Behavioral Patterns with the Coexistence of Risk and Protective Factors for Cancer in Brazil.

About one third of the most common cancers could be prevented by the reduction of modifiable behavioral risk factors. We aimed to identify behavioral patterns of risk and protective factors for cancer in Brazil, between 2014 and 2015. Data from Vigitel Survey (n = 95,027 adults aged ≥ 18 years) from all Brazilian capitals and Federal District were used. Thirteen risk (RBF) and protective behavioral factors (PBF) for cancer were investigated. RBF included the consumption of red meat, meat with high-fat content, soft drinks, sweets and abusive alcohol, replacement of lunch/dinner for snacks, television viewing, obesity, and smoking. PBF included the consumption of beans, fruits and vegetables, and physical activity practice. Patterns were identified by principal component analysis and linear regressions models assessed its association with sociodemographic characteristics. Four behavioral patterns for cancer were identified. The 'healthy behavior pattern' and the 'unhealthy food consumption pattern' were positively associated to females and schooling. The 'unhealthy behavior pattern' and the 'mixed behavior pattern' were both negatively associated to females, age and schooling. Our data revealed different vulnerable population groups for cancer. Actions for reduction of modifiable behavioral risk factors aiming at cancer prevention should consider distinct approaches by sex, age, and schooling.

Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Brazil: 2006-2019.

Objectives. To analyze trends in cigarette smoking among Brazilian adults from 2006 to 2019.Methods. We performed a time-series analysis based on data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases Telephone Survey (n = 730 309). We calculated the annual prevalence of current cigarette smokers, heavy smokers, and passive smokers in the workplace and investigated linear trends using Prais-Winsten regression, for the entire period and for the past 5 years. We performed the analyses for the total population and according to the sociodemographic characteristics.Results. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, heavy smoking, and passive smoking in the workplace declined, respectively, an average of 3.99% per year, 5.65% per year, and 6.55% per year from 2006 to 2019. We observed this reduction regardless of gender, age, educational level, and geographic region. The magnitude of reduction in the prevalence of current cigarette smoking decreased in the past 5 years, while the magnitude of the change in heavy smoking increased.Conclusions. The prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased in the time period studied. The smaller magnitude of reduction for current cigarette smoking in the most recent years might indicate a fatigue with the current policy scenario.

Association between the price of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To estimate the relationship between the price of ultra-processed foods and prevalence of obesity in Brazil and examine whether the relationship differed according to socioeconomic status. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from the national Household Budget Survey from 2008/09 (n = 55 570 households, divided in 550 strata) were used. Weight and height of all individuals were used. Weight was measured by using portable electronic scales (maximum capacity of 150 kg). Height (or length) was measured using portable stadiometers (maximum capacity: 200 cm long) or infant anthropometers (maximum capacity: 105 cm long). Multivariate regression models (log-log) were used to estimate price elasticity. An inverse association was found between the price of ultra-processed foods (per kg) and the prevalence of overweight (Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) in Brazil. The price elasticity for ultra-processed foods was -0.33 (95% CI: -0.46; -0.20) for overweight and -0.59 (95% CI: -0.83; -0.36) for obesity. This indicated that a 1.00% increase in the price of ultra-processed foods would lead to a decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity of 0.33% and 0.59%, respectively. For the lower income group, the price elasticity for price of ultra-processed foods was -0.34 (95% CI: -0.50; -0.18) for overweight and -0.63 (95% CI: -0.91; -0.36) for obesity. CONCLUSION: The price of ultra-processed foods was inversely associated with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazil, mainly in the lowest socioeconomic status population. Therefore, the taxation of ultra-processed foods emerges as a prominent tool in the control of obesity.

What to expect from the price of healthy and unhealthy foods over time? The case from Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To measure change in price of food groups over time (1995-2030) in Brazil, considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines' recommendations. DESIGN: Data from the Household Budget Survey (2008-2009 HBS) and the National System of Consumer Price Indexes (NSCPI) were used to create a data set containing monthly prices for the foods and beverages most consumed in the country (n 102), from January 1995 to December 2017. Data on price of foods and beverages from 2008-2009 HBS (referring to January 2009) were used to calculate real price over time using the monthly variation in prices from NSCPI. All prices were deflated to December 2017. Foods and beverages were classified following the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines' recommendations. The monthly price for each food group and subgroup was used to analyse changes in prices from 1995 to 2017 and to forecast prices up to 2030 using fractional polynomial models. SETTING: Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: National estimates of foods and beverages purchased for Brazil. RESULTS: In 1995, ultra-processed foods were the most expensive group (R$ 6·51/kg), followed by processed foods (R$ 6·44/kg), then unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (R$ 3·45/kg). Since the early 2000s, the price of ultra-processed foods underwent successive reductions, becoming cheaper than processed foods and reducing the distance between it and the price of the other group. Forecasts indicate that unhealthy foods will become cheaper than healthy foods in 2026. CONCLUSIONS: Food prices in Brazil have changed unfavourably considering the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines' recommendations. This may imply a decrease in the quality of the population's diet.

