[Temporal pattern, spatial distribution, and factors associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS among young people in BrazilPatrón temporal, distribución espacial y factores asociados a la incidencia de la infección por el VIH/sida en jóvenes en Brasil]. / Padrão temporal, distribuição espacial e fatores associados a incidência de HIV/AIDS entre jovens no Brasil.

Objective: To describe temporal and spatial patterns and identify the factors associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS among young people in Brazil. Method: Ecological study of young Brazilians aged 15-24 years with reported HIV/AIDS, from 2001 to 2021. The Joinpoint method was used for the temporal analysis. Spatial clusters were detected using Bayesian methods, spatial autocorrelation, Getis-Ord Gi*, and scan techniques. Four non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify factors associated with the result. All statistical analyses considered p < 0.05. Results: In Brazil, the average incidence was 12.29 per 100 000 inhabitants, with an annual increase of 7.3% in the period 2007-2014 and a subsequent 3.4% decrease in 2014-2021. A high-high pattern and hotspots were observed, mainly in municipalities in the South, Southeast, Central-West, and North regions. The primary cluster was located in 572 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, with the highest relative risks in Manaus (Amazonas) and Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). The illiteracy rate (ß = -0.08), GINI Index (ß = -3.74) and Family Health Strategy coverage (ß = -0.70) were negatively associated with the result. In contrast, the Firjan Municipal Development Index (ß = 2.37), Social Vulnerability Index (ß = 6.30), percentage of Bolsa Família recipients (ß = 0.04), and per capita income (ß = 0.008) showed a positive association. Conclusion: There was an upward trend in the incidence of HIV/AIDS until 2014, followed by a decline until 2021. High-rate clusters were concentrated in municipalities in the North, South, Southeast and Central-West regions in particular. Indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability had positive or negative effects on the result, depending on the territory investigated.

Objetivo: Describir el patrón temporal y espacial, y determinar los factores asociados a la incidencia de infección por el VIH/sida en jóvenes en Brasil. Método: Estudio ecológico en jóvenes brasileños de 15 a 24 años con diagnóstico de infección por el VIH/sida en el período 2001-2021. Para el análisis temporal se utilizó el método de regresión de puntos de inflexión (joinpoint). Los conglomerados espaciales se detectaron con métodos Bayesianos y de autocorrelación espacial, Gi* de Getis-Ord y escaneo. Se utilizaron cuatro modelos de regresión espacial y no espacial para detectar los factores asociados al resultado. En todos los análisis estadísticos se estableció un valor de p < 0,05 como umbral de significación. Resultados: En Brasil, la incidencia media fue de 12,29 por 100 000 habitantes, con un aumento del 7,3% anual en el período 2007-2014 y una reducción posterior del 3,4% en el período 2014-2021. Se observó un patrón alto/alto y la presencia de puntos calientes, principalmente en municipios del Sur, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste y Norte. El principal conglomerado se localizó en 572 municipios de Rio Grande do Sul y Santa Catarina, y los riesgos relativos más altos se observaron en Manaus (Amazonas) y Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). La tasa de analfabetismo (ß = -0,08), el índice de Gini (ß = -3,74) y la cobertura de la estrategia de salud familiar (ß = -0,70) mostraron una asociación negativa con el resultado. En cambio, el índice de Firjan de desarrollo municipal (ß = 2,37), el índice de vulnerabilidad social (ß = 6,30), el porcentaje de personas que reciben ayuda del programa de bienestar social Bolsa Família (ß = 0,04) y los ingresos per cápita (ß = 0,008) mostraron una asociación positiva. Conclusión: Hubo una tendencia al aumento de la incidencia de infección por el VIH/sida hasta el 2014, con una reducción posterior hasta el 2021. Los conglomerados de tasas elevadas se concentraron especialmente en los municipios de las regiones Norte, Sur, Sudeste y Centro-Oeste. Los indicadores de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica tienen una influencia positiva o negativa en el resultado, según el territorio investigado.

[Mortality from neglected tropical ciseases in Brazil in the 21st Century: Analysis of spatial and temporal trends and associated factorsMortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en Brasil en el siglo XXI: análisis de tendencias espaciales y temporales y factores asociados]. / Mortalidade por doenças tropicais negligenciadas no Brasil no século XXI: análise de tendências espaciais e temporais e fatores associados.

Objective: To analyze the spatial-temporal distribution and factors associated with mortality from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in Brazil from 2000 to 2019. Method: We performed an ecological study to analyze NTD-related deaths recorded in the Ministry of Health Mortality Information System (SIM). For the temporal analysis, the joinpoint method was used. Spatial dependence was analyzed using global Moran and local Getis-Ord Gi* indices. Four non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify factors associated with mortality. Results: The mean mortality rate from NTDs in Brazil during the study period was 3.32 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, with the highest rate (8.68 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants) recorded in the Midwest. The most prevalent causes of death were Chagas disease (n = 94 781; 74.9%) and schistosomiasis (n = 10 271; 8.1%). There was a 1.24% reduction (95%CI = -1.6; -0.9; P < 0.001) in NTD-related mortality in Brazil per year. A high/high spatial distribution pattern and hotspots were observed in municipalities in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Tocantins, and Piauí. The indicators "population in households with density > 2 people per bedroom" (ß = -0.07; P = 0.00) and "municipal human development index" (ß = -3.36; P = 0.08) were negatively associated with the outcome, while the "index of social vulnerability" (ß = 2.74; P = 0.05) was positively associated with the outcome. Conclusion: Lower human development and higher social vulnerability are associated with higher mortality from NTDs, which should guide NTD prevention and control efforts.

