Impurity Profiling and Identification of 2,6-Diisopropylphenol by HPLC Method and Raman Spectroscopy Method.

Identification of 2,6-diisopropylphenol by Raman spectroscopy using the TruScan Raman spectrum is validated by specificity test and robustness. HPLC assay method is developed to detect the 2,6-diisopropylphenol and its impurities A = determination of 2,6-diisopropylphenol; its main impurities related compound A = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl isopropyl ether, related compound B = 2,6-diisopropylquinone, and related compound C = 3,3'-5,5'-tetraisopropyl diphenol; and unknown impurities done by HPLC method. Related compound A and C determination has been developed by normal phase HPLC; good resolution peak shapes have resulted from the peak results. The limit of impurities A and C is reported to be 0.05% and 0.03%, and the limit of impurity B is also detected by using the same above procedure, but the column has been changed for the maximum wavelength detection and better elution from the peak results. The reported impurity level was 0.02%, the unknown impurity limit was 0.0149%, and the total impurity level of 2,6-diisopropylphenol was reported to be 0.06% which are in the threshold limit level. It specifies that the drug is safe and efficient without any toxicity.

Teneligliptin: An Economic and Effective DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Management of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Study.

CONTEXT: Increasing diabetic burden worldwide is creating an alarming situation for the management and development of economic resources for it's treatment. Progressive nature of the disease requires allocation of a higher proportion of expenditure on health care initiative of any country. AIM: Present study is designed with an aim to determine the effectiveness of cost-effective DPP-4 inhibitor, Teneligliptin, over the other agent of the same class. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study was carried out in Postgraduate Department of Medicine, S.N. Medical College, Agra and 112 patients were selected as subjects with a selected inclusion criterion. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Independent student's t-test was applied to compare the means. Mean standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data. All p values were two-tailed and values p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULT: There was no significant difference in the levels of blood sugar or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) before and after the treatment of Teneligliptin. CONCLUSIONS: Teneligliptin offered an efficient second line treatment for the management of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus at a reduced average price of INR 39 per day, when compared to other DPP-4 inhibitors.

Beat-to-beat variability of fetal myocardial performance index.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is beat-to-beat (BTB) variability in the fetal left myocardial performance index (MPI), as evaluated by an automated system, and whether there is a correlation between MPI and fetal heart rate (FHR). METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of uncomplicated, morphologically normal, singleton pregnancies at 20-38 weeks' gestation. Multiple cineloops for left MPI measurement were acquired during a single examination of each fetus. Raw cineloop data were analyzed by our automated MPI system (intraclass correlation coefficient of 1.0 for any given waveform) to produce a set of MPIs. The corresponding instantaneous FHR was measured for each individual cardiac cycle for which MPI was calculated. RESULTS: Data from 29 fetuses were analyzed; mean MPI was 0.52, mean FHR was 150 beats per min and the median number of cardiac cycles examined per fetus was 70 (interquartile range, 31-115). Marked BTB variability was noted; median coefficient of variation was 10% (range, 5.5-13.9%). FHR was weakly correlated with absolute MPI (r = 0.22; P < 0.05). BTB variation in MPI as a percentage of the mean MPI was not significantly correlated with FHR (r = 0.031; P = 0.146). When standard error of the mean of all MPI values was divided by the mean for each case, it showed that at least four cardiac cycles should be averaged to reduce MPI variability to approximately ± 5%. CONCLUSION: There is significant BTB variability in fetal left MPI, which has an overall weak correlation with FHR. This could be a factor affecting the consistency of MPI values reported by different research groups. Variability would be reduced by averaging 4-5 cardiac cycles per fetus. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Sternocleidomastoid Abscess Mimicking a Thyroid Swelling in a Young Female.

Primary pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of skeletal muscle with acute or subacute clinical course. This usually present with localized abscess.We report a case of an 18 years old female presenting with swelling in midline of neck moving with deglutition mimicking a thyroid swelling. On further investigation patient was confirmed to have sternocleidomastoid myositis. Previous case reports have showed various etiologies for development of abscess. After thorough examination and investigations, patient was found to have an idiopathic sternocleidomastoid abscess which responded well to empirical antibiotic therapy.This is a very uncommon condition and very sparsely reported and so far, to the best of our knowledge there is no case report from India.

Evaluation of an automated fetal myocardial performance index.