Trends in sweetened beverages consumption among adults in the Brazilian capitals, 2007-2016.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse trends in sweetened beverages consumption among adults in Brazil between 2007 and 2016. DESIGN: A time-series analysis, with data from the Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). The prevalence of regular consumption (≥5 d/week), the average daily consumption (millilitres) and the prevalence of non-consumption of these beverages were analysed. The temporal variations of the indicators were calculated by linear regression. The analyses were performed for the complete set of the evaluated population and stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. SETTING: Brazilian capitals and Federal District. SUBJECTS: Brazilian adults aged ≥18 years (n 519 641). RESULTS: There was a reduction in both regular and average daily consumption of sugar- and artificially sweetened beverages (-1·28 percentage points (pp)/year, P=0·001 and -9·63 ml/year, P=0·001, respectively). The same result regarding regular consumption was found when only sugar-sweetened beverages were analysed (-1·11 pp/year, P=0·011). Similar trends were identified in the stratified analyses, with a greater magnitude of reduction among males, young adults, those with higher schooling and residents of more developed regions. Coincidentally, there was an increase in the prevalence of adults who did not consume sweetened beverages (1·54 pp/year, P=0·005). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of sweetened beverages decreased during the period. However, a significant portion of the population still referred a daily consumption of these beverages.

Needed Improvements in Diabetes Prevention and Management in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and its prevalence continues to increase. Adherence to good health behaviors provides better control of the disease. This study analyzed trends in the prevalence of diabetes among Brazilian adults between 2006 and 2016 and compared the frequency of key health behaviors between people with and without diabetes. METHODS: We analyzed data from 572,437 Brazilian adults interviewed between 2006 and 2016 by using the Surveillance System of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel). We used regression models to investigate significant trends in the prevalence of diabetes and differences in adherence to health behaviors between people with and without diabetes. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes increased significantly from 5.5% to 8.9% (P <.001), being higher among women, older adults, and those with less than a high school education. The greatest increase was observed among these groups with higher prevalence. People with diabetes had a lower frequency of risk behaviors and a higher frequency of protective behaviors when compared to people without diabetes. The greatest differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks and sugar-sweetened beverages (9.5% vs 25.0%) and alcoholic beverages (9.0% vs 17.9%), and the smallest differences were related to regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (40.7% vs 34.0%) and meats with excess fat (24.3% vs 32.2%). People with diabetes reported less leisure-time physical activity (PRa, 0.92 [P < .001]) and less transport-related physical activity (PRa, 0.84 [P <.001]) than those without diabetes. CONCLUSION: Diabetes prevalence increased between 2006 and 2016. People with diabetes had better dietary habits than those without diabetes, but still had risk behaviors such as insufficient physical activity.

Replacing ultra-processed foods with fresh foods to meet the dietary recomendations: a matter of cost?

The study aimed to analyze the economic impact of the adoption of optimized and nutritionally balanced diets to Brazilian families, considering the Brazilian dietary guidelines and the economic disparities of the population. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey from 2008-2009 (550 strata; 55,970 households) were used. About 1,700 foods and beverages purchased by the Brazilians were classified into 4 groups according to NOVA system. Linear programming models estimated isoenergetic diets preserving the current diet as baseline and optimizing healthier diets gradually based on the "golden rule" of the Brazilian dietary guidelines, respecting nutritional restrictions for macronutrients and micronutrients (based on international recommendations) and food acceptance limits (10th and 90th percentiles of the per capita calorie distribution from the population). The diet cost was defined based on the sum of the average cost of each food group, both in the current and optimized diets (BRL per 2,000Kcal/person/day). The economic impact of the Brazilian dietary guidelines to Brazilian household budget was analyzed by comparison the cost of the optimized diets to the cost of the current diet, calculated for the total population and by income level. Three healthier diets were optimized. Current diet cost was BRL 3.37, differed among low- and high-income strata (BRL 2.62 and BRL 4.17, respectively). Regardless of income, diet cost decreased when approaching the guidelines. However, low-income strata compromised their household budget more than two times the high-income strata (20.2% and 7.96%, respectively). Thus, the adoption of healthier eating practices can be performed with the same or lower budget.

Incidence of Reported Flu-Like Syndrome Cases in Brazilian Health Care Workers in 2020 (March to June).

Health care workers (HCWs) are at an increased risk of being exposed to COVID-19. This study aimed to characterize flu-like syndrome cases (FS) in HCWs notified in Brazil and compare them with FS cases in the general community (GC). In the Brazilian protocol, FS corresponds to a suspected case of COVID-19. The manuscript analyzed cases of FS in five Brazilian states, estimating the incidence rates of cases of FS and clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Registered cases (March to June 2020) totaled about 1,100,000 cases of FS. HCWs represented 17% of the registers, whose incidence was 20.41/100 vs. 2.15/100 in the GC. FS cases in HCWs concentrated the highest percentages in the age group of 30 to 49 years (65.15%) and among the nursing staff (46.86%). This study was the first interstate evaluation in Brazil to estimate suspected cases of FS by COVID-19 in HCWs. In order to control the spread of viral respiratory infections in HCWs, including COVID-19, it is necessary to review the management of health information to identify who they are, how many they are, and to what situations these workers are most frequently exposed, as well as in what professions they have. This information can guide specific, practical, and far-reaching actions.