Objetivo: Analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de la mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en Brasil en el período 2000-2019 y los factores asociados a ella. Método: Estudio ecológico centrado en el análisis de las muertes por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas registradas en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Para el análisis temporal se utilizó el método de regresión de puntos de inflexión (joinpoint). La dependencia espacial se analizó mediante los índices de Moran global y local y Gi* de Getis-Ord. Se utilizaron cuatro modelos de regresión espacial y no espacial para detectar los factores relacionados con la mortalidad. Resultados: La tasa media de mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en Brasil fue de 3,32 muertes por 100 000 habitantes en el periodo del estudio, y la tasa más alta observada (8,68 muertes por 100 000 habitantes) fue la del Centro Oeste. Las causas de muerte más prevalentes fueron la enfermedad de Chagas (n = 94.781; 74,9%) y la esquistosomiasis (n = 10.271; 8,1%). Se registró una disminución de 1,24% (IC del 95% = -1,6; -0,9; p < 0,001) anual de la mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas en el país. Se observó un patrón de distribución espacial alto/alto, con puntos calientes en municipios de los estados de Bahía, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Piauí y Tocantins. Los indicadores "población en hogares con densidad > 2 habitantes por dormitorio" (ß = -0,07; P = 0,00) e "índice de desarrollo humano municipal" (ß = -3,36; P = 0,08) mostraron una asociación negativa con el resultado, mientras que el indicador "índice de vulnerabilidad social" (ß = 2,74; P = 0,05) arrojó una asociación positiva. Conclusiones: Cuanto menor es el grado de desarrollo humano y mayor la vulnerabilidad social, mayor es la mortalidad por enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, lo que debe orientar las medidas correspondientes de prevención y control.

Temporal Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis Prevalence Associated with Multimorbidity in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Four main chronic conditions may be involved in the tuberculosis pathogenic process and/or clinical evolution: HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, mental illness, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. This study aimed to determine the spatiotemporal pattern of tuberculosis (TB) associated with multimorbidity in Brazil. METHODS: Ecological study use data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), collected from the electronic portal of the Department of Informatics of the SUS (DATASUS). These data included TB cases that were reported between 2007 and 2021 and were associated with two or more chronic clinical health conditions (multimorbidity). RESULTS: A total of 7,795 cases of TB associated with multimorbidity were recorded, with an average growth trend of 4.6% per year (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.3-5.9; p<0.001) and higher growth in the first temporal segment (2007 to 2011) (8.9%; 95%CI: 4.2-13.9; p=0.002). The spatial analysis, after Bayesian smoothing, highlighted the main municipalities states of the study, namely: São Paulo (19.8%; n = 297), Porto Alegre (23.6%; n = 354), and Rio de Janeiro (44.8%; n = 672). The proportion of extremely poor (ß=-0.002), the bolsa família program (ß=0.002), the average per-person income (ß=0.001), and the percentage of the population living in households with a density of more than 2 people per bedroom (ß=0.001) were related to chronic health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings will stimulate public action to manage this situation. However, as this is still a recent topic in the literature, we encourage the development of studies on the synergistic characteristics of TB and other clinical conditions.

Maternal mortality in Brazil: an analysis of temporal trends and spatial clustering. / Mortalidade materna no Brasil: análise de tendências temporais e agrupamentos espaciais.

This article aims to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of maternal mortality in Brazil during the period 2010-2020 and identify related socioeconomic indicators. We conducted an ecological study of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Brazil's municipalities using secondary data. Temporal analysis was performed using the joinpoint method. Bayesian statistics, spatial autocorrelation, the Getis Ord Gi* technique and the scan statistic were used to identify spatial clusters, and multiple non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to assess the association between factors and the MMR. There was an increase in the MMR in 2020 and an increase in deaths in the North and Southeast. Clusters were found in Amazonas, Tocantins, Piauí, Maranhão, Bahia and Mato Grosso do Sul. The following indicators were negatively associated with the MMR: cesarean section rate, Municipal Human Development Index, and per capita household income of people who are vulnerable to poverty. The MMR was stable up to 2019, followed by a sharp rise in 2020 coinciding with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in the country. It is essential that efforts to reduce maternal mortality in Brazil extend beyond the promotion of improvements in antenatal, childbirth and postpartum care to address the social determinants of the problem.

O objetivo do artigo é analisar o padrão espacial e temporal e identificar indicadores socioeconômicos relacionados à razão de mortalidade materna (RMM) no Brasil de 2010 a 2020. Estudo ecológico que analisou a RMM nos municípios do Brasil, utilizando dados secundários. Para análise temporal, utilizou-se o método joinpoint. Para a identificação de aglomerados espaciais, utilizou-se estatística bayesiana, autocorrelação espacial, a técnica Getis Ord Gi* e a varredura scan. Para a identificação dos fatores associados à RMM, foram adotados modelos múltiplos de regressão não espacial e espacial. Observou-se aumento da RMM de 2019 para 2020. Houve crescimento de óbitos nas regiões Norte e Sudeste. Os clusters foram encontrados no Amazonas, Tocantins, Piauí, Maranhão, Bahia e Mato Grosso do Sul. Estão negativamente relacionados à RMM os seguintes indicadores: taxa de parto cesáreo, índice de desenvolvimento humano municipal e renda domiciliar per capita dos vulneráveis à pobreza. Embora a tendência temporal tenha se mostrado constante até 2019, a RMM apresentou crescimento no ano de início da pandemia de COVID-19 no país. A redução da MM no Brasil vai além da promoção de melhorias na assistência gravídico-puerperal, sendo fundamental focar também nos determinantes sociais do problema.

