Novel mitophagy inducer alleviates lupus nephritis by reducing myeloid cell activation and autoantigen presentation.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but its mechanism of onset remains unclear. Since impaired mitophagy has been implicated in multiple organs in SLE, we hypothesized that mitophagy dysfunction is critical in the development of LN and that pharmacologically targeting mitophagy would ameliorate this disease. Therefore, lupus-prone MRL/MpJ-Faslpr (MRL/lpr) and NZBWF1/J mice were treated with a novel mitophagy inducer, UMI-77, during their onset of LN. This treatment effectively mitigated kidney inflammation and damage as assessed by histology and flow cytometry. Furthermore, dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell coculture assay indicated that UMI-77 treatment attenuated DC function that would drive T-cell proliferation but did not directly influence the potent T-cell proliferation in lupus mice. UMI-77 also restored mitochondrial function and attenuated proinflammatory phenotypes in lupus DCs. Adoptive transfer of DCs from MRL/lpr mice augmented serum anti-dsDNA IgG, urine protein and T-cell infiltration of the kidney in MRL/MpJ mice, which could be prevented by either treating lupus donors in vivo or lupus DCs directly with UMI-77. UMI-77 also restored mitochondrial function in myeloid cells from patients with LN in vitro as evidenced by increased ATP levels. Thus, enhancing mitophagy in SLE restrains autoimmunity and limits kidney inflammation for LN development. Hence, our findings suggest targeting mitophagy as a tangible pathway to treat LN.

Molecular phylogenetics of the Umbelopsis genus-identification of new species and evaluation of their oil application value.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary framework of the genus Umbelopsis by using modern taxonomic strategies and evaluating the quality of oil and prospective uses of three distinct species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three species of Umbelopsis were identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence obtained from three genes (ITS, LSU, and ACT). A new species of Umbelopsis was described and illustrated, and subsequently named U. ophiocordycipiticola. The characteristics of U. ophiocordycipiticola exhibited sporangia with a diameter ranging from 8 to 17 µm. and sporangiospores that were oval to ellipsoidal in shape, irregularly angular, with dimensions of ∼1.9-2.9 × 1.7-3.0 µm. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to examine the composition of fatty acids. Notably, U. ophiocordycipiticola showed a significantly higher oil content of 50.89% in dry cell weight (DCW) compared to U. vinacea and U. ramanniana. The mean proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in U. ophiocordycipiticola was 32.38%, and the maximum levels of γ-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in U. ophiocordycipiticola were found to be 14.51, 0.24, 0.54, and 0.53%, respectively. The biodiesel quality from all three species complied with applicable standards set by the American Association for Testing and Materials (ASTM 6751) and the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP 255). CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of a novel species, U. ophiocordycipiticola, was strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Umbelopsis ophiocordycipiticola exhibited a high-value PUFA content. Additionally, three Umbelopsis species demonstrated good quality for biodiesel production.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Propranolol or Topical Timolol for the Treatment of Superficial Infantile Hemangiomas.

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common benign soft tissue tumors of infancy. Oral propranolol has become a first-line treatment option since the unexpected discovery of its surprising efficacy in the treatment of IHs in 2008. However, oral propranolol causes systemic complications, including hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoglycemia. To minimize systemic adverse effects of oral propranolol, timolol maleate, a nonselective ß-blocker similar to propranolol, has been used as a topical agent to treat superficial IHs. The authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral propranolol or topical timolol in 60 patients with IHs. Of the 60 patients recruited, 30 patients were treated using orally administrated propranolol and an additional 30 patients received topical timolol. The efficacy rate of the oral propranolol and topical timolol was 96.7% and 93.3%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two treatment patterns for the efficacy rate. The incidence of systemic adverse effects for patients treated with oral propranolol was significantly higher than that for cases received topically timolol treatment. Topical timolol maleate is effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of IHs. It could be considered as the first-line treatment choice, especially for superficial IHs.