Availability of public open space and the practice of leisure-time physical activity among the Brazilian adult population.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the perceived availability of public open space (POS) in the neighborhood for physical activity (PA) over the years and its association to practice of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among Brazilian adult population. METHODS: Data from the surveillance system of risk and protection factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey (Vigitel) from 2011 to 2015 were analyzed (n = 247,548). Prais-Winsten regression was used to investigate the trend of the perceived availability of POS, and Poisson regression to analyze its association to the LTPA. RESULTS: The perceived availability of POS in the neighborhood for PA remained fairly stable, from 73.4% in 2011 to 74.0% in 2015. The perception of this availability positively associated with the sufficient practice of LTPA (≥ 150 min/week) (RP = 1.27; p < 0.05), and with the practice of different types, weekly frequency and daily duration of the activities. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the building and maintenance of POS, the proximity and physical accessibility of the population must be guaranteed, so that those spaces are perceived as a favorable environment for the practice of LTPA.

Multiple exposures to the risk of work absenteeism among Brazilian schoolteachers. / Múltiplas exposições ao risco de faltar ao trabalho nas escolas da Educação Básica no Brasil.

The study aimed to identify multiple exposures to the risk of work absenteeism among Brazilian schoolteachers, independently of the reasons reported by teachers (n = 6,510). The data came from a telephone survey on health, working conditions, and absenteeism among schoolteachers in Brazil (Educatel Study, 2015/2016). Exposures were identified and studied by principal components analysis and Poisson regression, with a focus on working conditions and quality of school administration. Three components of risk factors for work absenteeism were identified. Component 1 featured lack of opportunities for new learning experiences, insufficient time for performing tasks, constraints on teachers' autonomy, and little or no social support in the school environment; component 2 was characterized by the perception of heavy demand from tasks and an agitated classroom environment due to students' lack of discipline and intense noise; and component 3 by the experience of verbal or physical violence from students. All three components were specially associaed with stress-related work absenteeism in relation to reported stress at school (aPR = 3.87; 95%CI: 2.93-5.10; p < 0.05/aPR = 3.18; 95%CI: 2.47-4.09; p < 0.05/aPR = 3.31; 95%CI: 2.58-4.25; p < 0.05; respectively) and emotional problems (aPR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.93-2.70; p < 0.05/aPR = 2.43; 95%CI: 2.05-2.87; p < 0.05/aPR = 2.09; 95%CI: 1.78-2.45; p < 0.05; respectively). The identification of these risk components highlighted the need for systemic changes in Brazilian Basic Education schools.

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as múltiplas exposições ao risco de faltar ao trabalho, independentemente do motivo relatado pelos professores (n = 6.510). Foram utilizados dados de um inquérito telefônico sobre a saúde, condições de trabalho e absenteísmo entre professores da Educação Básica no Brasil (Estudo Educatel, 2015/2016). As exposições foram identificadas e estudadas por meio da análise de componentes principais e regressão de Poisson, com foco nas condições de trabalho e na qualidade da gestão nas escolas. Três componentes de fatores de risco para faltar ao trabalho foram identificados. O componente 1 foi caracterizado pela falta de oportunidade para novos aprendizados, insuficiência de tempo para a realização das tarefas, percepção de cerceamento da autonomia e baixo ou nenhum apoio social no ambiente escolar; o componente 2 pela percepção de alta exigência das tarefas, ambiente agitado devido à indisciplina dos alunos e ruído intenso; e o componente 3 pela vivência de violência verbal ou física praticada pelos alunos. Os três componentes apresentaram maior magnitude de associação às faltas ao trabalho diante do relato de estresse na escola (RPa = 3,87; IC95%: 2,93-5,10; p < 0,05/RPa = 3,18; IC95%: 2,47-4,09; p < 0,05/RPa = 3,31; IC95%: 2,58-4,25; p < 0,05, respectivamente) e por problemas emocionais (RPa = 2,28; IC95%: 1,93-2,70; p < 0,05/RPa = 2,43; IC95%: 2,05-2,87; p < 0,05/RPa = 2,09; IC95%: 1,78-2,45; p < 0,05, respectivamente). A identificação desses componentes de risco evidenciou a necessidade de mudanças sistêmicas nas escolas da Educação Básica no país.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las múltiples exposiciones referentes al riesgo de faltar al trabajo, independientemente del motivo informado por los profesores (n = 6.510). Se utilizaron datos de una encuesta telefónica sobre salud, condiciones de trabajo y absentismo entre profesores de Educación Básica en Brasil (Estudio Educatel, 2015/2016). Las exposiciones se identificaron e estudiaron mediante un análisis de componentes principales y regresión de Poisson, centrándose en las condiciones de trabajo y calidad de la gestión en las escuelas. Se identificaron tres componentes como factores de riesgo para faltar al trabajo. El componente 1 se caracterizó por la falta de opciones relacionadas con la actualización en formación, insuficiencia de tiempo para la realización de tareas, percepción de recortes en su autonomía y el bajo o nulo apoyo social en el ambiente escolar; el componente 2 lo fue por la percepción de alta exigencia en las tareas, ambiente convulso, debido a la indisciplina de los alumnos y ruido intenso; y el componente 3 por la vivencia de violencia verbal o física ejecutada por alumnos. Los tres componentes presentaron mayor magnitud de asociación con las faltas de trabajo, ante el informe de estrés en la escuela (RPa = 3,87; IC95%: 2,93-5,10; p < 0,05/RPa = 3,18; IC95%: 2,47-4,09; p < 0,05/RPa = 3,31; IC95%: 2,58-4,25; p < 0,05, respectivamente) y por problemas emocionales (RPa = 2,28; IC95%: 1,93-2,70; p < 0,05/RPa = 2,43; IC95%: 2,05-2,87; p < 0,05/RPa = 2,09; IC95%: 1,78-2,45; p < 0,05, respectivamente). La identificación de estos componentes de riesgo evidenció la necesidad de cambios sistémicos en las escuelas de Educación Básica en el país.

