Coupled fibromodulin and SOX2 signaling as a critical regulator of metastatic outgrowth in melanoma.

We aimed to study mechanisms controlling metastatic outgrowth of melanoma into clinically relevant lesions, a critical process responsible for the majority of melanoma deaths. To this end, we developed novel in vivo models and identified molecular events that can be ascribed to their distinct phenotypes, indolent or highly metastatic. Induction of a proliferative state at distant sites was associated with high levels of the stem-like/progenitor marker, SOX2, and required the upregulation of FMOD, an extracellular matrix component, which modulates tumor-stroma interactions. Functional studies revealed a possible link between FMOD and SOX2; dual FMOD and SOX2 silencing nearly abolished brain metastasis and had a similar effect on distant metastasis to other sites. Our in vitro data suggests that FMOD and SOX2 cooperation plays an important role in tumor vasculogenic mimicry. Furthermore, we found that FMOD and SOX2 functional roles might converge at the activation of transcriptional co-factors YAP and TAZ, possibly via crosstalk with the tumor suppressor Hippo pathway. Finally, high expression of both genes in patient specimens predicted early development of brain metastasis. Thus, our study identifies FMOD and SOX2 cooperation as a novel regulatory mechanism that might be linked functionally to melanoma metastatic competence.

Effects of dietary citrus extract on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of pigs.

This study investigated the effects of citrus extract on growth, carcass and meat quality of Duroc × Landrace × Large White pigs. One hundred and eight pigs (54 barrows, 54 females) were assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 138 days. The dietary treatments were (1) basic diet; (2) basic diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; and (3) basic diet supplemented with citrus extract (0.25 ml/kg during 56-112 days of age and 0.20 ml/kg during 113-194 days of age). No significant differences among treatments were found for growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and free amino acids (p > 0.05). Feeding citrus extract tended to increase intramuscular fat (p = 0.052). Citrus extract and chlortetracycline increased C15:0 concentration (p = 0.016) and superoxide dismutase activity (p = 0.004). The pigs that received chlortetracycline exhibited the lowest (p = 0.033) muscle malondialdehyde concentration. Overall, citrus extract ameliorated some meat quality indicators without adverse effects on pig growth or carcass performance.

Malat1 as an evolutionarily conserved lncRNA, plays a positive role in regulating proliferation and maintaining undifferentiated status of early-stage hematopoietic cells.

BACKGROUND: The metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcription 1 (Malat1) is a highly conserved long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) gene. Previous studies showed that Malat1 is abundantly expressed in many tissues and involves in promoting tumor growth and metastasis by modulating gene expression and target protein activities. However, little is known about the biological function and regulation mechanism of Malat1 in normal cell proliferation. RESULTS: In this study we conformed that Malat1 is highly conserved across vast evolutionary distances amongst 20 species of mammals in terms of sequence, and found that mouse Malat1 expresses in tissues of liver, kidney, lung, heart, testis, spleen and brain, but not in skeletal muscle. After treating erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells with All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA), we investigated the expression and regulation of Malat1 during hematopoietic differentiation, the results showed that ATRA significantly down regulates Malat1 expression during the differentiation of EML cells. Mouse LRH (Lin-Rhodamine(low) Hoechst(low)) cells that represent the early-stage progenitor cells show a high level of Malat1 expression, while LRB (Lin - Hoechst(Low) Rhodamine(Bright)) cells that represent the late-stage progenitor cells had no detectable expression of Malat1. Knockdown experiment showed that depletion of Malat1 inhibits the EML cell proliferation. Along with the down regulation of Malat1, the tumor suppressor gene p53 was up regulated during the differentiation. Interestingly, we found two p53 binding motifs with help of bioinformatic tools, and the following chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) test conformed that p53 acts as a transcription repressor that binds to Malat1's promoter. Furthermore, we testified that p53 over expression in EML cells causes down regulation of Malat1. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study indicates Malat1 plays a critical role in maintaining the proliferation potential of early-stage hematopoietic cells. In addition to its biological function, the study also uncovers the regulation pattern of Malat1 expression mediated by p53 in hematopoietic differentiation. Our research shed a light on exploring the Malat1 biological role including therapeutic significance to inhibit the proliferation potential of malignant cells.