Effectiveness of cinnamon in the reduction of lipid levels in people with diabetes: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of cinnamon in reducing lipid levels in people with diabetes. METHOD: Randomized clinical trial of parallel groups, triple-blind, conducted in Basic Health Units in the state of Piauí in 2019. People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, between 18 and 80 years old, using oral antidiabetics, were included, and divided into two groups. The experimental group tested 3g of cinnamon for 90 days. RESULTS: 140 people participated in the study. From these, the experimental group (n= 71) showed a reduction in mean levels of total cholesterol (p= 0.316 | CI 95% -24.9-8.1), LDL (p= 0.024 | CI 95% -29.3 -2.1) and triglycerides (p= 0.969 | 95% CI -28.6-27.5), and increased HDL (p= 0.001 | 95% CI 4.2-10.2). CONCLUSION: The use of 3g of cinnamon per day, for 90 days, seems to help reduce LDL values and increase HDL levels in patients with diabetes.

Maternal mortality in Northeast Brazil 2009-2019: spatial distribution, trend and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of maternal mortality and associated factors in Northeast Brazil, from 2009 to 2019. METHODS: This was an ecological study using the joinpoint method for temporal analysis and spatial autocorrelation and scan tests to identify clusters; regression models using the ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression methods were used to identify factors associated with mortality, considering p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: Maternal mortality decreased by 1.5% (95%CI; -2.5;-0.5) per year (p-value = 0.009); clusters, of deaths were found, mainly in Piauí and Maranhão, the variables associated with the maternal mortality ratio were Gini Index (ß = 105.72; p-value < 0.001), municipal human development index (ß = 190.91; p-value = 0.001), per capita income (ß = -0.08; p-value = 0.001), Firjan Municipal Development Index-Health (ß = -51.28; p-value < 0.001), life expectancy at birth (ß = -3.50; p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a reduction in mortality in the period studied, with a concentration of deaths, primarily in Piauí and Maranhão; socioeconomic indicators were associated with higher mortality in the region. MAIN RESULTS: There was a decrease in maternal mortality in Northeast Brazil, from 2009 to 2019. Deaths were mainly concentrated in the states of Piauí and Maranhão. Five socioeconomic indicators were associated with higher mortality in the region. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: In order to maintain the trend of falling maternal mortality in Northeast Brazil, the need exists to reduce social inequalities and expand access to health services, especially within the scope of Primary Care. PERSPECTIVES: Public policies are needed to expand health services in general as well as comprehensive women's health care in the Brazilian National Health System, especially for women living in contexts of greater social vulnerability.

Spatiotemporal pattern of the incidence of tuberculosis and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of tuberculosis incidence and its associated factors. METHODS: Ecological study, which used tuberculosis notifications during 2001-2017 and as units of analysis the municipalities of the state of Ceará of the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Time pattern analysis techniques and geographically weighted regression were used. RESULTS: The gross incidence rate in the state reached a peak of 226.1/100 thousand inhabitants with a significant decrease of 1.9% per year (95%CI -3.0--0.7). The main clusters were identified in Fortaleza and its metropolitan region, as well as in the Sobral region. The socioeconomic indicators that were associated with the incidence were: occupation in the agricultural sector and services, population in households with bathrooms and running water and vulnerable to poverty. CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in the incidence of the disease in the state of Ceará. The spatial clusters were mostly located in areas with high population and the indicators most related to the formation of spatial clusters were related to employment/income, housing and vulnerability.

Spatiotemporal pattern and factors related to childhood tuberculosis.

AIM: To identify the spatiotemporal pattern of childhood tuberculosis and the sociodemographic factors related to it. METHOD: This is an ecological study, which used the municipalities of the state of Ceará as units of analysis. The Notifiable Diseases Information System was used as a data source from January 2001 to December 2017. It was conducted a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the cases, the temporal and spatial pattern of the incidence of the disease and regression with sociodemographic indicators. RESULTS: An average incidence of 3.48 cases/100 thousand inhabitants was identified, with a reduction of 5.7% during the period 2003-2017 (p<0.001). The following were related to childhood tuberculosis: proportion of the population in households with piped water (ß=0.05), proportion of the population in households with density >2 (ß=0.09) and number of female heads of household with children under 15 years of age (ß=0.0003). CONCLUSION: Indicators of housing conditions and vulnerability were related to childhood tuberculosis.

Spatiotemporal pattern and factors related to infant mortality in Northeast Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatiotemporal pattern and factors related to infant mortality in Northeastern Brazil from 2008 to 2018. METHOD: Ecological study developed with infant deaths that occurred in the Northeast and reported in the Mortality Information System. Non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify indicators related to infant mortality. RESULTS: The mortality rate showed a decreasing trend of 2.1% per year (95% CI: -2.7 - -1.6; p<0.001), with higher Bayesian coefficients concentrated in in municipalities in the interior of Piauí. The variables related to infant mortality were: Gini Index (ß = 6.56; p=0.01), Municipal Human Development Index (ß = -22.21; p 0.001), dependency ratio (ß = 0.16; p <0.001), percentage of people in households without electricity (ß = -0.12; p<0.001) and percentage of women aged 10 to 17 who had children (ß=0.19; p=0.01). CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in infant mortality during the studied period and high Bayesian rates in the interior of Piauí.

