Uretero-fallopian fistula after hysteroscopy fallopian tube embolization: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Uretero-fallopian fistula (UFF) is a very rare surgery complication which usually happens after surgeries of fallopian tube or ureter. There has been no report of interventional operations of fallopian tube causing UFF. CASE PRESENTATION: A 41-year-old female received fallopian tube embolization for birth control. After that she noticed "clear vaginal discharge". She neglected that symptom for 7 years, until a sudden onset of abdominal pain brought her to the ER. Retrograde ureterogram confirmed UFF and revealed severe hydronephrosis of the left kidney. She received left nephrectomy afterwards and recovered well, with no urine leakage from her vagina. CONCLUSION: UFF could be caused by interventional operations of fallopian tube, and could lead to severe consequences. The application of fallopian tube embolization should be carefully controlled.

[Real-time transrectal ultrasonography in seminal vesiculoscopy].

OBJECTIVE: To compare three different pathways for transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy (SVS) and investigate the reliability and efficiency of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided SVS (TRUS-SVS). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 90 cases of seminal vesiculoscopy conducted directly through the ejaculatory duct or prostatic utricle or under the guide of TRUS. We compared the success rate and complications among the three approaches. RESULTS: Operations were successfully performed in 87 (96.67%) of the 90 cases, 30 through the ejaculatory duct, 37 via the prostatic utricle, and 20 under the guide of TRUS, the operation time ranging from 25 to 75 minutes. Sperm was detected from the seminal vesicle fluid in (92.06%) of the azoospermia patients (58/63) during the surgery and in 77.78% of them (49/63) in semen analysis at 1 week postoperatively. Fifteen hematospermia and 12 spermatocystitis patients were cured. Postoperative follow-up found 20 cases of water-like semen and 3 cases of orchiepididymitis, but no such complications as retrograde ejaculation, incontinence, or rectourethral fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Transejaculatory duct and transprostatic utricle pathways are two common approaches to SVS, while TRUS-SVS may achieve a higher success rate and avoid injury of both the prostate and the rectum.

Evaluation of Docetaxel-Sensitive and Docetaxel-Resistant Proteomes in PC-3 Cells.

OBJECTIVES: Docetaxel was the first drug with proven survival benefit in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Acquired resistance to docetaxel precedes fatality in castration-resistant prostate cancer. The aims of this study were to evaluate docetaxel-sensitive and docetaxel-resistant proteomes in PC-3 cells, and to investigate the molecular mechanism of docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cells. METHODS: Docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cells were developed by docetaxel dose escalation. The global profiling of the protein expression was investigated in docetaxel-sensitive and docetaxel-resistant proteomes in PC-3 cells using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Forty-nine differential proteins were found in docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cells in comparison with docetaxel-sensitive PC-3 cells. Expression in 29 proteins was upregulated, whereas expression in 20 proteins was downregulated. ATP synthase and galectin-1 were involved in the formation of tumor vessels; calreticulin, cathepsin D, and cofilin were involved in tumor metastasis, and GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein) and microtubule-associated protein-6 were involved in drug resistance of tumor. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that a proteomic expression difference exists between docetaxel-sensitive and docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cells, which would be helpful for further understanding the molecular mechanisms of docetaxel resistance in PC-3 cells.

[Narrow band imaging-assisted holmium laser resection reduces the residual tumor rate of primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a comparison with the standard approach].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibity and efficacy of narrow band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy assisted holmium laser resection of primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HoLRBt). METHODS: During the period of May 2013 to December 2014, 150 cases of primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) admitted in our hospital were randomly divided into NBI-HoLRBt and WLI-TURBt group. In NBI-HoLRBt group, all suspicious lesion identified by either WLI or NBI were resected during the surgery with WLI and in NBI mode for lesion only visible with NBI. At the end of the procedure, NBI cystoscopic examination was performed again to identify whether there was residual lesions at the margins of the resection areas. In WLI-TURBt group, only WLI and TURBt were applied. All patients from the two groups underwent routine intravesical instillation after surgery. A total of 124 patients were diagnosed NMIBC by pathological findings (NBI-HoLRBt group: n=60, WLI-TURBt group: n=64), they were followed-up at 3 months, at which both WLI and NBI cystoscopy were performed to examine the residual tumor, and cytology was checked for all patients. The residual tumor rates at the first follow-up (RR-fFU) were recorded and compared. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of the patient and the tumor were comparable between the two groups. The overall detection rate of NMIBC and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were significantly higher with NBI than WLI (94.5% (137/145) vs 75.8% (110/145), 16/17 vs 10/17, both P<0.05). The RR-fFU for NBI-HoLRBt and WLI-TURBt was 3.3% (2/60) and 17.2% (11/64), respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: NBI-HoLRBt was feasible, and more effective for identification of NMIBC as well as for the reduction of residual tumor rate compared with WLI-TURBt.

