Reasons and riddance of Agrobacterium tumefaciens overgrowth in plant transformation.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation has become routine work across the world to study gene function and the production of genetically modified plants. However, several issues hamper the transformation process in a profound way, both directly and indirectly. One of the major concerns is the overgrowth of Agrobacterium, which occasionally appears after the co-cultivation phase of the explant. This phenomenon is reported in several species and seems to spoil the whole transformation process. There are multiple approaches being employed to counter this unwanted growth of bacteria in a few plant species. In reality, once the overgrowth appears, it becomes nearly impossible to cure it. Hence, for the prevention of this phenomenon, numerous factors are regulated. These factors are: explant nature, A. tumefaciens strain, T-DNA vector, co-cultivation (time and condition), acetosyringone, washing medium, antibiotics (type, concentration, combination, incubation period), etc. In this article, we discuss these factors based on available reports. It can be of immense help in formulating viable strategies to control A. tumefaciens overgrowth.

Developments in biotechnological tools and techniques for production of reserpine.

In the quest for novel medications, researchers have kept on studying nature to unearth beneficial plant species with medicinal qualities that may cure various diseases and disorders. These medicinal plants produce different bioactive secondary metabolites with immense therapeutic importance. One such valuable secondary metabolite, reserpine (C33H40N2O9), has been used for centuries to cure various ailments like hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, breast cancer, and human promyelocytic leukaemia. Rauvolfia spp. (family Apocynaceae) is an essential reservoir of this reserpine. The current review thoroughly covers different non-conventional or in vitro-mediated biotechnological methods adopted for pilot-scale as well as large-scale production of reserpine from Rauvolfia spp., including techniques like multiple shoot culture, callus culture, cell suspension culture, precursor feeding, elicitation, synthetic seed production, scale-up via bioreactor, and hairy root culture. This review further analyses the unexplored and cutting-edge biotechnological tools and techniques to alleviate reserpine production. KEY POINTS: • Reserpine, a vital indole alkaloid from Rauvolfia spp., has been used for centuries to cure several ailments. • Overview of biosynthetic pathways and biotechnological applications for enhanced production of reserpine. • Probes the research gaps and proposes novel alternative techniques to meet the pharmaceutical industry's need for reserpine while reducing the over-exploitation of natural resources.

Coleus forskohlii: advancements and prospects of in vitro biotechnology.

Coleus forskohlii syn. Plectranthus barbatus is a popular medicinal plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae and order Lamiales. The leaf and root extracts can be utilized for the treatment of various ailments like bronchitis, asthma, hay fever, angina and abdominal disorders. The major metabolite that is found exclusively in the cork cells of the root in C. forskohlii is forskolin, which is used commercially for the treatment of glaucoma, asthma and several heart ailments. The essential oil extracted from the tubers of the plant also exhibits anti-microbial properties. The present review recounts the existing reports on biotechnological approaches like direct, indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis for mass propagation of plantlets; the amelioration of forskolin production through cell suspension and genetic transformation as well as slow growth storage for germplasm conservation. Additionally, the unexplored arenas and the prospective novel approaches are also addressed in this review that can be utilized in designing new experiments in near future on this plant.

Skill of frontline workers implementing integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness: experience from a district of West Bengal, India.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Purulia district, West Bengal, India, to assess the skill of 155 frontline workers implementing Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) and the logistic support thereof. The skills of counting respiratory rate, assessing immunization status in both age groups, assessment of breastfeeding in young infants and plotting of weight in a growth chart in case of children aged 2-59 months were acquired by majority of workers. Around two-thirds workers synthesized correct classification and nearly 60% gave appropriate management of at least one subgroup. In 30-40% cases, carers received feeding advices. Around 50% casesheets were complete and timely report submission rate was nearly 70%. Necessary equipments were available with majority of workers except the utensils for preparation of ORS. The supply of essential drugs varied from 33.5 to 71.6%. These findings suggest that IMNCI program offered a scope for capacity-building and infrastructure strengthening of the health system.

Infant- and young child-feeding practices in Bankura district, West Bengal, India.

A community-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during June-July 2008 to assess the infant- and young child-feeding (IYCF) practices in Bankura district, West Bengal, India. In total, 647 children aged less than two years selected through revised 40-cluster sampling using the indicators of the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) and World Health Organization. The proportions of infants with early initiation of breastfeeding (13.6%) and exclusive breastfeeding under six months (57.1%) and infants who received complementary feeding at the age of 6-8 months (55.7%) were low. Appropriate feeding as per the IMNCI protocol was significantly less among infants aged 6-11 months (15.2%) and children aged 12-23 months (8.7%) compared to infants aged less than six months (57.1%), which could be attributable to low frequency and amount of complementary feeding. The main problems revealed from the study were late initiation of breastfeeding, low rates of exclusive breastfeeding, and inappropriate complementary feeding practices.

A Nationwide, Multicentric Case-Control Study on Vitiligo (MEDEC-V) to Elicit the Magnitude and Correlates.