Spatial Distribution of Mortality for Heart Failure in Brazil, 1996 - 2017. / Distribuição Espacial de Mortalidade por Insuficiência Cardíaca no Brasil, 1996-2017.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and is associated with the high use of resources and healthcare costs. In Brazil, the HF prevalence is around 2 million patients, and its incidence is of approximately 240,000 new cases per year. OBJECTIVE: The present investigation aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal trend of mortality caused by HF in Brazil, from 1996 to 2017. METHODS: This is an ecological study developed with secondary data on HF mortality in Brazil. During the period, 1,242,014 cases of death caused by heart failure were analyzed. The existence of spatial autocorrelation of cases was calculated using the Global Moran Index (GMI) and, when significant, the Local Moran Index, considering p<0.05. The relative risk of the clusters was calculated. RESULTS: The mortality rate due to HF was diversified in all Brazilian regions, with an emphasis in the South, Southeast, and Northeast. The GMI indicated positive spatial autocorrelation (p=0.01) in all periods. Municipalities located in the South, Southeast, Northeast, and Midwest showed a higher Relative Risk for mortality from HF, and most municipalities in the North were classified as a protective factor against this cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed a decline in mortality rates across the national territory. The highest concentration of mortality rates is in the North and Northeast regions, highlighting priority vulnerable areas in the planning and controlling strategies of health services.

FUNDAMENTO: Insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma das principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade no mundo, e está associada ao alto uso de recursos e custos com saúde. No Brasil, a prevalência de IC é de aproximadamente 2 milhões de pacientes, e sua incidência é de aproximadamente 240.000 novos casos por ano. OBJETIVO: A investigação objetivou analisar a tendência espaço-temporal da mortalidade causada por IC no Brasil, de 1996 a 2017. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo ecológico desenvolvido com dados secundários sobre mortalidade por IC no Brasil. Durante o período, 1.242.014 casos de morte causada por IC foram analisados. A existência da autocorrelação espacial de casos foi calculada utilizando o Índice de Moran Global (IMG) e, quando significativo, o Índice de Moran Local, considerando p <0,05. O risco relativo dos grupos foi calculado. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade causada por IC foi diversificada em regiões brasileiras, com ênfase no sul, sudeste e nordeste. O IMG indicou autocorrelação espacial positiva (p=0,01) em todos os períodos. Cidades localizadas no sul, sudeste, nordeste e centro-oeste mostraram maior risco relativo para mortalidade causada por IC, e a maioria das cidades do norte foi classificada como um fator protetivo contra esta causa de morte. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo demonstrou declínio nas taxas de mortalidade no território nacional. A maior concentração de taxas de mortalidade está nas regiões norte e nordeste, enfatizando as áreas prioritárias de vulnerabilidade no planejamento e estratégias de controle de serviços de saúde.

Prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis treatment abandonment. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao abandono do tratamento da tuberculose.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis treatment abandonment and its associated factors. METHOD: Cross-sectional study which used cases of tuberculosis in the System of Information on Notification Aggravations (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) from 2001 to 2017 in Ceará state. This study included 74,006 cases and the outcome was the closing situation "treatment abandonment". A multivariate analysis was performed to estimate the association between the variables with abandonment. RESULTS: Throughout the period, the abandonment rate was 12.54%. A higher abandonment prevalence was verified among people who live in the urban zone (PR = 2.45; 95%CI: 2.20-2.74), who are readmitted after abandonment (PR = 2.84; 95%CI: 2.68-3.01), among those notified as recurrent (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.10-1.35) and among drinkers (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.42-1.58). Those who were sputum smear-positive (PR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.03-1.19) or for whom sputum smear was unperformed (PR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.20-1.40), coinfection (PR = 2.04; CI95%: 1.89-2.21) and who were not submitted to serology (PR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.53-1.71) have also a higher prevalence of tuberculosis treatment abandonment. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis treatment abandonment is associated to biological and social factors, habits, and health service structure.

Social vulnerability and COVID-19 incidence in a Brazilian metropolis. / Vulnerabilidade social e incidência de COVID-19 em uma metrópole brasileira.

Vulnerability is a crucial factor in addressing COVID-19 as it can aggravate the disease. Thus, it should be considered in COVID-19 control and health prevention and promotion. This ecological study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of the incidence of COVID-19 cases in a Brazilian metropolis and its association with social vulnerability indicators. Spatial scan analysis was used to identify COVID-19 clusters. The variables for identifying the vulnerability were inserted in a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model to identify their spatial relationship with COVID-19 cases. The incidence of COVID-19 in Fortaleza was 74.52/10,000 inhabitants, with 3,554 reported cases and at least one case registered in each neighborhood. The spatial GWR showed a negative relationship between the incidence of COVID-19 and demographic density (ß=-0,0002) and a positive relationship between the incidence of COVID-19 and the percentage of self-employed >18 years (ß=1.40), and maximum per capita household income of the poorest fifth (ß=0.04). The influence of vulnerability indicators on incidence showed areas that can be the target of public policies to impact the incidence of COVID-19.