Hypotheses, design, and instruments in the Educatel Study, Brazil, 2015/2016. / Hipóteses, delineamento e instrumentos do Estudo Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016.

The Educatel Study 2015/2016 was designed to evaluate health and work conditions in a representative sample of the 2,220,000 schoolteachers working in Basic Education in Brazil. The article aimed to describe the telephone survey's basis and design, using a questionnaire consisting of 54 short, simple questions, most of which with multiple-choice answers (closed questions) addressing diseases, accidents, absenteeism, frequency of healthy behaviors, physical and psychosocial environment, and employment characteristics. In the pilot stage, the multi-theme questionnaire was assessed in order to verify the effects of the terminology, the format of the questions and the multiple-choice answers, the questionnaire's internal organization, production of the answers, and duration of the interview. The interviewers' training and follow-up and listening of the calls in real time aimed to identify communications problems. The teachers were interviewed at school after prior contact with the school assistant to set appointments. The advantages and risks of biases related to the telephone interview modality should be considered to interpret the results. The results on the teachers' profile, illnesses, and school environment will provide inputs for elaborating inter-sector measures to improve the target group's health, which is related to Brazil's school system indicators based on the concepts presented here.

O Estudo Educatel 2015/2016 foi delineado para avaliar a saúde e as condições do trabalho realizado nas escolas, de uma amostra representativa dos 2.220.000 professores que atuavam na Educação Básica no Brasil. O objetivo do artigo foi descrever as bases e o delineamento da pesquisa telefônica, que utilizou questionário composto por 54 perguntas curtas e simples, a maioria composta de respostas preestabelecidas (questões fechadas), versando sobre morbidades, acidentes, absenteísmo, frequência dos comportamentos saudáveis, ambiente físico e psicossocial, e características do emprego. Na etapa piloto, o questionário multitemático foi avaliado a fim de verificar os efeitos da terminologia usada, o formato das questões e das alternativas de resposta, a organização interna das perguntas, a produção das respostas e a duração da entrevista. O treinamento dos entrevistadores, o acompanhamento e a escuta das chamadas em tempo real buscaram identificar problemas de comunicação. Os professores foram entrevistados na escola, após contato prévio com o assistente escolar para agendamento. Para interpretar os resultados, alerta-se sobre as vantagens e riscos de vieses relacionados à modalidade de entrevista por telefone. Os resultados sobre o perfil dos professores, adoecimento e ambiente escolar fornecerão insumos para a elaboração de ações intersetoriais para melhorar a saúde do grupo alvo que, de acordo com as concepções que foram aqui apresentadas, estaria relacionada aos indicadores educacionais brasileiros.

El Estudio Educatel 2015/2016 fue diseñado para evaluar la salud y las condiciones del trabajo realizado en las escuelas, de una muestra representativa de los 2.220.000 profesores que actuaban en la Educación Básica en Brasil. El objetivo del artículo fue describir las bases y el lineamiento de la encuesta telefónica, que utilizó un cuestionario compuesto por 54 preguntas cortas y simples, la mayoría compuesta de respuestas preestablecidas (cuestiones cerradas), que versaban sobre morbilidades, accidentes, absentismo, frecuencia de comportamientos saludables, ambiente físico y psicosocial, y características del empleo. En la etapa piloto, el cuestionario multitemático se evaluó a fin de verificar los efectos de la terminología usada, el formato de las cuestiones y de las alternativas de respuesta, la organización interna de las preguntas, la producción de las respuestas y la duración de la entrevista. El entrenamiento de los entrevistadores, el seguimiento y la escucha de las llamadas en tiempo real procuraron identificar problemas de comunicación. Los profesores fueron entrevistados en la escuela, tras un contacto previo con el asistente escolar para fijar citas. Con el fin de interpretar los resultados, se alerta sobre las ventajas y riesgos de sesgos relacionados con la modalidad de entrevista por teléfono. Los resultados sobre el perfil de los profesores, enfermedad y ambiente escolar proporcionarán insumos para la elaboración de acciones intersectoriales, con el objeto de mejorar la salud del grupo objetivo que, de acuerdo con las concepciones que fueron aquí presentadas, estaría relacionada con los indicadores educacionales brasileños.

Limitation of the use of voice in teaching and leisure-time physical activity: Educatel Study, Brazil, 2015/2016. / Limitação do uso da voz na docência e a prática de atividade física no lazer: Estudo Educatel, Brasil, 2015/2016.

The study sought to identify the prevalence of voice-related problems teaching basic education teachers and to analyze their association with the practice of physical activity. We used data from a phone survey of a representative sample (n = 6,510) of Educatel Study carried out between October 2015 and March 2016. The main data of this study were self-referred voice-related problems teaching, leisure-time physical activity (defined according to its intensity, duration and frequency) and potential confounding variables. The data was analyzed using Poisson regression models with robust variance. Around one fifth of teachers (20.5%) reported having had voice-related problems teaching, while approximately one third reported sufficient leisure-time physical activity (≥ 150 minutes/week) (37.8%). Both recommended physical activity volume and five or more days of physical activity per week (regardless of total volume) were inversely associated with voice-related problems teaching, both in bivariate models and in models adjusted for confounding variables (sex, age and working hours). Basic Education teachers have a high prevalence of voice-related problems teaching. Sufficient leisure-time physical activity and exercising five or more days a week are potential protective factors for reducing this problem.