Mannose-binding lectin activates the nuclear factor-κB and renal inflammation in the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Increased serum mannose-binding lectin (MBL) level has been proven to correlate with the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we aim to find the role and mechanism of MBL involved in the progression of DN. Patients with DN were recruited and divided into two groups according to different rs1800450 genotypes of the MBL2 gene, and inflammatory profiles in monocytes/macrophages were compared between the two groups. MBL was given to treat macrophages, HK2, and HMC, and a co-culture transwell system was then employed. Renal inflammation and fibrosis parameters were measured after knocking down or overexpressing MBL genes in mice. Proinflammatory profile, manifesting as enhanced IL-1ß production and M1 polarization, was found in monocytes/macrophages from DN with a rs1800450 GG genotype of MBL2 gene who had higher MBL level, compared with those with a rs1800450 GA genotype. In mechanism, MBL directly induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, which promoted inflammatory and fibrotic markers in HK2 and HMCs during co-culture. Further experiments showed that MBL can promote macrophages transforming to the M1 subset mainly by activating the nuclear factor-κB pathway. After downregulation of MBL, the blood glucose, triglyceride, urine protein, injuries of glomerulus and tubules, and the degree of renal inflammation and fibrosis were ameliorated in db/db mice treated with AAV-MBL1/2-shRNA. Overexpression of MBL promoted macrophage infiltration in the kidney. In conclusion, MBL is a crucial mediator in the progression of DN via activating the nuclear factor-κB pathway in macrophages. This will serve as a genetic base for some patients with DN who have poor outcomes and provide a direction for the screening.

The predictive value of Berden's classification versus renal risk score for renal survival of Chinese patients with myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the prognostic values of two histopathological classification, Berden's classification versus renal risk score (RRS) by Brix et al. for predicting renal survival in Chinese patients with myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis (MPO-AAGN). METHODS: The medical records of 225 patients with MPO-AAGN diagnosed in our centre between February 2004 and December 2020 were retrospectively analysed. The predictive model of Berden's classification or RRS was established by Cox regression, respectively. The above two models were compared on aspects of discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis for predicting the 0.5-, 1-, 3-, and 5-year renal survival. RESULTS: After a median follow up of 38.99 months, 32.44% of patients developed end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, there were significant differences in renal survival among groups according to Berden's classification or RRS (both log-rank p<0.001). According to time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the model based on RRS showed better discrimination ability than the model based on Berden's classification for predicting 0.5-, 1-, and 3-year renal survival. For calibration analysis, the model based on RRS showed worse calibration than the model based on Berden's classification for predicting 1- and 3-year renal survival. According to the decision curve analysis, the clinical decisions based on RRS could achieve more clinical benefits than those based on Berden's classification in predicting 0.5-, 1-, and 3-year renal survival. CONCLUSIONS: The model based on RRS has better predictive value for renal survival than Berden's classification in aspect of discrimination and clinical decision from 0.5- to 3-year renal survival.

Role of METTL3-mediated m6A modification in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells extracted from adult periodontal ligaments ex-vivo.

Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are identified as candidate cells for the regeneration of periodontal and alveolar bone tissues. This research was to analyze the effect of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-mediated m6A modification on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs extracted from adult periodontal ligaments (PDLs) ex-vivo. From June 2022 to October 2022, 27 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment in our hospital were selected as the research population, with 31 teeth extracted in total. PDLSCs were isolated from PDLs by tissue block culture, and the results were analyzed. Then PDLSCs were induced to differentiate into osteoblasts, and changes in METTL3 and m6A levels during differentiation were observed. Additionally, abnormal METTL3 expression vectors were constructed and transfected into PDLSCs to observe the influence of METTL3 on the biological behavior and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. PDLSCs isolated from ex-vivo PDLs were predominantly spindle-shaped, with high CD73, CD90 and CD105 levels and low CD11b, CD34 and CD45 levels, showing the characteristics of stem cells. Spearman correlation coefficients identified a positive connection between Runx2, Sp7, Alp, Bglap, METTL3 and m6A levels and osteogenic differentiation incubation time (P<0.05). As METTL3 expression was increased, the proliferation capacity and osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs were enhanced (P<0.05), and the content of m6A was increased (P<0.05). However, the activity and osteogenic differentiation ability of PDLSCs was decreased after silencing METTL3 (P<0.05). In conclusion, METTL3-mediated m6A modification promoted the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs extracted from adult PDLs ex vivo. This study offered a novel understanding of the mechanisms underlying osteogenic differentiation, and implied a possible method for accelerating bone formation.