A vulnerabilidade é um fator chave no enfrentamento da COVID-19 tendo em vista que pode influenciar no agravamento da doença. Desse modo, ela deve ser considerada no controle da COVID-19, prevenção e promoção da saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a distribuição espacial da incidência de casos de COVID-19 em uma metrópole brasileira e sua associação com indicadores de vulnerabilidade social. Estudo ecológico. Foi utilizada a análise de varredura espacial (scan) para identificar aglomerados de COVID-19. As variáveis para identificação da vulnerabilidade foram inseridas em um modelo de Regressão Espacial Geograficamente Ponderado (GWR) para identificar sua relação espacial com os casos de COVID-19. A incidência de COVID-19 em Fortaleza foi de 74,52/10 mil habitantes, com notificação de 3.554 casos, sendo pelo menos um caso registrado em cada bairro. A regressão espacial GWR mostrou relação negativa entre incidência de COVID-19 e densidade demográfica (ß=-0,0002) e relação positiva entre incidência de COVID-19 e percentual de ocupados >18 anos trabalhadores autônomos (ß=1,40), assim como, renda domiciliar per capita máxima do quinto mais pobre (ß=0,04). A influência dos indicadores de vulnerabilidade sobre a incidência evidenciou áreas que podem ser alvo de políticas públicas a fim de impactar na incidência de COVID-19.

Mortality due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and associated social factors: a spatial analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial pattern of AIDS mortality and social factors associated with its occurrence. METHODS: An ecological study that considered 955 AIDS deaths of residents in Piauí, reported in the Mortality Information System (MIS) from 2007 to 2015. Non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify social determinants of AIDS mortality, with a significance of 5%. RESULTS: The predictors of AIDS mortality were illiteracy rate in males (p = 0.020), proportion of households with water supply (p = 0.015), percentage of people in households with inadequate walls (p = 0.022), percentage of people in households vulnerable to poverty and in whom no one has completed primary education (p = 0.000) and percentage of people in households vulnerable to poverty and dependent on the elderly (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Social indicators related to education, job and income generation and housing were associated with AIDS mortality.

Temporal Pattern and Spatial Distribution of Tuberculosis Prevalence Associated with Multimorbidity in Brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Four main chronic conditions may be involved in the tuberculosis pathogenic process and/or clinical evolution: HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, mental illness, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. This study aimed to determine the spatiotemporal pattern of tuberculosis (TB) associated with multimorbidity in Brazil. Methods: Ecological study use data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), collected from the electronic portal of the Department of Informatics of the SUS (DATASUS). These data included TB cases that were reported between 2007 and 2021 and were associated with two or more chronic clinical health conditions (multimorbidity). Results: A total of 7,795 cases of TB associated with multimorbidity were recorded, with an average growth trend of 4.6% per year (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.3-5.9; p<0.001) and higher growth in the first temporal segment (2007 to 2011) (8.9%; 95%CI: 4.2-13.9; p=0.002). The spatial analysis, after Bayesian smoothing, highlighted the main municipalities states of the study, namely: São Paulo (19.8%; n = 297), Porto Alegre (23.6%; n = 354), and Rio de Janeiro (44.8%; n = 672). The proportion of extremely poor (β=-0.002), the bolsa família program (β=0.002), the average per-person income (β=0.001), and the percentage of the population living in households with a density of more than 2 people per bedroom (β=0.001) were related to chronic health conditions. Conclusions: These findings will stimulate public action to manage this situation. However, as this is still a recent topic in the literature, we encourage the development of studies on the synergistic characteristics of TB and other clinical conditions.

Dinâmica espaço-temporal e fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal / Space-temporal dynamics and factors associated with newborn mortality / Dinámica Espacio-temporal y factores asociados a la mortalidad del recién nacido

Objetivo:analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal da mortalidade neonatal e fatores associados no Piauí de 2007 a 2017. Método: foi utilizado o método Joinpoint, estatística bayesiana e a técnica de varredura Scan. A análise multivariada dos indicadores foi realizada através do modelo Ordinary Least Squares Estimation, considerando-se p<0,05. Resultados: a mortalidade neonatal reduziu de forma linear e significativa ao longo do período estudado. As maiores taxas bayesianas variaram de 16,34 a 18,38 óbitos por 1.000 nascidos vivos, especialmente no Sudeste piauiense. Houve associação negativa entre a mortalidade neonatal e as variáveis: Taxa de analfabetismo (ß = -0,60; p= 0,027), Cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ß = -2,80; p= 0,023) e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (ß = -0,60; p= 0,003). Conclusão: a mortalidade neonatal segue decrescente e sua distribuição no território mostrou-se irregular. Indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde influenciam a mortalidade neonatal no Piauí

Objective: to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of neonatal mortality and associated factors in Piauí from 2007 to 2017. Method: the Joinpoint method, Bayesian statistics and the Scan technique were used. The multivariate analysis of the indicators was performed using the Ordinary Least Squares Estimation model, considering p<0.05. Results: neonatal mortality decreased linearly and significantly over the period studied. The highest Bayesian rates ranged from 16.34 to 18.38 deaths per 1,000 live births, especially in Southeast Piauí. There was a negative association between neonatal mortality and the variables: Illiteracy rate (ß = -0.60; p= 0.027), Family Health Strategy Coverage (ß = -2.80; p= 0.023) and Human Development Index Municipal (ß = -0.60; p= 0.003). Conclusion: neonatal mortality continues to decrease and its distribution in the territory proved to be irregular. Socioeconomic and health indicators influence neonatal mortality in Piauí