Cancer immunotherapy with enveloped self-amplifying mRNA CARG-2020 that modulates IL-12, IL-17 and PD-L1 pathways to prevent tumor recurrence.

Targeting multiple immune mechanisms may overcome therapy resistance and further improve cancer immunotherapy for humans. Here, we describe the application of virus-like vesicles (VLV) for delivery of three immunomodulators alone and in combination, as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. VLV vectors were designed to deliver single chain interleukin (IL)-12, short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and a dominant-negative form of IL-17 receptor A (dn-IL17RA) as a single payload or as a combination payload. Intralesional delivery of the VLV vector expressing IL-12 alone, as well as the trivalent vector (designated CARG-2020) eradicated large established tumors. However, only CARG-2020 prevented tumor recurrence and provided long-term survival benefit to the tumor-bearing mice, indicating a benefit of the combined immunomodulation. The abscopal effects of CARG-2020 on the non-injected contralateral tumors, as well as protection from the tumor cell re-challenge, suggest immune-mediated mechanism of protection and establishment of immunological memory. Mechanistically, CARG-2020 potently activates Th1 immune mechanisms and inhibits expression of genes related to T cell exhaustion and cancer-promoting inflammation. The ability of CARG-2020 to prevent tumor recurrence and to provide survival benefit makes it a promising candidate for its development for human cancer immunotherapy.

Indole metabolism mechanisms in a new, efficient indole-degrading facultative anaerobe isolate Enterococcus hirae GDIAS-5.

Indole is an inter-species and inter-kingdom signaling molecule widespread in the natural world. A large amount of indole in livestock wastes makes it difficult to be degraded, which causes serious malodor. Identifying efficient and eco-friendly ways to eliminate it is an urgent task for the sustainable development of husbandry. While bioconversion is a widely accepted means, the mechanism of indole microbial degradation is little understood, especially under anaerobic conditions. Herein, a new Enterococcus hirae isolate GDIAS-5, effectively degraded 100 mg/L indole within 28 h aerobically or 5 days anaerobically. Three intermediates (oxindole, isatin, and catechol) were identified in indole degradation, and catechol was further degraded by a meta-cleavage catabolic pathway. Two important processes for GDIAS-5 indole utilization were discovered. One is Fe(III) uptake and reduction, which may be a critical process that is coupled with indole oxidation, and the other is the entire pathway directly involved in indole oxidation and metabolism. Furthermore, monooxygenase ycnE responsible for indole oxidation via the indole-oxindole-isatin pathway was identified for the first time. Bioinformatic analyses showed that ycnE from E. hirae formed a phylogenetically separate branch from monooxygenases of other species. These findings provide new targets and strategies for synthetic biological reconstruction of indole-degrading bacteria.

CIDE gene expression in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle from obese and lean pigs.

The expression of the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor α-like effector (CIDE) family including Cidea, Cideb, and Cidec was significantly increased in mouse and human models of obesity. However, there was less information on these genes' expression in pigs. Here, we hypothesized that different fat accumulation between lean (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire gilts, DLY) and obese (Lantang) pigs was attributed to porcine CIDE-modulating lipid metabolism. Our data showed that Cidea and Cidec were expressed at a high level in adipose tissue, and at a relatively high level in skeletal muscle, whereas Cideb was mainly expressed in the liver in both breeds of pig. Lantang pigs had higher white adipose and skeletal muscle Cidea and Cidec mRNA abundance, and hepatic and muscle Cideb mRNA than DLY pigs. Lipid metabolism-related genes including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), fatty acid synthase (FASN), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), and DGAT2 showed a higher expression level in adipose tissue from obese pigs than in that from lean pigs. Lantang pigs exhibited higher mRNA abundance for liver SREBP-1c, HNF-4α, and PGC-1α, and higher skeletal muscle SREBP-1c, HNF-4α, PGC-1α, and DGAT2 expression, as compared with DLY pigs. However, the perlipin2 mRNA levels in adipose tissues, liver, and skeletal muscle were significantly lower in obese pigs than in their lean counterparts. Furthermore, plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), glucose, and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels were greater in obese pigs than in lean pigs. Finally, data from correlation analysis further found that CIDE mRNA expression was positively correlated with back fat thickness (BFT), abdominal fat mass (AFM), and the levels of NEFA, TAG, and glucose in the two breeds. Collectively, these data revealed that the porcine CIDEs possibly modulated lipid metabolism and contributed to the development of fat deposition and obesity in Lantang pigs.