Inhibiting the transcription and replication of Ebola viruses by disrupting the nucleoprotein and VP30 protein interaction with small molecules.

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes hemorrhagic fever in humans with high morbidity and fatality. Although over 45 years have passed since the first EBOV outbreak, small molecule drugs are not yet available. Ebola viral protein VP30 is a unique RNA synthesis cofactor, and the VP30/NP interaction plays a critical role in initiating the transcription and propagation of EBOV. Here, we designed a high-throughput screening technique based on a competitive binding assay to bind VP30 between an NP-derived peptide and a chemical compound. By screening a library of 8004 compounds, we obtained two lead compounds, Embelin and Kobe2602. The binding of these compounds to the VP30-NP interface was validated by dose-dependent competitive binding assay, surface plasmon resonance, and thermal shift assay. Moreover, the compounds were confirmed to inhibit the transcription and replication of the Ebola genome by a minigenome assay. Similar results were obtained for their two respective analogs (8-gingerol and Kobe0065). Interestingly, these two structurally different molecules exhibit synergistic binding to the VP30/NP interface. The antiviral efficacy (EC50) increased from 1 µM by Kobe0065 alone to 351 nM when Kobe0065 and Embelin were combined in a 4:1 ratio. The synergistic anti-EBOV effect provides a strong incentive for further developing these lead compounds in future studies.

New prediction equations for knee isokinetic strength in young and middle-aged non-athletes.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop alternative prediction equations to predict isokinetic muscle strength at 60°/s based on anthropometric characteristics, including body mass, height, age, and sex for young and middle-aged non-athlete populations. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty-two healthy non-athletic participants (174 females, 158 males) between 20 and 59 years underwent a 60°/s isokinetic knee joint concentric contraction test. Forty people were randomly selected for retesting to assess the reliability of the isokinetic instrument. Multivariate linear regression was used to establish extension peak torque (EPT) and flexion peak torque (FPT) prediction equations. Sixty extra participants were used individually to validate the prediction equations, and Bland Altman plots were constructed to assess the agreement of predicted values with actual measurements. RESULTS: The result demonstrated that the instrument we used has excellent reliability. The multivariable linear regression model showed that body mass, age, and sex were significant predictors of PT (EPT: Adjusted R2 = 0.804, p < 0.001; FPT: Adjusted R2 = 0.705, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the equations we established had higher prediction accuracy than those of Gross et al. and Harbo et al. CONCLUSION: The equations developed in this study provided relatively low bias, thus providing a more suitable reference value for the knee isokinetic strength of young and middle-aged non-athletes.

Authentication of Cyathulae Radix and Cyathulae Capitatae Radix based on the strength of the characteristic component achybidensaponin I.

Because of the immense difficulty in identifying Cyathulae Capitatae Radix adulteration in Cyathulae Radix, this research aims at fortifying the quality control of Cyathulae Radix and its decoction pieces to guarantee the effectiveness and safety of its clinical use in terms of source material. A method was devised to identify Cyathulae Capitatae Radix adulteration in Cyathulae Radix and its decoction pieces. This research takes achybidensaponin I, that is, the characteristic component of Cyathulae Capitatae Radix, as reference substance and adopts HPLC for detection. The results revealed that, among all samples collected, no trace of achybidensaponin I was found in the 21 batches of Cyathulae Radix, whereas achybidensaponin I was found in all the 14 batches of Cyathulae Capitatae Radix. The research sets 5% as the adulteration limit, that is, 1.45 mg/g Cyathulae Capitatae Radix was detected in 57.14% of the 49 batches of market samples collected and the ratio was 51.02% in the case of 5% adulteration limit. The method is not only precise and reliable but can also be used as a supplement for provisions regarding quality control of Cyathulae Radix and its decoction pieces in Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, to effectively crack down on Cyathulae Capitatae Radix adulteration in the market.

