available. Finally, the generation of "synthetic" cells could be achieved by repeated CT into a recipient cell. CT is an additional tool for genetic modification of mammalian cells.

VEGFR1-mediated pericyte ablation links VEGF and PlGF to cancer-associated retinopathy.

VEGF coordinates complex regulation of cellular regeneration and interactions between endothelial and perivascular cells; dysfunction of the VEGF signaling system leads to retinopathy. Here, we show that systemic delivery of VEGF and placental growth factor (PlGF) by protein implantation, tumors, and adenoviral vectors ablates pericytes from the mature retinal vasculature through the VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1)-mediated signaling pathway, leading to increased vascular leakage. In contrast, we demonstrate VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is primarily expressed in nonvascular photoreceptors and ganglion cells. Moreover, blockade of VEGFR1 but not VEGFR2 significantly restores pericyte saturation in mature retinal vessels. Our findings link VEGF and PlGF to cancer-associated retinopathy, reveal the molecular mechanisms of VEGFR1 ligand-mediated retinopathy, and define VEGFR1 as an important target of antiangiogenic therapy for treatment of retinopathy.

siRNAs pools generated in Escherichia coli exhibit strong RNA-interference activity against influenza virus genomic sequences.

Due to the recurrent pandemic outbreaks that occurred during the last century, Influenza A viruses are considered a serious potential danger to human health. Among the innate immune pathways in eukaryotes, RNA interference plays a significant role in the interaction between viruses and host cells. RNA interference is addressed by small dsRNA molecules produced by the host itself (miRNAs, i.e. "micro-RNAs") but can be triggered also by the administration of exogenous short RNAs (siRNAs, "short interfering RNAs"). In this work, artificial siRNA pools targeting NP and PB genomic regions of the Influenza virus were produced in engineered Escherichia coli, adapting a published protocol. In a MDCK cell in vitro model, these preparations were challenged against reporter vectors bearing viral genomic sequences. A strong and specific RNA interference activity was observed, and the details of this action were indagated.

Phenolic acids, lignans, and low-molecular-weight phenolics exhibit the highest in vitro cellular bioavailability in different digested and faecal-fermented phenolics-rich plant extracts.

Polyphenols are multifaceted bioactive compounds, but little is known about their real impact on human health after consumption. In this work, the phenolic profiling of quebracho, yellow maize, and violet rice extracts was comprehensively investigated, together with the impact of in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of these phytochemicals. The different matrices showed distinct profiles, potentially influencing in vitro starch digestion under cooking conditions. Furthermore, after the extracts underwent in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and faecal fermentation, phenolics exhibited a differential bioaccessibility trend at every digestion level, with matrix-dependent behaviour. The bioavailability results suggest that polyphenols are metabolised during colonic fermentation, mainly into tyrosols, phenolic acids, and lignans, which are partially absorbed by Caco-2 cells. By combining metabolomics with in vitro cellular methods, this research provides new insights into the fate of these phytochemicals in the gut, yielding comprehensive data on their consumption in food matrices.

Short-term modifications in the distal gut microbiota of weaning mice induced by a high-fat diet.

The gut microbiota has been shown to be involved in host energy homeostasis and diet-induced metabolic disorders. To gain insight into the relationships among diet, microbiota and the host, we evaluated the effects of a high-fat (HF) diet on the gut bacterial community in weaning mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a control diet or a diet enriched with soy oil for 1 and 2 weeks. Administration of the HF diet caused an increase in plasma total cholesterol levels, while no significant differences in body weight gain were observed between the two diets. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles indicated considerable variations in the caecal microbial communities of mice on the HF diet, as compared with controls. Two DGGE bands with reduced intensities in HF-fed mice were identified as representing Lactobacillus gasseri and an uncultured Bacteroides species, whereas a band of increased intensity was identified as representing a Clostridium populeti-related species upon sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed a statistically significant 1-log decrease in L. gasseri cell numbers after HF feeding, and revealed a significantly lower level of Bifidobacterium spp. in the control groups after 1 and 2 weeks compared with that in the HF groups. These alterations of intestinal microbiota were not associated with caecum inflammation, as assessed by histological analysis. The observed shifts of specific bacterial populations within the gut may represent an early consequence of increased dietary fat.

