An exploratory randomised controlled trial evaluating text prompts in Lebanon to encourage health-seeking behaviour for hypertension.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an opportunistic mobile screening on the percentage of people who are aware of whether they may be hypertensive (in an observational study) and the effectiveness of reminder prompts on the percentage of people who seek further medical attention (in a randomised controlled trial). METHODS USED TO CONDUCT THE STUDY: The screening of 1227 participants (529 female) was conducted during the registration period of the 2018 Beirut International Marathon in Lebanon. Next, 266 participants whose screening indicated hypertension (64 Female) were randomly allocated to a treatment group or a control group in a 1:1 fashion. The treatment group received a reminder prompt to seek further medical attention for their potential hypertension and the control group did not. The overt nature of the text message meant that participants in the treatment group could not be blinded to their group allocation. The primary outcome is participants' self-reports of whether they sought further medical attention. RESULTS OF THE STUDY: For the opportunistic screening, a 25% prevalence rate and a 24% awareness rate of hypertension was indicated. A McNemar analysis suggested that the screening increased participant awareness (X2 (N = 1227) = 72.16, P < .001). For the randomised controlled trial, 219 participants provided follow-up data via a phone call (82% retention). A Chi-squared analysis suggested that the reminder prompt successfully encouraged more participants to seek further medical attention, 45.5% treatment group vs 28.0% control group (X2 (1, N = 219) = 7.19, P = .007, φ = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS DRAWN AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Extra support in the form of a brief reminder message can increase the percentage of people who seek further medical attention after attending an opportunistic screening at a marathon event. The discussion reviews how the results align with previous research, strengths and limitations of the current study, and implications for future research and practice.

Effect of postnatal exposure to caffeine on the pattern of adenosine A1 receptor distribution in respiration-related nuclei of the rat brainstem.

Caffeine, which belongs to the methylxantine family of compounds, is commonly ingested in a range of beverages such as coffee, tea, and cola drinks. It is also used therapeutically and is frequently employed in the treatment of respiratory disturbances in human neonates. The aim of the present work has been to examine the ontogeny of the adenosine A1 receptor system in the brainstem of the newborn rat following postnatal treatment with caffeine to mimic the therapeutic administration of caffeine to premature human infants. The effect of this postnatal exposure to caffeine on the gradual appearance of adenosine A1 receptors was analysed by determining immunohistochemically the distribution of the receptors. The main difference between control animals and animals exposed to caffeine was the transient increase (only at postnatal day 6) in the number of immunopositive neurons in two brainstem areas, the ventrolateral medulla and the rostral dorsolateral pons, in caffeine-treated rat pups, or more specifically, the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nuclei, both of which are classically associated with respiratory control. With previous research highlighting the important role played by the rostral pons in respiratory modulation by the adenosine A1 receptor system, it is thus possible that postnatal exposure to caffeine modulates the ontogeny of the adenosine A1 receptor network. This could imply that the role of caffeine to decrease the incidence of neonatal respiratory disturbances may be due to the earlier than normal development of the adenosinergic system in the brain.

Involvement of adenosinergic A1 systems in the occurrence of respiratory perturbations encountered in newborns following an in utero caffeine exposure. a study on brainstem-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats.

Involvement of adenosinergic A1 systems in the occurrence of respiratory perturbations encountered in newborns following an in utero caffeine exposure has been investigated on pontomedullary-spinal cord, caudal pons-medullary-spinal cord and medullary-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats. According to the drinking fluid of dams (tap water or 0.02% caffeine), two groups of preparations were distinguished, no-caffeine and caffeine. In the no-caffeine group, adenosine A1 receptor activation induces a decrease in respiratory frequency (Rf) in caudal pons-medullary-spinal cord and medullary-spinal cord preparations whereas, in presence of the rostral pons, an increase is observed. A parallel Fos detection indicates that this discrepancy may be due to the excitatory action of the medial parabrachial nucleus at the rostral pontine level that surpasses inhibitory influence of the adenosine A1 receptor activation at the medullary level particularly in the ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the medulla. In caffeine group, an increase in the baseline Rf in presence of the pons and no change in medullary-spinal cord preparations have been observed. Depending on Fos detection, we assume that the medial parabrachial nucleus is the main region involved in the exaggeration of Rf. Moreover, adenosine A1 receptor activation was modified by in utero caffeine exposure with an overcharge of the Rf increase in pontomedullary-spinal cord preparations and an exaggeration of the Rf decrease in medullary-spinal cord preparations. Based on Fos detection, we link the overcharge in Rf of pontomedullary spinal cord preparations to an increase in the medial parabrachial nucleus neuronal activity. Similarly, exaggeration of Rf decrease observed without the pons is linked with a decrease in activity of the ventrolateral reticular neurons. This study brings evidence for the involvement of adenosinergic A1 systems in the occurrence of respiratory perturbations in newborns following in utero caffeine exposure and the importance of rostral pons in the adenosinergic A1 modulation of the respiratory control.