Research on the Changes in Catecholamine and Other Indicators during Different Training Phases in Female Volleyball Players.

Objective: This study seeks to assess the functional status and central fatigue state of athletes in the Shanghai women's volleyball team during the training phase of the 2021 Shaanxi National Games. Employing a comprehensive methodology involving functional status assessment and catecholamine index analysis, the research aims to establish a scientific foundation for preparing for the 2025 National Games. Additionally, it aims to provide valuable insights for preventing excessive fatigue and promoting the rational elimination of fatigue. Methods: (1) Participants: Twelve adult female volleyball players from Shanghai participated in the study. The average age of the participants was 26.23±3.39 years, and they had an average training period of 11.92±3.73 years. (2) Training Period: The study spanned a duration of 21 consecutive weeks, during which the training regimen was divided into eight distinct stages based on specific content and tasks. (3) Testing Procedures: Various tests were conducted at specific intervals throughout the training period. These included assessments performed at the conclusion of each upper training stage and the Metamorphosis stage. Additionally, comprehensive testing was carried out before and after both the preliminaries and championship matches of the National Games. Fasting elbow venous blood samples were collected for assessing functional status indicators, including Hemoglobin (HGB), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatine Kinase (CK), Serum Ferritin (SF), Testosterone (T), Cortisol (C), Testosterone/Cortisol ratio (T/C). Moreover, blood catecholamine indicators (Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (E) were analyzed before the National Games, at the end of Metamorphosis stage 2, and at the conclusion of upper phase 3. (4)Data Analysis: The collected data underwent rigorous statistical processing using SPSS 25.0 statistical software package and Microsoft Excel software. This comprehensive analysis was essential for deriving meaningful conclusions and identifying significant patterns in the athletes' functional status and central fatigue states. Results: (1) HGB, T, and T/C showed the same trend throughout the whole period. The upper phase 1 drops significantly to the lowest value and the Metamorphosis stage increases. The training stage 2 fell again, but the decline was less than the training stage 1, and the Metamorphosis stage 2 increased significantly, and there was a significant difference between the basic value and the training stages (P < .05). Testosterone increased significantly to the maximum before the final of the National Games, and there was a significant difference between the baseline and the pre-match (P < .05). (2) At the end of the training stage, DA, and E decreased significantly, and there was no significant difference in NE decline. During the preliminaries of the National Games, DA, NE, and E all declined, but there was no significant difference. In the championship stage, DA, NE, and E both increased, but only NE was significantly different from the Metamorphosis stage and the championship (P < .05). Conclusion: (1) Performance Enhancement: Recognizing and addressing performance dips in the training stage through targeted adjustments can optimize athlete performance. Athletes exhibit improved competitiveness during actual games, indicating the effectiveness of tailored interventions (2) Strategic Fatigue Management: Distinguishing between body and central fatigue is vital. Monitoring sensitive markers like blood dopamine and adrenaline in the training stage enables timely fatigue management. Understanding the relationship between blood testosterone and dopamine offers insights into energy levels and mental resilience, aiding in effective training strategies. (3) Efficient Evaluation Tools: Hemoglobin and blood testosterone serve as efficient markers for evaluating athletes' states. Regular assessment of these indicators allows for proactive adjustments in training, preventing excessive fatigue and promoting overall well-being.

Phase-locking dynamics of a 2D VCSEL hexagonal array with an integrated Talbot cavity.