Objetivos: analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de la mortalidad neonatal y factores asociados en Piauí de 2007 a 2017. Método: se utilizó el método Joinpoint, la estadística bayesiana y la técnica Scan. El análisis multivariado de los indicadores se realizó mediante el modelo de Estimación por Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios, considerando p<0,05. Resultados: la mortalidad neonatal disminuyó lineal y significativamente durante el período estudiado. Las tasas bayesianas más altas oscilaron entre 16,34 y 18,38 muertes por 1.000 nacidos vivos, especialmente en el Sudeste de Piauí. Hubo asociación negativa entre la mortalidad neonatal y las variables: Tasa de Analfabetismo (ß = -0,60; p= 0,027), Cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ß = -2,80; p= 0,023) e Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (ß = -0,60; p= 0,003). Conclusión: la mortalidad neonatal continúa en descenso y su distribución en el territorio resultó ser irregular. Indicadores socioeconómicos y de salud influyen en la mortalidad neonatal en Piauí

Padrão temporal, distribuição espacial e fatores associados a incidência de HIV/AIDS entre jovens no Brasil / Temporal pattern, spatial distribution, and factors associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS among young people in Brazil / Patrón temporal, distribución espacial y factores asociados a la incidencia de la infección por el VIH/sida en jóvenes en Brasil

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever o padrão temporal e espacial e identificar os fatores associados a incidência de HIV/ AIDS entre jovens no Brasil. Método. Estudo ecológico que incluiu jovens brasileiros de 15 a 24 anos notificados com HIV/AIDS de 2001 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método joinpoint para a análise temporal. Aglomerados espaciais foram detectados pelos métodos Bayesiano, autocorrelação espacial, Getis-Ord Gi* e Varredura Scan. Quatro modelos de regressão não espacial e espacial foram usados para identificar fatores associados ao desfecho. Todas as análises estatísticas consideraram p < 0,05. Resultados. No Brasil, a incidência média foi de 12,29 por 100 000 habitantes, com aumento de 7,3% ao ano no período 2007-2014 e posterior decréscimo de 3,4% em 2014-2021. Observou-se padrão Alto/Alto e hots- pots, principalmente em municípios do Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte. O cluster primário localizou-se em 572 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina e os maiores riscos relativos em Manaus (Amazonas) e Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). A taxa de analfabetismo (β = -0,08), Índice de GINI (β = -3,74) e Cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (β = -0,70) apresentaram relação negativa com o desfecho. Em contrapar- tida, o Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal (β = 2,37), o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (β = 6,30), o percentual de pessoas que recebem o Bolsa Família (β = 0,04) e renda per capita (β = 0,008) apresentaram associação positiva. Conclusão. Houve tendência de aumento da incidência de HIV/AIDS até 2014 com posterior declínio até 2021. Aglomerados de altas taxas concentraram-se, especialmente, em municípios das regiões Norte, Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Indicadores de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica influenciam o desfecho positiva- mente ou negativamente, dependendo do território investigado.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe temporal and spatial patterns and identify the factors associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS among young people in Brazil. Method. Ecological study of young Brazilians aged 15-24 years with reported HIV/AIDS, from 2001 to 2021. The Joinpoint method was used for the temporal analysis. Spatial clusters were detected using Bayesian methods, spatial autocorrelation, Getis-Ord Gi*, and scan techniques. Four non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify factors associated with the result. All statistical analyses considered p < 0.05. Results. In Brazil, the average incidence was 12.29 per 100 000 inhabitants, with an annual increase of 7.3% in the period 2007-2014 and a subsequent 3.4% decrease in 2014-2021. A high-high pattern and hotspots were observed, mainly in municipalities in the South, Southeast, Central-West, and North regions. The primary cluster was located in 572 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, with the highest relative risks in Manaus (Amazonas) and Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). The illiteracy rate (β = -0.08), GINI Index (β = -3.74) and Family Health Strategy coverage (β = -0.70) were negatively associated with the result. In contrast, the Firjan Municipal Development Index (β = 2.37), Social Vulnerability Index (β = 6.30), percentage of Bolsa Família recipients (β = 0.04), and per capita income (β = 0.008) showed a positive association. Conclusion. There was an upward trend in the incidence of HIV/AIDS until 2014, followed by a decline until 2021. High-rate clusters were concentrated in municipalities in the North, South, Southeast and Central-West regions in particular. Indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability had positive or negative effects on the result, depending on the territory investigated.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir el patrón temporal y espacial, y determinar los factores asociados a la incidencia de infec- ción por el VIH/sida en jóvenes en Brasil. Método. Estudio ecológico en jóvenes brasileños de 15 a 24 años con diagnóstico de infección por el VIH/ sida en el período 2001-2021. Para el análisis temporal se utilizó el método de regresión de puntos de infle- xión (joinpoint). Los conglomerados espaciales se detectaron con métodos Bayesianos y de autocorrelación espacial, Gi* de Getis-Ord y escaneo. Se utilizaron cuatro modelos de regresión espacial y no espacial para detectar los factores asociados al resultado. En todos los análisis estadísticos se estableció un valor de p < 0,05 como umbral de significación. Resultados. En Brasil, la incidencia media fue de 12,29 por 100 000 habitantes, con un aumento del 7,3% anual en el período 2007-2014 y una reducción posterior del 3,4% en el período 2014-2021. Se observó un patrón alto/alto y la presencia de puntos calientes, principalmente en municipios del Sur, Sudeste, Centro- Oeste y Norte. El principal conglomerado se localizó en 572 municipios de Rio Grande do Sul y Santa Catarina, y los riesgos relativos más altos se observaron en Manaus (Amazonas) y Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). La tasa de analfabetismo (β = -0,08), el índice de Gini (β = -3,74) y la cobertura de la estrategia de salud familiar (β = -0,70) mostraron una asociación negativa con el resultado. En cambio, el índice de Firjan de desarrollo muni- cipal (β = 2,37), el índice de vulnerabilidad social (β = 6,30), el porcentaje de personas que reciben ayuda del programa de bienestar social Bolsa Família (β = 0,04) y los ingresos per cápita (β = 0,008) mostraron una asociación positiva. Conclusión. Hubo una tendencia al aumento de la incidencia de infección por el VIH/sida hasta el 2014, con una reducción posterior hasta el 2021. Los conglomerados de tasas elevadas se concentraron especialmente en los municipios de las regiones Norte, Sur, Sudeste y Centro-Oeste. Los indicadores de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica tienen una influencia positiva o negativa en el resultado, según el territorio investigado.