Can audiometric results predict qualitative hearing improvements in bone-anchored hearing aid recipients?

INTRODUCTION: Patients receiving a bone-anchored hearing aid have well-documented improvements in their quality of life and audiometric performance. However, the relationship between audiometric measurements and subjective improvement is not well understood. METHODS: Adult patients enrolled in the Nova Scotia bone-anchored hearing aid programme were identified. The pure tone average for fitting the sound-field threshold, as well as the better and worse hearing ear bone conduction and air conduction levels, were collected pre-operatively. Recipients were asked to complete the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing questionnaire; their partners were asked to complete a pre- and post-bone anchored hearing aid fitting Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults questionnaire. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients who completed and returned the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing questionnaire had partners who completed the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults questionnaire. The results from the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing questionnaire correlated with the sound-field hearing threshold post-bone-anchored hearing aid fitting and the pure tone average of the better hearing ear bone conduction (total Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale to the pre-operative better hearing ear air curve (r = 0.3); worse hearing ear air curve (r = 0.27); post-operative, bone-anchored hearing aid-aided sound-field thresholds (r = 0.35)). An improvement in sound-field threshold correlated only with spatial abilities. In the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults questionnaire, there was no correlation between the subjective evaluation of each patient and their partner. CONCLUSION: The subjective impressions of hearing aid recipients with regards to speech reception and the spatial qualities of hearing correlate well with pre-operative audiometric results. However, the overall magnitude of sound-field improvement predicts an improvement of spatial perception, but not other aspects of hearing, resulting in hearing aid recipients having strongly disparate subjective impressions when compared to those of their partners.

Accuracy of flexible versus rigid laryngoscopic photo-documentation in the diagnosis of early glottic cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the image quality provided by rigid laryngoscopes versus flexible distal-chip laryngoscopes when documenting the same laryngeal pathology. METHODS: This paper reports a prospective single-blind study. Ten early stage glottic cancer cases were selected. Photographs of the pathologies were taken using both rigid and flexible distal-chip laryngoscopes (a total of 20 photographs). Nineteen clinicians were asked to review the laryngoscopic photographs; the clinicians were provided with a worksheet, which included questions regarding the clinical description, photograph quality and overall satisfaction with the images obtained. Clinicians' responses to the worksheet questions were then analysed. RESULTS: The overall accuracy rate for lesion sidedness, anatomical sub-site involvement, anterior commissure involvement and tumour staging were 94.7 per cent, 46.6 per cent, 53.7 per cent and 47.1 per cent respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of the accuracy rates, photograph quality or overall satisfaction with the photographs obtained by either modality. CONCLUSION: There were no statistically significant differences demonstrated in overall clinical accuracy or perceived image quality between the use of the rigid or flexible endoscopes when interpreting images of early glottic cancer.

The kreisler mutation leads to the loss of intrinsically hypoxia-activated spots in the region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group.

Acute hypoxia elicits a biphasic respiratory response characterized in the newborn by a transient hyperventilation followed by a severe decrease in respiratory drive known as hypoxic respiratory depression. Medullary O(2) chemosensitivity is known to contribute to respiratory depression induced by hypoxia, although precise involvement of cell populations remains to be determined. Having a thorough knowledge of these populations is of relevance because perturbations in the respiratory response to hypoxia may participate in respiratory diseases in newborns. We aimed to analyze the hypoxic response of ponto-medullary cell populations of kreisler mutant mice. These mice have defects in a gene expressed in two rhombomeres encompassing a part of the medulla oblongata implicated in hypoxic respiratory depression. Central responses to hypoxia were analyzed in newborn mice by measuring respiratory rhythm in ex vivo caudal pons-medullary-spinal cord preparations and c-fos expression in wild-type and kreisler mutants. The homozygous kreisler mutation, which eliminates most of rhombomere 5 and mis-specifies rhombomere 6, abolished (1) an early decrease in respiratory frequency within 10 min of hypoxia and (2) an intrinsic hypoxic activation, which is characterized by an increase in c-fos expression in the region of the ventral medullary surface encompassing the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group expressing Phox2b. This increase in c-fos expression persisted in wild-type Phox2b-negative and Phox2b-positive cells after blockade of synaptic transmission and rhythmogenesis by a low [Ca(2+)](0). Another central response was retained in homozygous kreisler mutant mice; it was distinguished by (1) a delayed (10-30 min) depression of respiratory frequency and (2) a downregulation of c-fos expression in the ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the medulla, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the area of the A5 region. Thus, two types of ponto-medullary cell groups, with distinct anatomical locations, participate in central hypoxic respiratory depression in newborns.