Influence of low protein diets on gene expression of digestive enzymes and hormone secretion in the gastrointestinal tract of young weaned piglets.

To investigate dietary protein level effects on digestive mechanisms, weaned piglets were fed for 45 d with diets containing 20%, 17%, or 14% crude protein (CP) supplemented to meet requirements for essential amino acids. This article describes the influence of dietary protein on gastrointestinal hormones and expression of an array of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in expression of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, except for maltase in the duodenum. In the jejunum, amylase expression in pigs fed 20% CP was much higher than that in pigs fed other diets (P<0.05) and maltase expression in those fed 17% CP was higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05). Although there were no remarkable differences in expression of aminopeptidase in the small intestine or carboxypeptidase in the pancreas (P>0.05), there was a trend towards higher expression of various proteases in pigs fed 17% CP. The duodenal expression of enteropeptidase in diets with 14% and 17% CP was significantly higher than that with 20% CP (P<0.05), but treatment differences did not existed in jejunum (P>0.05). The expression of GPR93 as a nutrient-responsive G protein-coupled receptor in 14% and 17% CP diets was significantly higher than that in 20% CP diet in the small intestine (P<0.05). The expressions of genes for pancreatic enzymes, lipase and elastase, were significantly higher in pigs fed diets with low CP, while similar trends occurred for carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin and amylase. Conversely, the gastric expressions of pepsinogen A and progastricsin were lower with the 17% CP diet. Differences between treatments were found in the gastric antral contents of cholecystokinin and somatostatin: both increased in pigs fed 17% CP, accompanied by decreased content of motilin, which was also seen in plasma concentrations. These patterns were not reflected in duodenal contents. In general, 17% dietary CP was beneficial to the digestion of nutrient substance in the gastrointestinal tract.

Effects of soybean isoflavone on intestinal antioxidant capacity and cytokines in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil.

To investigate the effect of glycitein, a synthetic soybean isoflavone (ISF), on the intestinal antioxidant capacity, morphology, and cytokine content in young piglets fed oxidized fish oil, 72 4-d-old male piglets were assigned to three treatments. The control group was fed a basal diet containing fresh fish oil, and the other two groups received the same diet except for the substitution with the same dosage of oxidized fish oil alone or with ISF (oxidized fish oil plus ISF). After 21 d of feeding, supplementation of oxidized fish oil increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO, and Caspase-3 in jejunal mucosa, and decreased the villous height in duodenum and the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and IL-4 in the jejunal mucosa compared with supplementation with fresh oil. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF partially alleviated this negative effect. The addition of oxidized fish oil plus ISF increased the villous height and levels of sIgA and IL-4 in jejunal mucosa, but decreased the levels of IL-1ß and IL-2 in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05) compared with oxidized fish oil. Collectively, these results show that dietary supplementation of ISF could partly alleviate the negative effect of oxidized fish oil by improving the intestinal morphology as well as the antioxidant capacity and immune function in young piglets.

Cloning of the Epstein-Barr Virus Gene BNLF-1 and Its Expression in PA317 Cells.

We have constructed the expression vector pZipNexSV (x)-LMP by the recombinant DNA technology. The oncogene BNLF-1 of Epstein-Barr virus was inserted into retroviral vector pZip-NexSV (x) subjecting the BNLF-1 under the control of both promoter/enhancer sequence of MLV-LTR and EDL1 promoter of BNLF-1 gene itself. The fusion gene DNA was transfected into PA317 cells by electroporation. Ten of 54 G418-resistant colonies were allowed to grow up and the DNAs were checked by PCR. The results showed that 6 colonies carried the BNLF-1 gene. Northern hybridization and Western blotting to detect the transcription and translation of the BNLF-1 gene demonstrated that the fusion gene was expressed efficiently under the control of EDL1 promoter in PA317 cells.