Padrão temporal, distribuição espacial e fatores associados a incidência de HIV/AIDS entre jovens no Brasil / Temporal pattern, spatial distribution, and factors associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS among young people in Brazil / Patrón temporal, distribución espacial y factores asociados a la incidencia de la infección por el VIH/sida en jóvenes en Brasil

RESUMO Objetivo. Descrever o padrão temporal e espacial e identificar os fatores associados a incidência de HIV/AIDS entre jovens no Brasil. Método. Estudo ecológico que incluiu jovens brasileiros de 15 a 24 anos notificados com HIV/AIDS de 2001 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método joinpoint para a análise temporal. Aglomerados espaciais foram detectados pelos métodos Bayesiano, autocorrelação espacial, Getis-Ord Gi* e Varredura Scan. Quatro modelos de regressão não espacial e espacial foram usados para identificar fatores associados ao desfecho. Todas as análises estatísticas consideraram p < 0,05. Resultados. No Brasil, a incidência média foi de 12,29 por 100 000 habitantes, com aumento de 7,3% ao ano no período 2007-2014 e posterior decréscimo de 3,4% em 2014-2021. Observou-se padrão Alto/Alto e hotspots, principalmente em municípios do Sul, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste e Norte. O cluster primário localizou-se em 572 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina e os maiores riscos relativos em Manaus (Amazonas) e Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). A taxa de analfabetismo (β = -0,08), Índice de GINI (β = -3,74) e Cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (β = -0,70) apresentaram relação negativa com o desfecho. Em contrapartida, o Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal (β = 2,37), o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (β = 6,30), o percentual de pessoas que recebem o Bolsa Família (β = 0,04) e renda per capita (β = 0,008) apresentaram associação positiva. Conclusão. Houve tendência de aumento da incidência de HIV/AIDS até 2014 com posterior declínio até 2021. Aglomerados de altas taxas concentraram-se, especialmente, em municípios das regiões Norte, Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Indicadores de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica influenciam o desfecho positivamente ou negativamente, dependendo do território investigado.

ABSTRACT Objective. To describe temporal and spatial patterns and identify the factors associated with the incidence of HIV/AIDS among young people in Brazil. Method. Ecological study of young Brazilians aged 15-24 years with reported HIV/AIDS, from 2001 to 2021. The Joinpoint method was used for the temporal analysis. Spatial clusters were detected using Bayesian methods, spatial autocorrelation, Getis-Ord Gi*, and scan techniques. Four non-spatial and spatial regression models were used to identify factors associated with the result. All statistical analyses considered p < 0.05. Results. In Brazil, the average incidence was 12.29 per 100 000 inhabitants, with an annual increase of 7.3% in the period 2007-2014 and a subsequent 3.4% decrease in 2014-2021. A high-high pattern and hotspots were observed, mainly in municipalities in the South, Southeast, Central-West, and North regions. The primary cluster was located in 572 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, with the highest relative risks in Manaus (Amazonas) and Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). The illiteracy rate (β = -0.08), GINI Index (β = -3.74) and Family Health Strategy coverage (β = -0.70) were negatively associated with the result. In contrast, the Firjan Municipal Development Index (β = 2.37), Social Vulnerability Index (β = 6.30), percentage of Bolsa Família recipients (β = 0.04), and per capita income (β = 0.008) showed a positive association. Conclusion. There was an upward trend in the incidence of HIV/AIDS until 2014, followed by a decline until 2021. High-rate clusters were concentrated in municipalities in the North, South, Southeast and Central-West regions in particular. Indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability had positive or negative effects on the result, depending on the territory investigated.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir el patrón temporal y espacial, y determinar los factores asociados a la incidencia de infección por el VIH/sida en jóvenes en Brasil. Método. Estudio ecológico en jóvenes brasileños de 15 a 24 años con diagnóstico de infección por el VIH/sida en el período 2001-2021. Para el análisis temporal se utilizó el método de regresión de puntos de inflexión (joinpoint). Los conglomerados espaciales se detectaron con métodos Bayesianos y de autocorrelación espacial, Gi* de Getis-Ord y escaneo. Se utilizaron cuatro modelos de regresión espacial y no espacial para detectar los factores asociados al resultado. En todos los análisis estadísticos se estableció un valor de p < 0,05 como umbral de significación. Resultados. En Brasil, la incidencia media fue de 12,29 por 100 000 habitantes, con un aumento del 7,3% anual en el período 2007-2014 y una reducción posterior del 3,4% en el período 2014-2021. Se observó un patrón alto/alto y la presencia de puntos calientes, principalmente en municipios del Sur, Sudeste, Centro-Oeste y Norte. El principal conglomerado se localizó en 572 municipios de Rio Grande do Sul y Santa Catarina, y los riesgos relativos más altos se observaron en Manaus (Amazonas) y Rondonópolis (Mato Grosso). La tasa de analfabetismo (β = -0,08), el índice de Gini (β = -3,74) y la cobertura de la estrategia de salud familiar (β = -0,70) mostraron una asociación negativa con el resultado. En cambio, el índice de Firjan de desarrollo municipal (β = 2,37), el índice de vulnerabilidad social (β = 6,30), el porcentaje de personas que reciben ayuda del programa de bienestar social Bolsa Família (β = 0,04) y los ingresos per cápita (β = 0,008) mostraron una asociación positiva. Conclusión. Hubo una tendencia al aumento de la incidencia de infección por el VIH/sida hasta el 2014, con una reducción posterior hasta el 2021. Los conglomerados de tasas elevadas se concentraron especialmente en los municipios de las regiones Norte, Sur, Sudeste y Centro-Oeste. Los indicadores de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica tienen una influencia positiva o negativa en el resultado, según el territorio investigado.