In this paper, phase-locking dynamics of 2D VCSEL hexagonal array with an integrated Talbot cavity are numerically investigated based on rate equations aiming at achieving high brightness output. The processes of wavelength synchronization and phase locking under different fill factors ff and fractional Talbot cavity lengths L were addressed comprehensively. Different supermodes of phase-locked VCSEL array were then analyzed from both near-field and far-field pattern, and proved to be well matched with the results of coupled-mode theory. With appropriate configuration the Talbot-VCSEL system can operate in a full in-phase mode eventually, which is beneficial for determining the parameter interval corresponding to the most expected single narrow-lobe far-field pattern. Furthermore, the simulation results also indicate that, considering the parametric interactions the distribution of optical feedback from the fractional Talbot cavity should be consistent as much as possible to facilitate the realization of phase-locked state. Our study could provide a theoretical support to obtain the full in-phase coupled VCSEL array with high performance.

Characterization of inulolytic enzymes from the Jerusalem artichoke-derived Glutamicibacter mishrai NJAU-1.

The rhizosphere context of inulin-accumulating plants, such as Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), is an ideal starting basis for the discovery of inulolytic enzymes with potential for bio fructose production. We isolated a Glutamicibacter mishrai NJAU-1 strain from this context, showing exo-inulinase activity, releasing fructose from fructans. The growth conditions (pH 9.0; 15 °C) were adjusted, and the production of inulinase by Glutamicibacter mishrai NJAU-1 increased by 90% (0.32 U/mL). Intriguingly, both levan and inulin, but not fructose and sucrose, induced the production of exo-inulinase activity. Two exo-inulinase genes (inu1 and inu2) were cloned and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. While INU2 preferentially hydrolyzed longer inulins, the smallest fructan 1-kestose appeared as the preferred substrate for INU1, also efficiently degrading nystose and sucrose. Active site docking studies with GFn- and Fn-type small inulins (G is glucose, F is fructose, and n is the number of ß (2-1) bound fructose moieties) revealed subtle substrate differences between INU1 and INU2. A possible explanation about substrate specificity and INU's protein structure is then suggested. KEY POINTS: • A Glutamicibacter mishrai strain harbored exo-inulinase activity. • Fructans induced the inulolytic activity in G. mishrai while the inulolytic activity was optimized at pH 9.0 and 15 °C. • Two exo-inulinases with differential substrate specificity were characterized.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 blockade attenuates pathological cardiac remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by cardiac remodelling. Glutaminolysis plays a crucial role in PAH-induced remodelling. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) may mediate this process. This study investigated whether or not the blockade of mGluR5 may attenuate PAH-induced pathological cardiac remodelling. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was induced by intraperitoneally injecting male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with 60 mg/kg of monocrotaline (MCT). 3-((2-Methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP) (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was used as a therapeutic intervention to block mGluR5. Cardiac functions were assessed with right heart catheterization and electrocardiography. Alterations in protein expressions and inflammatory markers were investigated using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RSVP), elevated protein expressions of mGluR5, collagen types I and III and cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 (CILP1), enhanced phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK), increased angiopoietin 2 (Ang 2) and vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF) protein expressions and elevated serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrotic factor α (TNF-α) were observed in MCT-induced PAH rats. MTEP improved hemodynamics and right ventricular hypertrophy. MTEP also attenuated MCT-induced elevations in the protein expressions of mGluR5, collagen types I and III, CILP1, Ang 2 and VEGF and decreased PI3K, AKT and P38MAPK phosphorylations and inflammatory cytokine levels. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 blockade using MTEP ameliorates PAH-induced pathological right cardiac remodelling via inhibiting the signalling cascade involving PI3K/AKT, P38MAPK, Ang 2 and VEGF.

Combination of mesenchymal stromal cells and machine perfusion is a novel strategy for organ preservation in solid organ transplantation.