[Narrow band imaging-assisted holmium laser resection reduced the recurrence rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a prospective, randomized controlled study].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differential effects of narrow band imaging (NBI)-assisted holmium laser with transurethral resection on the 1-year recurrence rate of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and to evaluate the clinical values of NBI-assisted holmium laser resection for NMIBC (NBI-HoLRBt). METHODS: During the period of February 2013 to February 2014, 178 cases of NMIBC were randomly divided into NBI-HoLRBt group and white light imaging (WLI) assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor (WLI-TURBt) group. In NBI-HoLRBt, all suspicious lesion identified by either WLI or NBI were resected with WLI and in NBI mode for lesion only visible with NBI. At the end of the procedure, a NBI cystoscopic examination was performed to assess the margins of the resection areas and to identify eventual residual lesions. In WLI-TURBt group, only WLI and TURBt were applied. All patients underwent routine follow-up with WLI and NBI cystoscopy supplemented with cytology every 3 month. The recurrence risk of patients with NMIBC subjected to either NBI-HoLRBt or WLI-TURBt was compared at 3 and 12 month. RESULTS: The 3-month and 1-year recurrence rate was 18.48% (17/92) and 38.04% (35/92) respectively in the WLI-TURBt group, it was 5.81% (5/86) and 18.60% (16/86) in the NBI-HoLRBt group (both P<0.05). In addition, the in situ recurrence rate was less in the NBI-HoLRBt than WLI-TURBt group (2.33% vs 14.13%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: NBI-assisted holmium laser resection of bladder tumor can reduce the 3-month and 1-year recurrence risk of NMIBC and should be considered a valuable clinical therapeutic method for NMIBC.

[Clinical significance of CIP2A expression in bladder cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) and evaluate its role in bladder cancer. METHODS: RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of CIP2A mRNA from 38 cases of patients with bladder cancer and 12 cases of normal bladder tissue. The CIP2A protein expression levels in 99 cases of patients with bladder cancer and 12 cases of normal tissue was detected by immunohistochemical staining . And the serum contents of CIP2A protein of 38 patients with bladder cancer and 40 normal controls were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: The expression of CIP2A mRNA was detected in 29/38 cases (76.32%) of bladder cancer. And there was no expression in normal tissue (P < 0.05). The positive rate of CIP2A protein was 63.64% in 99 cases of bladder cancer tissues and no expression detected in normal tissues(P < 0.05). ELISA results showed that the serum content of CIP2A in patients with bladder cancer was significantly higher than that in normal controls (median:0.015 2 vs 0.001 8 ng/L, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The tissue and serum expressions of CIP2A in patients with bladder cancer are higher than those in normal controls. And CIP2A may be used as an indicator of the biological behavior of bladder cancer.

[Expression and correlation of CIP2A and OPN in bladder cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expressions of cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) and osteopontin (OPN) and evaluate their roles in bladder cancer. METHODS: RNA was isolated from 38 cases of patients with bladder cancer and 12 cases of normal bladder tissue by TRIzol method from May 2010 to December 2012. And reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to detect the expressions of CIP2A and OPN. The expression levels of CIP2A and OPN in 99 cases of patients with bladder cancer and 12 cases of normal tissue were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of CIP2A mRNA and OPN mRNA were 76.32% (29/38) and 92.11% (35/38) in bladder cancer while there was no expression in normal tissue (both P < 0.05). The positive rates of CIP2A and OPN protein were 63.64% (63/99)and 84.85% (84/99)in cases of bladder cancer tissues while CIP2A was not detected in normal tissues. The positive expression rate of OPN in normal tissues was 2/12 (both P < 0.05). The CIP2A and OPN proteins were both expressed in 58/99 cases of bladder cancer tissues while neither of them was expressed in 13 cases. In 8 cases, CIP2A was expressed while OPN was not. In another 20 cases, OPN was expressed while CIP2A was not (r = 0.300, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression levels of CIP2A and OPN in tissue of bladder cancer are higher than those of normal controls. And CIP2A and OPN may be used as indicators of biological behaviors and serve as new molecular diagnostic markers for bladder cancer.