New insights into the lipidomic response of CaCo-2 cells to differently cooked and in vitro digested extra-virgin olive oils.

The health benefits of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are far proven. However, considering that this oil is consumed also cooked, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of different cooking techniques on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) exposed to in vitro digested EVOO. In particular, the effect of different cooking methods, namely sauteing, deep-frying, and Roner®, was assayed and compared to a raw EVOO sample. The Caco-2 cell lysates were analyzed through an untargeted lipidomics approach, and multivariate statistics were used to identify the marker compounds of the differences in cells' lipidomic signatures. Despite representing the cooking at the lowest temperature (but longer time), cells exposed to Roner® cooked EVOO presented the most distinguished lipidomic profile. The markers of differences in Caco-2 could be related to oxidative stress-related compounds such as oxidized glutathione, diketogulonic acid, ceramides, and diglycerides. Taken together, our findings indicate that the differences in EVOO composition determined by cooking could impose significant lipidomic perturbation on the human intestinal cells.

Naturally-occurring porphyrins in a spontaneous-tumour bearing mouse model.

An increase in naturally-occurring porphyrins has been described in the blood of subjects bearing different kinds of tumours, that has been proposed as an additional parameter for the diagnosis of occult cancer, although at present the reason for the phenomenon is not exactly defined. In this work the increase of porphyrins in plasma of tumour-bearing subjects has been investigated in parallel with their occurrence in other tissues, considering the systemic iron homeostasis subversion taking place in the presence of cancer. The transgenic female MMTV-neu mouse-developing spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma has been used as an experimental model, in comparison to non-transgenic C1 mouse as a control. The spleen, accomplishing both hemocatheretic and hemopoietic functions in rodents, and the liver have been considered because of their deep engagement in heme metabolism, entailing both the fate of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as its ultimate precursor, and iron homeostasis. Investigations have been performed by means of microspectrofluorometric and image analysis of tissue autofluorescence (AF), and histochemical detection of non-heme iron. In tumour-bearing mouse, along with a marked PpIX presence in tumour, a PpIX enhancement in spleen and liver is observed, that is accompanied by a significant increase in plasma. The phenomenon can be related to a systemic alteration of heme metabolism induced by tumour cells to face their survival and proliferation requirements.

Anti-VEGF agents confer survival advantages to tumor-bearing mice by improving cancer-associated systemic syndrome.

The underlying mechanism by which anti-VEGF agents prolong cancer patient survival is poorly understood. We show that in a mouse tumor model, VEGF systemically impairs functions of multiple organs including those in the hematopoietic and endocrine systems, leading to early death. Anti-VEGF antibody, bevacizumab, and anti-VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), but not anti-VEGFR-1, reversed VEGF-induced cancer-associated systemic syndrome (CASS) and prevented death in tumor-bearing mice. Surprisingly, VEGFR2 blockage improved survival by rescuing mice from CASS without significantly compromising tumor growth, suggesting that "off-tumor" VEGF targets are more sensitive than the tumor vasculature to anti-VEGF drugs. Similarly, VEGF-induced CASS occurred in a spontaneous breast cancer mouse model overexpressing neu. Clinically, VEGF expression and CASS severity positively correlated in various human cancers. These findings define novel therapeutic targets of anti-VEGF agents and provide mechanistic insights into the action of this new class of clinically available anti-VEGF cancer drugs.

Colorimetric Point-of-Care Detection of Clostridium tyrobutyricum Spores in Milk Samples.