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an acquired, idiopathic, and common depigmentation disorder. The values of various epidemiologic parameters are often doubtful due to the methodological weaknesses of the studies. AIMS: To elicit the magnitude of various epidemiological parameters and important correlates of vitiligo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Every vitiligo patient attending the outpatient department of medical colleges spread over most of the Indian states were examined over a period of 1 year. Various epidemiological and clinical variables were examined and compared with age and sex-matched controls (registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2017/06/008854). RESULTS: A total of 4,43,275 patients were assessed in 30 medical colleges from 21 Indian states. Institutional prevalence of vitiligo was 0.89% (0.86% in males and 0.93% in females, P < 0.001). The mean age at presentation and mean age at onset were 30.12 ± 17.97 years and 25.14 ± 7.48 years, respectively. Head-neck was the most common primary site (n = 1648, 41.6%) and most commonly affected site (n = 2186, 55.17%). Most cases had nonsegmental vitiligo (n = 2690, 67.89%). The disease started before 20 years of age in more than 46% of cases. About 77% of all cases had signs of instability during the last 1 year. The family history, consanguinity, hypothyroid disorders, and depressed mood were significantly (P < 0.001) higher among the cases. First, second, and third-degree family members were affected in 269 (60.04%), 111 (24.78%), and 68 (15.18%) cases, respectively. Work-related exposure to chemicals was significantly higher among cases (P < 0.008). Obesity was less common among vitiligo cases [P < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.86]. CONCLUSION: This is one of the largest studies done on vitiligo in India. The prevalence of vitiligo was found to be 0.89% among hospital attendees. Prevalence of vitiligo was higher among females than in males and prevalence of family history, consanguinity, hypothyroid disorders were higher in vitiligo than among controls.

High incidence of citrus tristeza virus in mandarin (Citrus reticulata) in North-East states of India.

Khasi mandarin is one of the most remunerative crop in North Eastern Hills region of India playing a very critical role in the socio-economic upliftment of the people. The orchards of this region were found to express the typical symptoms of citrus tristeza virus (CTV). An extensive survey of the Khasi mandarin orchard for six North Eastern states of India namely Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura, was carried out to establish the identity of these viruses using ELISA and PCR/RT-PCR techniques. Out of 300 Khasi mandarin tree samples collected from the six states, 172 were found to be positive for CTV infection by DAS-ELISA indicating 57.33% overall CTV disease incidence. Results revealed presence of CTV in all the surveyed states showing a maximum incidence of 66.00% in Arunachal Pradesh followed by 62.00% in Assam, 60.00% in Meghalaya and Nagaland, 54.00% in Sikkim and 42.33% in Tripura. Higher CTV concentration was recorded in the age group > 15 years (69.09%) followed by 10-15 (57%) and 5-10 years (43.33%). However, this study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report for the detection of CTV in Khasi mandarin from Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Tripura and also the first authentic survey of overall disease incidence of CTV Khasi mandarins from the six major mandarin growing North Eastern states of India.

In vitro accelerated mass propagation and ex vitro evaluation of Aloe vera L. with aloin content and superoxide dismutase activity.

An innovative protocol on accelerated in vitro propagation and acclimatisation was developed in Aloe vera L. Culture was initiated with rhizomatous stem where Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 0.5 mg L(-1) α-naphthalene acetic acid and 1.5 mg L(-1) N(6)-benzylaminopurine (BAP) promoted earliest shoot induction. Maximum shoot multiplication was achieved in MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L(-1)BAP. The best in vitro rooting was observed in the MS medium with 0.5 mg L(-1) indole-3-acetic acid plus 2 g L(-1) activated charcoal. The simple acclimatisation process, primarily with a combination of sand and soil (1 : 1 v/v) and finally with a blend of sand, soil and farm yard manure (2 : 1 : 1 v/v), ensured a 98% survival rate. Overall, 192 true-to-type plantlets were achieved from a single explant within 85 days. Morphologically, in vitro generated plants performed better than conventionally propagated plants; nevertheless the similarity in aloin content, gel content and superoxide dismutase activity was corroborated.

The Keith Edward scoring system: A case control study.

OBJECTIVE: The World health organization (WHO) has accepted Keith Edward scoring system for the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis (TB). In the present study, we evaluated this scoring system. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 53 children with confirmed TB involving different organs, admitted in NB Medical College, during two years period as cases; and 50 randomly selected, age, sex, and organ matched confirmed non-TB cases as controls. We noticed 15.1% false negative and 22% false positive results in our study, and the scoring system had 84.9% sensitivity, 78% specificity, and 80.36% positive predictive value. Likelihood ratio positive (LR+) was 3.86, likelihood ratio negative (LR-) was 0.19, and overall agreement was 81.55%. We observed that Keith Edward scoring system was less effective in children suffering from non-TB chronic diseases (false positive rate: 45.5%). We found no significant difference in nutritional status between study and control groups (P = 0.65). We noticed that more than 15-mm indurations for tuberculin test were specific for TB in children. CONCLUSION: We concluded that Keith Edward scoring system is good for public health purpose, but there is a scope for improvement, and further study is required for this purpose.