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de problemas na docência por causa da voz entre os professores da educação básica, e analisar sua associação com a prática de atividade física. Foram utilizados dados de inquérito por entrevista telefônica junto à amostra representativa (n = 6.510) de professores do Estudo Educatel, entre outubro de 2015 e março de 2016. As informações de interesse central deste estudo compreendem o relato do professor de problemas na docência por causa da voz, a prática de atividade física no lazer (definida por sua intensidade, duração e frequência) e potenciais variáveis de confundimento. A análise dos dados foi estudada por meio de modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Cerca de um quinto dos professores (20,5%) relatou problemas na docência por causa da voz, enquanto aproximadamente um terço relatou a prática de atividade física suficiente no lazer (≥ 150 minutos/semana) (37,8%). Tanto a prática de volume recomendado de atividade física quanto a prática de atividade física em cinco ou mais dias por semana (independentemente do volume total) estiveram associadas de forma inversa a problemas na docência por causa da voz, tanto em modelos bivariados quanto naqueles ajustados por variáveis de confundimento (sexo, idade e jornada de trabalho). Professores da Educação Básica apresentam alta prevalência de problemas na docência por causa da voz. A prática suficiente de atividade física no lazer e a prática semanal por cinco ou mais dias despontam como fatores potenciais de proteção para a redução da prevalência deste problema.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de problemas en la docencia, debidos a la voz, entre profesores de educación básica y analizar su asociación con la práctica de actividad física. Se utilizaron datos de una encuesta por entrevista telefónica, junto a una muestra representativa (n = 6.510) de profesores de Estudio Educatel, entre octubre de 2015 y marzo de 2016. La información con mayor interés de este estudio incluye el relato de docentes con problemas en su profesión, debidos a la voz, la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo de ocio (definida por su intensidad, duración y frecuencia) y las potenciales variables de confusión. El análisis de los datos se estudió mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta. Cerca de un quinto de los profesores (20,5%) informó de problemas en la docencia, debidos a la voz, mientras aproximadamente un tercio informo sobre la práctica de actividad física suficiente durante el tiempo de ocio (≥ 150 minutos/semana) (37,8%). Tanto la práctica del volumen recomendado de actividad física, como la práctica de actividad física durante cinco o más días por semana (independiente del volumen total), se asociaron de forma inversa a problemas en la docencia debidos a la voz, tanto en modelos bivariados, como en aquellos ajustados por variables de confusión (sexo, edad y jornada de trabajo). Los profesores de Educación Básica presentan una alta prevalencia de problemas en la docencia debidos a la voz. La práctica suficiente de actividad física durante el ocio y la práctica semanal durante cinco o más días despuntan como factores potenciales de protección para la reducción de la prevalencia de este problema.

Cluster of risk and protective factors for obesity among Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify and analyze clusters formed by risk and protective factors for obesity among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional data collected in a national representative sample of adolescents by the Brazilian National School Health Survey of 2012 were used (n = 109,104). Cluster analysis was applied to identify clusters involving dietary intake, eating behavior, physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Logistic regression was employed to contextualize the clusters according to students' sociodemographics and schools' characteristics. RESULTS: Two clusters were identified. Cluster 1 was predominantly characterized by the low frequency of both risk and protective factors for obesity; Cluster 2 was characterized by high frequency of both of these factors. None was essentially healthy or unhealthy. Adolescents from less developed regions and with mothers with lower education level were associated to Cluster 1. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of two mixed clusters indicate wide spread obesity risk among scholars in the country. The association between the clusters and sociodemographic characteristics of the population allows a greater refinement of health promotion and obesity prevention and combat actions in Brazil.

Cuidado de enfermagem na atenção primária à saúde às crianças com microcefalia relacionada ao Zika vírus / Nursing care in primary health care for children with microcephaly related to Zika virus / Cuidados de enfermería en atención primaria a niños con microcefalia relacionada con el virus Zika

Introdução: A microcefalia é uma condição neurológica que se caracteriza por anormalidades no crescimento craniano e pode ser causada por vários fatores como a desnutrição, o uso de drogas, as infecções e mais recentemente pela contaminação pelo Zika Vírus. Apenas em 2015, o Ministério da Saúde (MS) estabeleceu pela primeira vez a possibilidade de relação entre as crianças portadoras de microcefalia e a infecção congênita pelo vírus Zika, sendo confirmada pelo Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), laboratório de referência nacional e internacional em ciências biológicas, meio ambiente e medicina tropical das arboviroses. Objetivo: analisar as ações realizadas pelas enfermeiras na assistência às crianças com microcefalia relacionada ao Zika Vírus na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com enfermeiras que assistiram crianças com microcefalia por Zika Vírus em cinco municípios do NRS SUL/Itabuna. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista semiestruturada, entre agosto e setembro de 2020. A análise do perfil biopsicossocial das enfermeiras foi realizada por estatística descritiva e as entrevistas foram processadas pela análise de conteúdo temática proposta por Bardin. Principais Resultados: Revelou-se que, as ações de acompanhamento realizadas pelas enfermeiras se restringiram à imunização e ao Programa de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento, demonstrando a importância de um olhar ampliado para as complicações/sequelas da Zika nas crianças assistidas. Conclusão: Identificou-se que, a assistência de enfermagem é restritiva, sendo necessária ações de educação permanente para estas profissionais qualificarem o cuidado às crianças com microcefalia por Zika Vírus.