Clostridium tyrobutyricum represents the main spoiling agent responsible for late blowing defects (LBD) in hard and semi-hard cheeses. Its spores are resistant to manufacturing procedures and can germinate during the long ripening process, causing the burst of the cheese paste with a consequent undesirable taste. The lower quality of blown cheeses leads to considerable financial losses for the producers. The early identification of spore contaminations in raw milk samples thus assumes a pivotal role in industrial quality control. Herein, we developed a point of care (POC) testing method for the sensitive detection of C. tyrobutyricum in milk samples, combining fast DNA extraction (with no purification steps) with a robust colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. Our approach allows for the sensitive and specific detection of C. tyrobutyricum spores (limit of detection, LoD: ~2 spores/mL), with the advantage of a clear naked-eye visualization of the results and a potential semi-quantitative discrimination of the contamination level. In addition, we demonstrated the feasibility of this strategy using a portable battery-operated device that allowed both DNA extraction and amplification steps, proving its potential for on-site quality control applications without the requirement of sophisticated instrumentation and trained personnel.

Fetal liver cells transplanted in utero rescue the osteopetrotic phenotype in the oc/oc mouse.

Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a group of genetic disorders that involve defects that preclude the normal function of osteoclasts, which differentiate from hematopoietic precursors. In half of human cases, ARO is the result of mutations in the TCIRG1 gene, which codes for a subunit of the vacuolar proton pump that plays a fundamental role in the acidification of the cell-bone interface. Functional mutations of this pump severely impair the resorption of bone mineral. Although postnatal hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can partially rescue the hematological phenotype of ARO, other stigmata of the disease, such as secondary neurological and growth defects, are not reversed. For this reason, ARO is a paradigm for genetic diseases that would benefit from effective prenatal treatment. Using the oc/oc mutant mouse, a murine model whose osteopetrotic phenotype closely recapitulates human TCIRG1-dependent ARO, we report that in utero transplantation of adult bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells can correct the ARO phenotype in a limited number of mice. Here we report that in utero injection of allogeneic fetal liver cells, which include hematopoietic stem cells, into oc/oc mouse fetuses at 13.5 days post coitum produces a high level of engraftment, and the oc/oc phenotype is completely rescued in a high percentage of these mice. Therefore, oc/oc pathology appears to be particularly sensitive to this form of early treatment of the ARO genetic disorder.

Genetic engineering including superseding microinjection: new ways to make GM pigs.

BACKGROUND: Techniques for genetic engineering of swine are providing genetically modified animals of importance for the field of xenotransplantation, animal models for human diseases and for a variety of research applications. Many of these modifications have been directed toward avoiding naturally existing cellular and antibody responses to species-specific antigens. METHODS: A number of techniques are today available to engineering the genome of mammals, these range from the well established less efficient method of DNA microinjection into the zygote, the use of viral vectors, to the more recent use of somatic cell nuclear transfer. The use of enzymatic engineering that are being developed now will refine the precision of the genetic modification combined with the use of new vectors like transposons. RESULTS: The use of somatic cell nuclear transfer is currently the most efficient way to generate genetically modified pigs. The development of enzymatic engineering with zinc-finger nucleases, recombinases and transposons will revolutionize the field. Nevertheless, genetic engineering in large domesticated animals will remain a challenging task. CONCLUSIONS: Recent improvements in several fields of cell and molecular biology offer new promises and opportunities toward an easier, cost-effective and efficient generation of transgenic pigs.

Polyphenols and Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artichoke Heads: Modulation of Starch Digestion, Gut Bioaccessibility, and Bioavailability following In Vitro Digestion and Large Intestine Fermentation.

Artichoke is a relevant source of health-promoting compounds such as polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones. In this study, the bioaccessibility and gut bioavailability of artichoke constituents were evaluated by combining in vitro digestion and large intestine fermentation, metabolomics, and Caco-2 human intestinal cells model. Moreover, the ability of artichoke polyphenols to modulate the in vitro starch digestibility was also explored. An untargeted metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight (UHPLC/QTOF) mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistics was used to comprehensively screen the phytochemical composition of raw, digested, and fermented artichoke. Overall, a large abundance of phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones was detected, being 13.77 and 11.99 mg·g-1, respectively. After 20 h of in vitro large intestine fermentation, a decrease in polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones content was observed. The most abundant compounds characterizing the raw material (i.e., chlorogenic acid and cynaropicrin equivalents) showed an average % bioaccessibility of 1.6%. The highest % bioaccessibility values were recorded for flavonoids such as anthocyanin and flavone equivalents (on average, 13.6%). However, the relatively high bioavailability values recorded for flavonols, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpene lactones (from 71.6% up to 82.4%) demonstrated that these compounds are able to be transported through the Caco-2 monolayer. The phenolic compounds having the highest permeation rates through the Caco-2 model included low molecular weight phenolics such as tyrosol and 4-ethylcatechol; the isoflavonoids 3'-O-methylviolanone, equol 4'-O-glucuronide, and hydroxyisoflavone; together with the methyl and acetyl derivatives of glycosylated anthocyanins. Therefore, although human in vivo confirmatory trials are deemed possible, current findings provide insights into the mechanistic effects underlying artichoke polyphenols and sesquiterpenoids bioavailability following gastrointestinal and large intestine processes.

