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In recent years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) have gained recognition as versatile molecules capable of acting as organocatalysts in various reactions, particularly through the activation of aldehydes via Breslow-type adducts. This organocatalytic activation has enabled the production of numerous 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones and related derivatives. In this review, we provide an overview of the production of 3,4-dihydropyran-2-ones and derivatives via organocatalytic processes involving NHCs over the past eight years. These processes involve the use of a diverse range of substrates, catalysts, and reaction conditions, which can be classified into [4+2]-and [3+3]-type cycloadditions, primarily aimed at synthesizing this skeleton due to its biological activity and multiple stereocenters. These processes are scaled up to the gram scale, and the resulting products are often directed towards epimerization and functionalization to produce more complex molecules with potential applications in the biological field. Finally, we provide a perspective and the future directions of this topic in organic synthesis.
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INTRODUCTION: The small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) has revolutionised the study of small bowel diseases. The objective of this study is to determine the indications, findings and diagnostic yield of SBCE in a national registry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, analytical cross-sectional study was carried out, analysing the SBCE records at seven centres in the country, where different variables were collected. RESULTS: 1,883 SBCEs were evaluated. The average age was 55.4 years (5.6-94.2). The most frequent indications were suspicion of small bowel bleeding (SBB) (64.4%), study of Crohn's disease (15.2%) and chronic diarrhoea (11.2%). 54.3% were prepared with laxatives. The most frequent lesions found were erosions/ulcers (31.6%), angioectasias (25.7%) and parasitosis (2.7%). The diagnostic yield (P1+P2, Saurin classification) of SBCE in SBB was 60.6%, being higher in overt SBB (66.0%) compared to occult SBB (56.0%) (P=.003). The studies with better preparation showed higher detection of lesions (93.8% vs. 89.4%) (OR=1.8, CI: 95%: 1.2-2.6; P=.004). The SBCE complication rate was 3.1%, with complete SB visualisation at 96.6% and SB retention rate of 0.7%. 81.5% of SBCEs were performed on an outpatient basis, and presented a greater complete SB visualisation than hospital ones (97.1% vs. 94.3%) (OR=2.1, CI: 95%, 1.2-3.5; P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: The indications, findings and diagnostic performance of SBCEs in Colombia are similar to those reported in the literature, with a high percentage of complete studies and a low rate of complications.
Assuntos
Endoscopia por Cápsula , Enteropatias/patologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The coexistence of pregnancy and liver disease represents a complex clinical situation. Pregnancy develops hypervolemic state due to increased splachnic blood flow, which contributes to increased portal pressure transmitted to collateral veins that increase the risk of variceal bleeding in these patients. We report the case of a 39 years old patient in the sixth pregnancy and without any previous medical history that presented pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension, and thanks to appropriate multidisciplinary management had an uncomplicated delivery. We review the literature relevant to the case.
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Hipertensão Portal , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão Portal/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Portal/terapia , Gravidez , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/terapiaRESUMO
A 38 years old man with 48 hours of gastrointestinal bleeding was admitted to the hospital. The EGD revealed red-purple nodules in the gastric antrum. Histopathologically, there were spindle cells and capillary size vascular proliferation. These findings were consistent with Kaposi sarcoma of the stomach. Immediately after, the patient had a positive test for HIV.
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Infecções por HIV/complicações , Sarcoma de Kaposi/etiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiologia , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Sarcoma de Kaposi/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologiaRESUMO
Introducción: la infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (HCV sus siglas en inglés) es un problema de salud pública en el mundo y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) calcula en más de 180 millones las personas infectadas. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la prevalencia de anti-HCV en pacientes con alto riesgo de infección mediante una prueba rápida con sangre capilar, y la confirmación de la infección por la prueba de PCR en tiempo real. Método: se incluyeron pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de gastroenterología del Hospital Universitario de La Samaritana de Bogotá D.C, principal centro de referencia del departamento de Cundinamarca y que atiende pacientes de todo el país. Se definieron como factores de riesgo para hepatitis C: antecedentes de transfusiones, hemodiálisis, cirugías mayores (sistema nervioso central [SNC], tórax, abdomen, ortopédicas), drogadicción (farmacodependencia), tatuajes, piercing, acupuntura, presidiarios, trabajadores sexuales, VIH/sida, enfermedades de trasmisión sexual, trabajadores de la salud, pacientes procedentes de la Orinoquía y/o Amazonía, e insuficiencia renal crónica; también se estudiaron pacientes remitidos por alteración del perfil hepático, hígado graso, masas hepáticas, cirrosis excepto por virus C, ascitis, y várices esofagogástricas. Se empleó el estuche comercial SD BIOLINE HCV (Standard Diagnostics, INC. Corea), esta prueba contiene una membrana precubierta con antígenos recombinantes del HCV (core, NS3, NS4, NS5); se combina una proteína A coloidal con la muestra de suero y se mueve a lo largo de la membrana cromatográfica formando una línea visible de reacción antígeno-anticuerpo-proteína A, con un alto grado de especificidad y sensibilidad. Resultados: entre enero y octubre de 2014 se estudiaron 391 pacientes, 161 mujeres (41%) y 230 (59%) hombres; edad promedio de 46,6 años y rango de edad de 14 a 86 años. Se detectaron, por la prueba rápida para hepatitis C, ...
Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are a public health problem throughout the world: the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 180 million people are currently infected. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of anti-HCV in patients at high risk of infection through using a rapid test with capillary blood and confirmation of infection by PCR testing in real time. Method: Patients were enrolled in the study from among those treated in the gastroenterology unit of the Hospital Universitario de La Samaritana. This is one of the principal referral centers in the department of Cundinamarca, but it cares for patients from across the country. Hepatitis C risk factors identified included previous history of hepatitis C, transfusions, hemodialysis, major surgery (SNC, thorax, abdomen, orthopedic), drug addiction, tattooing, piercing, acupuncture, time in prison, experience as a sex worker, HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, health care work, chronic renal failure, and time spent living in the chronic renal failure the Orinoco and/or Amazon regions. Patients referred because of abnormal liver profiles, fatty liver disease, liver masses, cirrhosis (except when due to Hepatitis C virus), ascites, and esophageal-gastric varices were also included in the study. The SD BIOLINE HCV One Step Hepatitis C Virus Test (Standard Diagnostics, Inc. Korea), which is a commercially available kit, was used. This test contains a membrane which is pre-coated with recombinant HCV antigens (core, NS3, NS4, and NS5). A Protein A colloid is combined with the serum sample which then moves along the chromatographic membrane forming a visible line showing the antigen-antibody- Protein A reaction. This test has a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. Results: Between January and October 2014, 391 patients were included in the study. Of this number, 161 were women (41%) and 230 were men (59%). Average patient age was 46.6 ...
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Humanos , Hepatite C , PrevalênciaRESUMO
La coexistencia de embarazo y enfermedad hepática representa una situación clínica compleja. Durante el embarazo se desarrolla un estado hipervolémico debido a un flujo esplácnico incrementado, que contribuye a mayor presión portal transmitida a las venas colaterales que incrementan el riesgo de hemorragia varicosa en este grupo de pacientes. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 39 años en el sexto embarazo y sin ningún antecedente médico previo que presenta hipertensión portal pre-sinusoidal y que gracias al manejo multidisciplinario adecuado, tuvo un parto sin complicaciones. Se revisa la literatura pertinente al caso.
The coexistence of pregnancy and liver disease represents a complex clinical situation. Pregnancy develops hypervolemic state due to increased splachnic blood flow, which contributes to increased portal pressure transmitted to collateral veins that increase the risk of variceal bleeding in these patients. We report the case of a 39 years old patient in the sixth pregnancy and without any previous medical history that presented pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension, and thanks to appropriate multidisciplinary management had an uncomplicated delivery. We review the literature relevant to the case.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Hipertensão Portal , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Hipertensão Portal/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Portal/terapia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/terapiaRESUMO
Hombre de 38 años que consultó por sangrado digestivo de dos días de duración. La esofagogastroduodenoscopía demostró múltiples lesiones nodulares de color púrpura en el antro gástrico. La histopatología mostró un tumor formado por células fusiformes y proliferación vascular, hallazgos consistentes con sarcoma de Kaposi del estómago. Posteriormente se determinó la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia (VIH) del paciente.
A 38 years old man with 48 hours of gastrointestinal bleeding was admitted to the hospital. The EGD revealed red-purple nodules in the gastric antrum. Histopathologically, there were spindle cells and capillary size vascular proliferation. These findings were consistent with Kaposi sarcoma of the stomach. Immediately after, the patient had a positive test for HIV.
Sarcoma, Kaposi; Gastric antrum; HIV.
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Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Sarcoma de Kaposi/etiologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/etiologia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologiaRESUMO
Revisamos la disnea, aguda y crónica, ya que es el más común de los síntomas de las enfermedades cardiopulmonares y motivo de consulta muy frecuente en los servicios de urgencias. Tenemos en cuenta definición, clasificación, patrones clínicos de presentación así como repercusión hemodinámica, tratamiento y pronóstico. Se revisan algoritmos de enfoque clínico para un óptimo manejo de los pacientes afectados por las múltiples entidades que pueden producir o deteriorar la clase funcional de la disnea.
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Dispneia , Emergências , Doenças RespiratóriasRESUMO
La tos es uno de los síntomas respiratorios más amplios y comunes dentro de la consulta médica, encontrándose, en la práctica clínica diaria, grandes dificultades para un adecuado abordaje diagnóstico, clasificación y tratamiento. Puede ser subestimada en la mayoría de los casos, por lo que se hace prioritaria la revisión de este síntoma, abarcando fisiopatología, orientación diagnóstica y aproximación terapéutica.
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Tosse/classificação , Tosse/diagnóstico , Tosse/fisiopatologia , Tosse/terapiaRESUMO
Se describe el caso de una mujer joven con proteinosis alveolar primaria, con cuadro clínico poco frecuente dado la corta duración de la sintomatología, sin factores de riesgo para la entidad, con su evolución clínica y algunas complicaciones relacionadas con el tratamiento. Se realiza además una breve revisión de la literatura sobre la entidad.
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Feminino , Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Proteinose Alveolar Pulmonar , Surfactantes PulmonaresRESUMO
Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 24 años, con disnea súbita progresiva y antecedentes de inyecciones de silicona en regio glútea 24 horas antes del ingreso hospitalario. Al examen físico se encontraron disminuidos los ruidos respiratorios, taquipnea, en la gasimetria arterial trastorno de la oxigenación; los hallazgos de la tomografía computarizada de tórax y del lavado bronco alveolar fueron compatibles con embolismo pulmonar por silicona. La mortalidad en esta entidad es elevada debido al trastorno severo en la oxigenación y perfusión. El uso de este compuesto para fines cosméticos es, en la mayoría de los casos, practicado de manera ilegal, poniendo en riesgo la vida de los usuarios de este tipo de terapia. La evolución de este caso fue favorable.