Introduction: Microcephaly is a neurological condition that is characterized by abnormalities in head growth and can be caused by several factors such as malnutrition, drug use, infections and, more recently, contamination by the Zika Virus. Only in 2015, the Ministry of Health (MS) established for the first time the possibility of a relationship between children with microcephaly and congenital Zika virus infection, which was confirmed by the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), a national and international reference laboratory in biological sciences, environment and tropical medicine of arboviruses. Objective: to analyze the actions performed by nurses in the care of children with microcephaly related to the Zika Virus in Primary Health Care. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with nurses who assisted children with microcephaly due to Zika Virus in five municipalities of NRS SUL/Itabuna. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, between August and September 2020. The analysis of the nurses' biopsychosocial profile was performed using descriptive statistics and the interviews were processed using the thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin. Main Results: It was revealed that the follow-up actions carried out by the nurses were restricted to immunization and the Growth and Development Program, demonstrating the importance of an expanded look at the complications/sequelae of Zika in the assisted children. Conclusion: It was identified that nursing care is restrictive, requiring continuing education actions for these professionals to qualify the care of children with microcephaly due to the Zika Virus.

Introducción: La microcefalia es una condición neurológica que se caracteriza por anomalías en el crecimiento de la cabeza y puede ser causada por varios factores como la desnutrición, el consumo de drogas, infecciones y, más recientemente, la contaminación por el Virus Zika. Sólo en 2015, el Ministerio de Salud (MS) estableció por primera vez la posibilidad de relación entre niños con microcefalia e infección congénita por el virus Zika, lo que fue confirmado por el Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), laboratorio de referencia nacional e internacional en ciencias biológicas, medio ambiente y medicina tropical de arbovirus. Objetivo: analizar las acciones realizadas por enfermeros en la atención de niños con microcefalia relacionada al virus Zika en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con enfermeros que atendieron niños con microcefalia por Virus Zika en cinco municipios de NRS SUL/Itabuna. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, entre agosto y septiembre de 2020. El análisis del perfil biopsicosocial de las enfermeras se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y las entrevistas se procesaron mediante el análisis de contenido temático propuesto por Bardin. Principales resultados: Se reveló que las acciones de seguimiento realizadas por las enfermeras se restringían a la inmunización y al Programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo, demostrando la importancia de una mirada ampliada a las complicaciones/secuelas del Zika en los niños asistidos. Conclusiones: Se identificó que los cuidados de enfermería son restrictivos, requiriendo acciones de educación continuada para que estos profesionales cualifiquen el cuidado de los niños con microcefalia debido al Virus Zika.

Dietary patterns, sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics among Brazilian adolescents. / Padrões alimentares, características sociodemográficas e comportamentais entre adolescentes brasileiros.

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate dietary patterns in childhood and adolescence are a major risk factor for the early onset of obesity and other chronic diseases. OBJECTIVES: To identify and to analyze dietary patterns among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey (PeNSE) of 2015 were used (n = 10,926 adolescents). The identification and analyses of dietary patterns were calculated using principal component analysis and linear regression, respectively. RESULTS: Two dietary patterns were identified. The first one was characterized by the presence of markers of unhealthy eating, and the second one by markers of healthy eating. The adherence to the unhealthy pattern was positively associated with female adolescents, which mothers had completed, at least, the elementary school, residents in developed regions and urban areas, as well as those students who usually chose to skip breakfast, to not have meals with their parents/guardians, and who usually had meals while watching TV/studying, and at fast food restaurants. DISCUSSION: Analyses of the consumption of isolated food groups, which do not consider the diet in all its complexity, have been insufficient in explaining the main outcomes of the public health nutrition area. CONCLUSION: Our findings contributed to the identification of the most vulnerable population groups to unhealthy dietary patterns and to the understanding of the coexistence of different food habit determinants among adolescents.

INTRODUçÃO: Padrões inadequados de alimentação na infância e na adolescência são um dos principais fatores de risco para o aparecimento precoce da obesidade e de outras doenças crônicas. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e analisar os padrões alimentares entre os adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015 (n = 10.926 adolescentes). A identificação e a análise dos padrões alimentares foram realizadas por meio da análise de componentes principais e pela regressão linear, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Dois padrões foram identificados: o primeiro, caracterizado por marcadores de uma alimentação não saudável; e o segundo, por marcadores de uma alimentação saudável. A adesão ao padrão não saudável esteve positivamente associada aos adolescentes do sexo feminino, que possuem mães com, ao menos, ensino fundamental completo, que residem em regiões mais desenvolvidas e em área urbana, bem como entre aqueles que possuem o hábito de não tomar café da manhã, não realizar as refeições com os pais/responsáveis, se alimentar enquanto estuda ou assiste TV e frequentar restaurantes fast-food. DISCUSSÃO: Análises do consumo de grupos alimentares isolados, que não consideram a dieta em toda a sua complexidade, têm se mostrado insuficientes na explicação dos principais desfechos da área de nutrição em saúde pública. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados contribuíram para a identificação de grupos populacionais mais vulneráveis ao padrão alimentar não saudável e para a compreensão da coexistência de diferentes determinantes ao hábito alimentar entre os adolescentes.