Cell fusion in the liver, revisited.

There is wide agreement that cell fusion is a physiological process in cells in mammalian bone, muscle and placenta. In other organs, such as the cerebellum, cell fusion is controversial. The liver contains a considerable number of polyploid cells: They are commonly believed to originate by genome endoreplication, although the contribution of cell fusion to polyploidization has not been excluded. Here, we address the topic of cell fusion in the liver from a historical point of view. We discuss experimental evidence clearly supporting the hypothesis that cell fusion occurs in the liver, specifically when bone marrow cells were injected into mice and shown to rescue genetic hepatic degenerative defects. Those experiments-carried out in the latter half of the last century-were initially interpreted to show "transdifferentiation", but are now believed to demonstrate fusion between donor macrophages and host hepatocytes, raising the possibility that physiologically polyploid cells, such as hepatocytes, could originate, at least partially, through homotypic cell fusion. In support of the homotypic cell fusion hypothesis, we present new data generated using a chimera-based model, a much simpler model than those previously used. Cell fusion as a road to polyploidization in the liver has not been extensively investigated, and its contribution to a variety of conditions, such as viral infections, carcinogenesis and aging, remains unclear.

Correction of a Recessive Genetic Defect by CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Endogenous Repair.

CRISPR-Cas9 technology is a relatively recently developed tool for easy and efficient targeting of DNA. However, its efficiency for the repair of a mutated sequence is low. Moreover, most CRISPR-based gene correction approaches require the use of an exogenous template. Here, we investigated whether we could use the CRISPR-Cas9 system and the autologous repair machinery to correct human recessive genetic disorders having two different mutations in two alleles (compound heterozygotes). We reasoned that by targeting an intronic sequence located between the two mutations, we could generate at least one normal allele via the repair of induced double-strand breaks through either gene conversion or mitotic crossover. In particular, using a simple hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt)-based system, we show we can form a normal and functional Hprt gene. Thus, we give proof of principle that homology-directed recombination can be exploited in compound heterozygote cells to correct a genetic defect without exogenous templates.

Mutations in OSTM1 (grey lethal) define a particularly severe form of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis with neural involvement.

UNLABELLED: We report three novel osteopetrosis patients with OSTM1 mutations and review two that have been previously described. Our analysis suggests that OSTM1 defines a new subset of patients with severe central nervous system involvement. This defect is also present in the gl mouse, which could represent a good model to study the role of the gene in the pathogenesis of this disease. INTRODUCTION: Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (ARO) is a severe hereditary bone disease whose cellular basis is in the osteoclast, but with heterogeneous molecular defects. In addition to the TCIRG1 and the ClCN7 genes, whose mutations account for approximately 55% and 10% of cases, respectively, the OSTM1 gene has been described thus far in only two ARO patients. materials and methods: We report here three novel ARO patients presenting with severe primary central nervous system involvement in addition to the classical stigmata of severe bone sclerosis, growth failure, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and visual impairment with optic atrophy. In addition we analyzed the brain morphology and histology of the grey lethal mutant mouse. RESULTS: The analysis of the OSTM1 gene in two patients, both from Kuwait, showed homozygous two nucleotide deletion in exon 2, leading to a frameshift and premature termination. The third (Lebanese) patient showed a single point mutation in exon 1, leading to a nonsense mutation. The clinical neurological evaluation of the two Kuwaiti patients by CT and MRI scans showed a defect in the white matter, with a specific diagnosis of severe cerebral atrophy. The gl brain showed a diffuse translucent appearance with loss of the normal demarcation between the white and the grey matter, features consistent with myelin loss or hypomyelination. Histological and myelin staining analysis evidenced an atrophy of the corpus callosum with loss of myelin fibers, and in cortical areas, loss of the normal lamination consistent with multiple foci of cortical dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that OSTM1-dependent ARO defines a new subset of patients with severe central nervous system involvement leading to a very poor prognosis. The fact that central nervous system involvement is also present in the gl mouse mutant suggests that this mouse is a good model to test possible therapies.