Activation of Piezo1 channels enhances spontaneous contractions of isolated human bladder strips via acetylcholine release from the mucosa.

Enhanced spontaneous bladder contractions (SBCs) have been thought one of the important underlying mechanisms for detrusor overactivity (DO). Piezo1 channel has been demonstrated involved in bladder function and dysfunction in rodents. We aimed to investigate the modulating role of Piezo1 in SBCs activity of human bladder. Human bladder tissues were obtained from 24 organ donors. SBCs of isolated bladder strips were recorded in organ bath. Piezo1 expression was examined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. ATP and acetylcholine release in cultured human urothelial cells was measured. Piezo1 is abundantly expressed in the bladder mucosa. Activation of Piezo1 with its specific agonist Yoda1 (100 nM-100 µM) enhanced the SBCs activity in isolated human bladder strips in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect of Yoda1 mimicked the effect of a low concentration (30 nM) of carbachol, which can be attenuated by removing the mucosa, blocking muscarinic receptors with atropine (1 µM), and blocking purinergic receptors with pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonate (PPADS, 30 µM), but not by tetrodotoxin (1 µM). Activation of urothelial Piezo1 with Yoda1 (30 µM) or hypotonic solution induced the release of ATP and acetylcholine in cultured human urothelial cells. In patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, greater Piezo1 expression was observed in bladder mucosa from patients with DO than patients without DO. We conclude that upregulation and activation of Piezo1 may contribute to DO generation in patients with bladder outlet obstruction by promoting the urothelial release of ATP and acetylcholine. Inhibition of Piezo1 may be a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of overactive bladder.

GCN5 inhibition prevents IL-6-induced prostate cancer metastases through PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling by inactivating Egr-1.

General control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5) is ectopically expressed in different types of human cancer and association with the carcinogenesis, development, and poor prognosis of cancers. The present study was aimed to investigate the potential role and related mechanisms of GCN5 in IL-6-treated prostate cancer (PCa) cell. The results showed that an elevated GCN5 expression was stimulated by IL-6. Knockdown of GCN5 significantly inhibited IL-6-driven proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression was elevated by IL-6 treatment and GCN5 siRNA down-regulated the expression of Egr-1. Furthermore, overexpression of Egr-1 attenuated the effects of GCN5 silence on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT in PCa. Besides, knockdown of GCN5 resulted in the down-regulation of p-Akt and up-regulation of PTEN, which was partly impeded by Egr-1 overexpression. The effects of GCN5 overexpression on cell proliferation and invasion were suppressed by LY294002, In conclusion, these data demonstrated the negative effect of up-regulated GCN5 in IL-6-induced metastasis and EMT in PCa cells through PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling pathway down-regulating Egr-1 expression.

Anticancer effect of docetaxel induces apoptosis of prostate cancer via the cofilin-1 and paxillin signaling pathway.

Prostate cancer is a common multiple malignant tumor occurring in males. Prostate cancer mortality is the 2nd most common of all tumor types in Western countries and the mortality of morbidity is 13% in the USA. The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of docetaxel on inducing the apoptosis of prostate cancer via the cofilin­1 and paxillin signaling pathway. Treatment with docetaxel (1­50 nM) disposed the human LNCaP prostate cancer cells for 24 h. Cell growth and cytotoxicity were subsequently measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and lactate dehydrogenase assay, respectively. Docetaxel-induced cell death was analyzed using flow cytometric and caspase-3 assays. Reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect the gene expression of cofilin­1 and western blots were used to determine the protein expression of paxillin. Treatment with docetaxel inhibited cell growth, promoted cytotoxicity, activated apoptosis and increased caspase­3 activity in the LNCaP cells. Notably, administration of docetaxel reduced the gene expression of cofilin­1 and the protein expression of paxillin in the LNCaP cells. Additionally, knockdown of cofilin­1 advanced the anticancer effect of docetaxel against LNCaP cells through suppression of the paxillin pathway. The present findings demonstrated that the anticancer effect of docetaxel induces the apoptosis of prostate cancer via the suppression of the cofilin­1 and paxillin signaling pathways, which will assist in setting a stage for the clinical treatment of prostate cancer.