High concentrations of genistein exhibit pro-oxidant effects in primary muscle cells through mechanisms involving 5-lipoxygenase-mediated production of reactive oxygen species.

Genistein, a typical soy isoflavone, is an important antioxidant for improving human health and animal production but the compound possesses some pro-oxidant potential. In order to explore the latter, the dose-response relationship of various concentrations of genistein on both cellular proliferation and the redox system were examined. The proliferation of primary muscle cells was promoted by a low concentration of genistein but was inhibited by high concentrations, which also enhanced lipid oxidation and suppressed membrane fluidity. By selecting a high concentration (200 µM) as a pro-oxidant treatment, the mechanism underlying the pro-oxidant function of genistein was then explored. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was stimulated by 200 µM genistein, with inhibited expression of NADPH oxidase 4 and cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 as well as increased activity of the glutathione redox system. The cellular expression of 5-lipoxygenase, however, was up-regulated by 200 µM genistein and the addition of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (Zileuton) decreased genistein-induced intracellular ROS level, close to that from the addition of the ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine. It is concluded that higher concentrations of genistein exert pro-oxidant potential in the primary muscle cells through enhancing ROS production in a 5-lipoxygenase-dependent manner.

Association between BDNF rs6265 and obesity in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been associated with regulation of body weight and appetite. The goal of this study was to examine the interactions of a functional variant (rs6265) in the BDNF gene with dietary intake for obesity traits in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. BDNF rs6265 was genotyped in 1147 Puerto Rican adults and examined for association with obesity-related traits. Men (n = 242) with the GG genotype had higher BMI (P = 0.009), waist circumference (P = 0.002), hip (P = 0.002), and weight (P = 0.03) than GA or AA carriers (n = 94). They had twice the risk of being overweight (BMI ≥ 25) relative to GA or AA carriers (OR = 2.08, CI = 1.02-4.23, and P = 0.043). Interactions between rs6265 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake were associated with BMI, hip, and weight, and n-3 : n-6 PUFA ratio with waist circumference in men. In contrast, women (n = 595) with the GG genotype had significantly lower BMI (P = 0.009), hip (P = 0.029), and weight (P = 0.027) than GA or AA carriers (n = 216). Women with the GG genotype were 50% less likely to be overweight compared to GA or AA carriers (OR = 0.05, CI = 0.27-0.91, and P = 0.024). In summary, BDNF rs6265 is differentially associated with obesity risk by sex and interacts with PUFA intake influencing obesity traits in Boston Puerto Rican men.

The interferon-inducible p202a protein modulates NF-kappaB activity by inhibiting the binding to DNA of p50/p65 heterodimers and p65 homodimers while enhancing the binding of p50 homodimers.

p202a is a member of the interferon-inducible murine p200 family of proteins. These proteins share 1 or 2 partially conserved 200 amino acid segments of the a or the b type. The known biological activities of p202a include among others the regulation of muscle differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These biological activities of p202a can be correlated with the inhibition of the activity of several transcription factors. Thus, the binding of p202a results in the inhibition of the sequence-specific binding to DNA of the c-Fos, c-Jun, E2F1, E2F4, MyoD, myogenin, and c-Myc transcription factors. This study concerns the mechanisms by which p202a inhibits the activity of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor involved among others in host defense, inflammation, immunity, and the apoptotic response. NF-kappaB consists of p50 and p65 subunits. We demonstrate that p202a can inhibit in vitro and in vivo the binding to DNA of p65 homodimers and p50/65 heterodimers, whereas it increases the binding of p50 homodimers. Thus p202a can impair NF-kappaB activity both by inhibiting the binding to DNA of the transcriptionally active p65 homodimers and p50/p65 heterodimers and by boosting the binding of the repressive p50 homodimers. p202a can bind p50 and p65 in vitro and in vivo, and p202a can be part of the p50 homodimer complex bound to DNA. p50 binds in p202a to the a type segment, whereas p65 binds to the b type segment. Transfected ectopic p202a increases the apoptotic effect of tumor necrosis factor (at least in part) by inhibiting NF-kappaB and its antiapoptotic activity.