Tissue-specific sensitivity to AID expression in transgenic mouse models.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme with homology to members of the APOBEC family, is involved in somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, either by direct deamination of DNA or by an indirect action through its putative RNA editing activity. AID is able to mutate both Ig-like reporter constructs and selected non-Ig genes in normal B cells and in other cells when ectopically overexpressed in mammalian cells and transgenic mice. However, in spite of the fact that in these transgenic animals AID activity was driven by an ubiquitous promoter, only T lymphomas and lung adenomas occurred. In the present work, we constructed three sets of transgenic mice in which AID was under the control of lck, HTLV-I and MMTV promoters, respectively. The lck/AID mice developed thymic lymphomas with variable but high efficiency, while no tumor was detected in HTLV-I/AID mice after two years of monitoring. Four MMTV/AID founder mice died with an atypical clinical picture, although no mammary tumor was found. These findings suggest that additional factors, present in thymocytes but not in other tissues or in lymphoid cells at different stages of differentiation, are needed for AID to fully manifest its tumorigenic potential in mouse. Alternatively, the display of full AID mutagenic and transforming activity could be related to the existence of physiologic DSBs which occur in both thymocytes and switching B cells.

Fusion between cancer cells and macrophages occurs in a murine model of spontaneous neu+ breast cancer without increasing its metastatic potential.

Cell fusion between neoplastic and normal cells has been suggested to play a role in the acquisition of a malignant phenotype. Several studies have pointed to the macrophage as the normal partner in this fusion, suggesting that the fused cells could acquire new invasive properties and become able to disseminate to distant organs. However, this conclusion is mainly based on studies with transplantable cell lines. We tested the occurrence of cell fusion in the MMTV-neu model of mouse mammary carcinoma. In the first approach, we generated aggregation chimeras between GFP/neu and RFP/neu embryos. Tumor cells would display both fluorescent proteins only if cell fusion with normal cells occurred. In addition, if cell fusion conferred a growth/dissemination advantage, cells with both markers should be detectable in lung metastases at increased frequency. We confirmed that fused cells are present at low but consistent levels in primary neoplasms and that the macrophage is the normal partner in the fusion events. Similar results were obtained using a second approach in which bone marrow from mice carrying the Cre transgene was transplanted into MMTV-neu/LoxP-tdTomato transgenic animals, in which the Tomato gene is activated only in the presence of CRE recombinase. However, no fused cells were detected in lung metastases in either model. We conclude that fusion between macrophages and tumor cells does not confer a selective advantage in our spontaneous model of breast cancer, although these data do not rule out a possible role in models in which an inflammation environment is prominent.

A pre-screening FISH-based method to detect CRISPR/Cas9 off-targets in mouse embryonic stem cells.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated 9 (Cas9) technology has been recently added to the tools allowing efficient and easy DNA targeting, representing a very promising approach to gene engineering. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system we have driven the integration of exogenous DNA sequences to the X-linked Hprt gene of mouse embryonic stem cells. We show here that a simple fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based strategy allows the detection and the frequency evaluation of non-specific integrations of a given plasmid. FISH analysis revealed that these integrations do not match the software predicted off-target loci. We conclude that the frequency of these CRISPR-mediated off-target DNA cuts is negligible, since, due to the occurrence of spontaneous double-strand breaks, we observed more aspecific plasmid integrations than those corresponding to predicted off-target sites.