[Analysis of TV food advertising in the context of recommendations by the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population]. / Análise da publicidade televisiva de alimentos no contexto das recomendações do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira.

This study aimed to analyze TV food advertising in Brazil based on the recommendations of the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population, 2014. Programming from the four most popular TV channels was recorded on two non-consecutive days in January 2014. The commercials were categorized in (i) foods and beverages, (ii) restaurants, and (iii) non-food services, goods, and products, with those in the first category subdivided according to recommendations in the food guide. The commercials' categories were described by means of their frequency (and 95% confidence interval), for all the records and according to the day of the week. Of the 2,732 commercials that were identified, food and beverage advertising was the third largest category, with 10.2% of the total. In this category, ultra-processed foods accounted for 60.7% of the commercials, while fresh or minimally processed foods at around 7%. The findings run counter to the guide's recommendations, reinforcing the importance of measures to regulate food advertising in Brazil.

[Watching TV and eating habits: the results from 2006 to 2014 in Brazilian state capitals]. / Hábito de assistir à televisão e sua relação com a alimentação: resultados do período de 2006 a 2014 em capitais brasileiras.

The objectives were to analyze trends in TV watching in Brazil and to identify the association between this habit and food consumption in the Brazilian adult population from 2006 to 2014. Data were obtained from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Illnesses Using a Telephone Survey (VIGITEL) for the years 2006 to 2014. The daily habit of watching TV and consumption of fruits, vegetables, beans, meat, milk, sodas, and/or sweetened beverages were analyzed over the period, and their association was investigated using regression models. The proportion of adults that reported watching more than three hours of TV per day did not vary significantly over the years, but these individuals showed declining consumption of healthy foods and increasing consumption of unhealthy foods. This situation was observed in both sexes and in all age and schooling brackets. The habit of watching TV is associated with unhealthy eating.

[Food prices in Brazil: prefer cooking to ultra-processed foods]. / Preço dos alimentos no Brasil: prefira preparações culinárias a alimentos ultraprocessados.

This study aims to describe the prices of food groups consumed in Brazil considering the nature, extent, and purpose of their processing. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey for 2008-2009. The mean prices of the groups (natural, cooking ingredients, processed, and ultra-processed) and their respective food subgroups were estimated for Brazil according to income, region, and area. Natural products and cooking ingredients showed lower prices per calorie when compared to the other groups, suggesting an economic advantage to preparing meals at home when compared to replacing them with ultra-processed foods. Families with the highest income paid the highest prices for their food, while families in the Northeast and North regions and rural areas paid the lowest. While fresh foods (meat, milk, fruit, and vegetables) tend to cost more than ultra-processed foods, dry grains (like rice and beans) are a more economical alternative for adopting healthy eating practices.

COVID-19: estudo de protocolos de proteção individual para profissionais da saúde / COVID-19: a study of personal protection protocols for health workers

Resumo Objetivo: realizar comparação interpaíses e entre estados brasileiros quanto ao conteúdo dos protocolos de proteção para profissionais de saúde que atuam na assistência aos doentes da COVID-19 e desenvolver análise crítica ao modelo de prevenção que adota indicação e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) como resposta única a um problema de caráter multidimensional. Métodos: estudo exploratório com base em revisões disponíveis na biblioteca Cochrane, articuladas com a análise dos protocolos nacionais de Argentina, Brasil, China e Estados Unidos da América e as normas previstas nos estados do Amazonas, Bahia, Minas Gerais e São Paulo, todos selecionados por critérios de conveniência. Resultados: observou-se dissensos quanto aos tipos de proteção recomendados. Somente na China eram indicados respiradores de alta eficiência de filtragem, além de modelos para o rosto inteiro nos casos de procedimentos invasivos. O reuso de equipamentos não é indicado, mas estava autorizado no protocolo brasileiro. Quanto aos dispositivos de vestuário, também não há convergência. Conclusão: os resultados reforçam a necessidade de revisão dos protocolos de proteção dos profissionais da saúde que atuam no enfrentamento da Covid-19. Ações em busca de debate institucional, interpaíses e interestaduais sobre modelos de prevenção são essenciais para alcançar consistência nas recomendações.

Abstract Objective: to make a comparison between countries and between Brazilian states regarding the contents of protection protocols for COVID-19 healthcare workers and to undertake a critical analysis of the prevention model that adopts the recommendation and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as the only response to a multidimensional problem. Methods: exploratory study based on revisions available at the Cochrane Library, articulated with the analysis of the national protocols of Argentina, Brazil, China, and the United States of America and those of the states of Amazonas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo, all selected by convenience criteria. Results: there were differences between the recommended types of protection. Only China recommended high filtration efficiency respirators as well equipment covering the whole face for invasive procedures. Reusing the equipment is not recommended, but it was authorized in the Brazilian protocol. There was also no convergency about clothing devices. Conclusion: the results reinforce the need for revision of the protocols for the protection of health workers dealing with the COVID-19. Actions to promote institutional, inter-country and interstate debate on prevention models are essential for achieving consistency in the recommendations.