OBJECTIVE: To compare automated measurements of the fetal left myocardial performance index (MPI) with manual measurements for absolute value, repeatability and waveform acceptability. METHODS: This was a multicenter international online study using images from uncomplicated, morphologically normal singleton pregnancies (16-38 weeks' gestation). Single Doppler ultrasound cardiac cycle images of 25 cases were selected, triplicated and randomized (n = 75). Six senior observers, unaware of the repetition of images, manually calculated MPI for each waveform and the results were compared with automation. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 95% CI. The agreement between each observer's manual MPI measurements and corresponding automated measurements was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots and ICCs with 95% CI. The degree of variation between experts in the classification of fetal MPI waveform quality was assessed using individual cardiac cycle left MPI images previously classified by two authors as 'optimal', 'suboptimal' or 'unacceptable', with 30 images selected for each quality group. Ten images in each category were duplicated and the resulting 120 images were randomized and then classified online by five observers. The kappa statistic (κ) was used to demonstrate interobserver and intraobserver agreement and agreement of classifications by the five observers. RESULTS: The automated measurement software returned the same value for any given image, resulting in an ICC of 1.00. Manual measurements had intraobserver repeatability ICC values ranging from 0.69 to 0.97, and the interobserver reproducibility ICC was 0.78. Comparison of automated vs manual MPI absolute measurements for each observer gave ICCs ranging from 0.77 to 0.96. Interobserver image quality classification agreement gave k = 0.69 (P < 0.001), and the intraobserver agreement was variable (κ ranging from 0.40 to 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Automated fetal MPI provides superior repeatability and reproducibility to manual methodology. Additionally, experts vary significantly when classifying suitability of fetal MPI waveforms. Automated MPI may facilitate clinical translation by removing human subjectivity. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Investigation of nanolevel molecular packing and its role in thermo-mechanical properties of PVA-fMWCNT composites: positron annihilation and small angle X-ray scattering studies.

Carbon based nanofillers have shown phenomenal improvements in thermo-mechanical properties of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) based nanocomposites depending on their interaction with PVA molecules and dispersion in the polymer matrix. In the present study, PVA based nanocomposites with amino-functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (fMWCNTs, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.0 wt%) were prepared by a simple casting method from aqueous solution. The relative increase in Young's modulus with 0.4% fMWCNTs was observed to be comparable with that for PVA-nanodiamond composite films which have been shown to have higher strength compared to nanotube and graphene oxide based nanocomposites. In order to investigate the nanolevel molecular packing (sub-nano level free volumes and nano level lamellar structure) and its role in thermal and mechanical properties, positron annihilation spectroscopy and small angle scattering have been used. The crystallinity and morphology of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The studies showed that interfacial interaction between PVA molecules and functionalities on the surface of fMWCNTs results in the formation of an ordered structure of PVA molecules which enhances load transfer between the PVA matrix and fMWCNTs leading to improved mechanical properties. The thermal properties of the composites were observed to be unaffected at the studied filler concentration.

Calcipotriol delivery into the skin as emulgel for effective permeation.

The objective of this work is to formulate and evaluate an emulgel containing calcipotriol for treatment of psoriasis. Emulgels have emerged as a promising drug delivery system for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Isopropyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol have been employed as permeation enhancers. Formulation chart is made with seven formulations, evaluated for physical parameters, drug content, viscosity, thixotropy, spreadability, extrudability, mucoadhesion, diffusion studies, skin irritation test along with short term stability studies. Carbopolis is reported to have a direct influence on appearance and viscosity of final formulation. The photomicroscopic evaluations showed the presence of spherical globules in size range of 10-15 µm. Rheograms revealed that all the formulations exhibited pseudoplastic flow. Optimized formulation (F6) had shown 86.42 ± 2.0% drug release at the end of 8 h study. The release rate through dialysis membrane and rat skin is higher when compared to commercial calcipotriol ointment. Hence it is concluded that calcipotriol can be delivered topically with enhanced penetration properties when formulated as emulgel.

Vascularized mandibular anterior ameloblastoma - an entity still unresolved.

Vascularized ameloblastoma is a bewildering entity whose existence is questionable from its origin to nosology and its very characterization as a distinct variant of ameloblastoma. This uncertainty is largely because of a fewer number of documented cases and loss of long-term follow-up. The current paper describes two cases of ameloblastoma in the mandibular anterior region, which had features of so-called "hemangiomatous ameloblastoma" as it was originally described. Understanding its pathophysiology based on various views and clinical implications in terms of its biologic behavior are brought to light in this paper.

Effect of interfacial interaction on free volumes in phenol-formaldehyde resin-carbon nanotube composites: positron annihilation lifetime and age momentum correlation studies.

The phenol-formaldehyde-carbon nanotube composites were characterized for their free volume properties and interfacial interactions between nanotubes and the polymer matrix. The base polymeric material was a novolac type phenol-formaldehyde (PF) condensation resin cross-linked with para-toluene sulfonic acid. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized using a catalytical chemical vapor deposition method and characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The PF resin-carbon nanotubes composites having 2, 5, 10 and 20% (w/w%) MWCNTs were prepared. The crystallinity and morphology of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The free volume size in the polymer nanocomposites was observed to increase with the increase in nanotube content. Positron age momentum correlation (AMOC) studies revealed the electronic environment around different positron annihilation sites. The studies showed that ortho-positronium principally annihilates from interfacial regions of polymer and nanotubes in the nanocomposite. The positron lifetime studies together with AMOC measurements indicate an increase in the free volumes at the interface of polymer and MWCNTs in the composite. The free positron intensities showed that the polymer and nanotubes are weakly interacting in this system.