Organ preservation is a prerequisite for an urgent increase in the availability of organs for solid organ transplantation (SOT). An increasing amount of expanded criteria donor (ECD) organs are used clinically. Currently, the paradigm of organ preservation is shifting from simple reduction of cellular metabolic activity to maximal simulation of an ex vivo physiological microenvironment. An ideal organ preservation technique should not only preserve isolated organs but also offer the possibility of rehabilitation and evaluation of organ function prior to transplantation. Based on the fact that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess strong regeneration properties, the combination of MSCs with machine perfusion (MP) is expected to be superior to conventional preservation methods. In recent years, several studies have attempted to use this strategy for SOT showing promising outcomes. With better organ function during ex vivo preservation and the potential of utilization of organs previously deemed untransplantable, this strategy is meaningful for patients with organ failure to help overcome organ shortage in the field of SOT.

The Wnt/ß-Catenin Pathway Regulated Cytokines for Pathological Neuropathic Pain in Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion Model.

Neuropathic pain is one of the important challenges in the clinic. Although a lot of research has been done on neuropathic pain (NP), the molecular mechanism is still elusive. We aimed to investigate whether the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway was involved in NP caused by sustaining dorsal root ganglion (DRG) compression with the chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion model (CCD). Our RNA sequencing results showed that several genes related to the Wnt pathway have changed in DRG and spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) after CCD surgery. Therefore, we detected the activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in DRG and SCDH and found active ß-catenin significantly upregulated in DRG and SCDH 1 day after CCD surgery and peaked on days 7-14. Immunofluorescence results also confirmed nuclear translocalization of active ß-catenin in DRG and SCDH. Additionally, rats had obvious mechanical induced pain after CCD surgery and the pain was significantly alleviated after the application of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV939. Furthermore, we found that the levels of proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were significantly elevated in CCD rat serum, while the levels of them were correspondingly decreased after the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway being inhibited. The results of Spearman correlation coefficient analysis showed that the levels of TNF-α and IL-18 were negatively correlated with the mechanical withdrawal thresholds (MWT) after CCD surgery. Collectively, our findings suggest that the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of NP and may be an effective target for the treatment of NP.

Functional Expression, Purification and Identification of Interaction Partners of PACRG.

PACRG (Parkin co-regulated gene) shares a bi-directional promoter with the Parkinson's disease-associated gene Parkin, but the physiological roles of PACRG have not yet been fully elucidated. Recombinant expression methods are indispensable for protein structural and functional studies. In this study, the coding region of PACRG was cloned to a conventional vector pQE80L, as well as two cold-shock vectors pCold II and pCold-GST, respectively. The constructs were transformed into Escherichia coli (DE3), and the target proteins were overexpressed. The results showed that the cold-shock vectors are more suitable for PACRG expression. The soluble recombinant proteins were purified with Ni2+ chelating column, glutathione S-transferase (GST) affinity chromatography and gel filtration. His6 pull down assay and LC-MS/MS were carried out for identification of PACRG-binding proteins in HEK293T cell lysates, and a total number of 74 proteins were identified as potential interaction partners of PACRG. GO (Gene ontology) enrichment analysis (FunRich) of the 74 proteins revealed multiple molecular functions and biological processes. The highest proportion of the 74 proteins functioned as transcription regulator and transcription factor activity, suggesting that PACRG may play important roles in regulation of gene transcription.

Intra-specific comparison of mitochondrial genomes reveals host gene fragment exchange via intron mobility in Tremella fuciformis.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial genomic sequences are known to be variable. Comparative analyses of mitochondrial genomes can reveal the nature and extent of their variation. RESULTS: Draft mitochondrial genomes of 16 Tremella fuciformis isolates (TF01-TF16) were assembled from Illumina and PacBio sequencing data. Mitochondrial DNA contigs were extracted and assembled into complete circular molecules, ranging from 35,104 bp to 49,044 bp in size. All mtDNAs contained the same set of 41 conserved genes with identical gene order. Comparative analyses revealed that introns and intergenic regions were variable, whereas genic regions (including coding sequences, tRNA, and rRNA genes) were conserved. Among 24 introns detected, 11 were in protein-coding genes, 3 in tRNA genes, and the other 10 in rRNA genes. In addition, two mobile fragments were found in intergenic regions. Interestingly, six introns containing N-terminal duplication of the host genes were found in five conserved protein-coding gene sequences. Comparison of genes with and without these introns gave rise to the following proposed model: gene fragment exchange with other species can occur via gain or loss of introns with N-terminal duplication of the host genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a novel mechanism of fungal mitochondrial gene evolution: partial foreign gene replacement though intron mobility.

Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Catalysis of Carbon Nanohybrids from Nitrogen-Rich Edges.

The edge doping effect would help improve the carbon-based electrocatalysis. Herein, we present an all-mechanical technique for the fabrication of cut, exfoliated N-doped carbon nanotubes (C, E-N-CNTs). Such nanohybrids with an edge-N-rich structure are obtained through sequential doping and mechanical treatments of the pristine bulk-CNTs. The C, E-N-CNT/carbon black (C, E-N-CNT/C) demonstrates exciting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis with exceptionally low-onset potential (E0, 913 mV versus RHE) and satisfactory half-wave potential (E1/2, merely -7.3 mV shift compared with that of commercial 20% platinum/C (Pt/C)). Besides, the C, E-N-CNT/C presents significantly enhanced durability and tolerance in chronoamperometry test with methanol injection compared with the Pt/C. Our work would facilitate the mass production and full exploration of nonmetallic electrocatalysts.

Fucoxanthin inhibits tumour-related lymphangiogenesis and growth of breast cancer.

Tumour lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in promoting the growth and lymphatic metastasis of tumours. The process is associated with cell proliferation, migration and tube-like structure formation in lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), but no antilymphangiogenic agent is currently used in clinical practice. Fucoxanthin is a material found in brown algae that holds promise in the context of drug development. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid with variety of pharmacological functions, including antitumour and anti-inflammatory effects. The ability of fucoxanthin to inhibit lymphangiogenesis remains unclear. The results of experiments performed as part of this study show that fucoxanthin, extracted from Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), inhibits proliferation, migration and formation of tube-like structures in human LEC (HLEC). In this study, fucoxanthin also suppressed the malignant phenotype in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and decreased tumour-induced lymphangiogenesis when used in combination with a conditional medium culture system. Fucoxanthin significantly decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF receptor-3, nuclear factor kappa B, phospho-Akt and phospho-PI3K in HLEC. Fucoxanthin also decreased micro-lymphatic vascular density (micro-LVD) in a MDA-MB-231 nude mouse model of breast cancer. These findings suggest that fucoxanthin inhibits tumour-induced lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, highlighting its potential use as an antilymphangiogenic agent for antitumour metastatic comprehensive therapy in patients with breast cancer.

Label-Free, Single-Particle, Colorimetric Detection of Permanganate by GNPs@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Dark-Field Optical Microscopy.

Rapid quantification of permanganate (MnO4-) in aqueous solution with a convenient and sensitive single-particle-detection (SPD) method is demonstrated by dark-field optical microscopy. The design is based on the selective etching of the Ag shell of a glucose-protected GNPs@Ag nanoparticle by MnO4-. In the presence of MnO4-, a noticeable red-shift of localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR, from blue to green) together with a tremendous decrease in the extinction coefficient from individual GNPs@Ag nanoparticles is observed. MnO4- can then be quantified by calculating the ratio between the number of green and blue particles on the cover glass surface after the etching process. A linear dynamic range of 0-6 µM and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 46 nM were readily achieved, which are much lower than those of spectroscopic measurements in bulk solution. In tap water, a comparable LOD (50 nM) and satisfactory recovery efficiency are demonstrated. As a consequence of these merits, the method demonstrated herein will find promising applications for the ultrasensitive detection of MnO4- under complex milieu in the future.