Onset of Neurological Deficit During Carotid Clamping With Carotid Endarterectomy Under Regional Anesthesia Is Not a Predictor of Carotid Restenosis.

BACKGROUND: A number of awake patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) present from test clamp neurological deficits (NDs) during the procedure. Current guidelines advocate tighter Doppler ultrasound (DUS) surveillance in these patients because of probable higher likelihood of hemodynamic stroke (class 1 grade C), although evidence is lacking regarding benefit. The aim for the study is the assumption that patients who present ND have a higher risk of developing a complete stroke if the ipsilateral carotid artery becomes occluded, and for this reason, surveillance over restenosis of endarterectomy in this group is justifiable; hence, the authors would like to contribute to this matter presenting their experience on restenosis in this specific group of patients. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected between 2009 and 2018 for patients of a university tertiary referral center who underwent CEA under regional anesthesia and developed alterations in the neurologic monitoring during internal carotid artery (ICA) test clamping. Control patients were consecutively selected as the next patient submitted to the same procedure but who did not develop neurologic alterations. Patients who did not present to the first postoperative evaluation were excluded (4-6 weeks). Primary outcome was any restenosis (>30%; >50%; >70%) detected by DUS evaluations between 16 and 30 months of follow-up. Clinical adverse events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, acute heart failure, and all-cause death were assessed 30 days after the procedure and in the subsequent long-term surveillance period. A multivariate analysis of factors with significant associations to restenosis identified in a univariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier analysis and life tables were used to evaluate time-dependent variables. RESULTS: Ninety patients with ND and 94 controls were included. Those with ND had a higher prevalence of obesity, mean age, and scores of American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status, as well as a lower mean degree of ipsilateral stenosis (82.3% vs. 85.8%, P = 0.032) and a higher mean degree of contralateral stenosis (67.8% vs. 61.1%, P = 0.030). The incidence of restenosis after 2 years did not differ significantly between groups. The univariate analysis yielded two significant associations to restenosis >50%, which remained significant after adjustment: ipsilateral stenosis (1.927 + -0.656, P = 0.02) and peripheral arterial disease (3.006 + -1.101, P = 0.048). NDs were not found to be associated to restenosis (P = 0.856). After a median follow-up period of 52 months, patients with NDs did not have a higher incidence of stroke (90.6%, standard deviation [SD]: 3.5%; ND: 91.1%, SD: 3.6%, P = 0.869), major adverse cardiovascular events (ND: 69.2%, SD: 5.5%; control, 73.6%, SD: 5.2%, P = 0.377), or all-cause death (ND: 90.6%, SD: 3.5%; control: 91.1, SD: 3.6%, P = 0.981) than controls. The presence of any restenosis was not associated with later stroke rate (ND: 89.5%, SD: 3.2%; control: 100%, P = 0.515). CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effective DUS surveillance after CEA requires the definition of evidence-based factors associated with restenosis and late stroke. The present study does not support the assumption that patients who presented NDs during the ICA test clamping present a higher risk of developing late stroke. This group of patients also did not present a higher incidence of restenosis. For these reasons, tighter DUS surveillance in this group seems not justifiable. Results from other groups are required to support this position.

An Unusual Case of Lynch Syndrome.

Lynch syndrome is the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer. It usually develops asymptomatically until symptoms related to colorectal carcinoma appear, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits and/or stool characteristics. Oftentime, when these clinical signs and symptoms are not present, the diagnosis becomes challenging. We present the clinical case of a 69-year-old woman, adopted, with no known previous history, who presented to the emergency department with low back pain, without irradiation, that had been going on for three days, associated with inflammatory signs in the right hip region. There were no urinary or sensory alterations and no recent trauma. She was initially discharged with antibiotherapy with the diagnosis of hip cellulitis. As the symptoms continued and the inflammation spread to the right lower limb, she returned to the emergency department. A CT scan revealed an abscess (17 cm) in the right buttock, complicated by necrotizing fasciitis due to fistulization from a tumor in the right colon. She underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which identified a neoplasm of the ascending colon, adherent to the abdominal wall, in the right lumbar region. Right hemicolectomy and drainage of the right buttock/thigh abscess were performed. The histology was compatible with invasive adenocarcinoma, with high-grade dysplasia but well differentiated, pT3G1N0. The immunohistochemistry was suggestive of Lynch syndrome.