Replacing ultra-processed foods with fresh foods to meet the dietary recomendations: a matter of cost? / ¿Reemplazar comidas ultraprocesadas por comida fresca para cumplir con las recomendaciones dietéticas: una cuestión de coste? / Substituir alimentos ultraprocessados por alimentos frescos para atender as recomendações alimentares: uma questão de custo?

The study aimed to analyze the economic impact of the adoption of optimized and nutritionally balanced diets to Brazilian families, considering the Brazilian dietary guidelines and the economic disparities of the population. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey from 2008-2009 (550 strata; 55,970 households) were used. About 1,700 foods and beverages purchased by the Brazilians were classified into 4 groups according to NOVA system. Linear programming models estimated isoenergetic diets preserving the current diet as baseline and optimizing healthier diets gradually based on the "golden rule" of the Brazilian dietary guidelines, respecting nutritional restrictions for macronutrients and micronutrients (based on international recommendations) and food acceptance limits (10th and 90th percentiles of the per capita calorie distribution from the population). The diet cost was defined based on the sum of the average cost of each food group, both in the current and optimized diets (BRL per 2,000Kcal/person/day). The economic impact of the Brazilian dietary guidelines to Brazilian household budget was analyzed by comparison the cost of the optimized diets to the cost of the current diet, calculated for the total population and by income level. Three healthier diets were optimized. Current diet cost was BRL 3.37, differed among low- and high-income strata (BRL 2.62 and BRL 4.17, respectively). Regardless of income, diet cost decreased when approaching the guidelines. However, low-income strata compromised their household budget more than two times the high-income strata (20.2% and 7.96%, respectively). Thus, the adoption of healthier eating practices can be performed with the same or lower budget.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el impacto económico de la adopción de dietas optimizadas y nutricionalmente equilibradas en familias brasileñas, considerando las guías alimentarias y las disparidades económicas de la población. Los datos se recopilaron de la Encuesta de Presupuestos por Hogares desde 2008-2009 (550 estratos; 55 970 hogares). Se clasificaron alrededor de 1.700 comidas y bebidas, adquiridas por brasileños en 4 grupos, según el sistema NOVA. Los modelos de programación lineal estimaron dietas isoenergéticas, preservando la dieta actual como base de referencia, y optimizando las dietas más sanas gradualmente, basadas en la "regla de oro" de las guías alimentarias, respecto a restricciones nutricionales en macronutrientes y micronutrientes (basadas en recomendaciones internacionales), y los límites de aceptación alimentarios (10o y 90o percentiles de la distribución calórica per cápita de la población). El coste de la dieta se definió basado en el total del coste medio de cada grupo de comida, ambos en las dietas actual y optimizada (BRL por 2.000Kcal/persona/día). El impacto económico de las guías alimentarias para el presupuesto por hogar se analizó mediante comparación del coste de dietas optimizadas con el coste de la dieta actual, calculado para el total de población y por nivel de ingresos. Se optimizaron las tres dietas más saludables. El coste de la dieta actual fue BRL 3,37, diferenciando los estratos entre bajo- y altos-ingresos (BRL 2,62 y BRL 4,17, respectivamente). A pesar del ingreso, el coste de la dieta decreció cuando se aproximaba a las recomendaciones de las guías. No obstante, los estratos de bajos ingresos comprometieron su presupuesto doméstico más de dos veces, respecto a los estratos de ingresos más altos (20,2% y 7,96%, respectivamente). Por ello, la adopción de prácticas alimentarias más sanas se puede conseguir con el mismo presupuesto o incluso más bajo.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o impacto econômico da adoção de dietas otimizadas e nutricionalmente balanceadas para famílias brasileiras, considerando as diretrizes alimentares para a população brasileira e as disparidades econômicas da população. Foram usados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009 (550 estratos; 55.970 domicílios). Cerca de 1,7 mil alimentos e bebidas adquiridos pelos brasileiros foram classificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o sistema NOVA. Modelos de programação linear estimaram dietas isoenergéticas preservando a dieta atual como linha de base e otimizando dietas mais saudáveis gradativamente com base na "regra de ouro" das diretrizes alimentares, respeitando restrições nutricionais para macronutrientes e micronutrientes (com base em recomendações internacionais) e limites de aceitação alimentar (10º e 90º percentis da distribuição de calorias per capita da população). O custo da dieta foi definido a partir da soma do custo médio de cada grupo de alimentos, tanto na dieta atual quanto na otimizada (R$ por 2.000Kcal/pessoa/dia). O impacto econômico das diretrizes alimentares para o orçamento familiar brasileiro foi analisado comparando-se o custo das dietas otimizadas com o custo da dieta atual, calculado para a população total e por nível de renda. Três dietas mais saudáveis foram otimizadas. O custo da dieta atual era de R$ 3,37, diferindo entre os estratos de baixa e alta renda (R$ 2,62 vs. R$ 4,17). Independentemente da renda, o custo da dieta diminuiu com a abordagem das diretrizes. No entanto, os estratos de baixa renda comprometeram seu orçamento familiar mais de duas vezes que os estratos de alta renda (20,20% vs. 7,96%). Assim, a adoção de práticas alimentares mais saudáveis pode ser realizada com orçamento igual ou inferior.