Um estudo da prevalência e da caracterização da mortalidade em crianças e adolescentes por leucemia no Nordeste do Brasil / A study of the prevalence and characterization of mortality in children and adolescents due to leukemia in Northeastern Brazil / Estudio de prevalencia y caracterización de la mortalidad por leucemia en niños y adolescentes del Nordeste Brasileño

Objetivo: Caracterizar a prevalência da mortalidade por leucemias em crianças e adolescentes no Nordeste Brasileiro e sua relação com determinantes sociais da saúde no período de 2008 a 2018. Método: A pesquisa foi um estudo epidemiológico, do tipo ecológico, cujas unidades de análisede área foram os 9 (nove) estados brasileiros da Região Nordeste. Os dados desse estudo foram do tipo secundário, obtidos através do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), provenientes do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para esta investigação elegeu-se, crianças e adolescentes, com faixa etária entre 0 (zero) e 19 (dezenove) anos, com óbitos no período de 2008 a 2018, cujo, a leucemia foi a causa básica mencionada na Declaração de Óbito (DO) por meios de códigos conforme a 10o Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). Resultados: foram registrados 3.025 óbitos por leucemias durante o período analisado. O CID-91 foi o primeiro colocado em número de óbitos (54,9%), em segundo lugar, CID-92 apresentando 30% das notificações e em seguida CID-95 (14,6%), CID-93 (0,3%), CID-94 (0,2%) dos óbitos. Sendo que desses, 57,6% foram do sexo masculino e 42,4% do sexo feminino. A faixa etária mais prevalente foi de 15 a 19 anos de idade (26,1%). A cor parda foi a mais autodeclarada (58,0%). O estado da Bahia foi o mais acometido por óbitos durante o período. Conclusão: O CID-91 teve maior prevalência entre óbitos notificados, que os maiores números de óbitos foram no sexo masculino com faixa etária dos adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos e de cor parda, e que a mortalidade por leucemia ainda é um sério problema de saúde pública que pode ser reparado com medidas de prevenção e de promoção em saúde.

Objective: to characterize the prevalence of mortality of leukemia in children and adolescents in Brazilian's Northeast and the relationship with social determinants of health in the period from 2008 to 2018. Methods: It is an ecological epidemiological study that analyzed 9 (nine) Brazilian states of the Northeast Region. Data were collected through the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), from the Mortality Information System (SIM). For this, children and adolescents, aged between 0 (zero) and 19 (nineteen) years old, with deaths in the period from 2008 to 2018, that leukemia was the cause mentioned in the Death Certificate (DO) according to the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) were included. Results: 3,025 deaths from leukemia were recorded during the analyzed period. ICD-91 was ranked first in number of deaths (54.9%), secondly, ICD-92 with 30% of notifications and then ICD-95 (14.6%), ICD-93 (0. 3%), ICD-94 (0.2%) of deaths. Regarding this, 57.6% were male and 42.4% female. The most prevalent aged group was 15 to 19 years old (26.1%). The brown color was the most self-declared (58.0%). The state of Bahia was the most affected by deaths during this period. Conclusion: The ICD-91 had a higher prevalence among notified deaths, that the highest number of deaths were in males aged between 15 and 19 years and of brown skin color, and that mortality from leukemia is still a serious problem of public health that can be repaired with prevention and health promotion measures.

Objetivo: caracterizar la prevalencia de mortalidad por leucemia en niños y adolescentes del Nordeste brasileño y la relación con los determinantes sociales de la salud en el período de 2008 a 2018. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico ecológico que analizó 9 (nueve) estados brasileños de la Región Nordeste. Los datos fueron recolectados a través del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS), a partir del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM). Para eso, fueron incluidos niños y adolescentes, con edad entre 0 (cero) y 19 (diecinueve) años, con muerte en el período de 2008 a 2018, que la leucemia fuese la causa mencionada en el Certificado de Defunción (DME) según la 10ª Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10). Resultados: Se registraron 3.025 defunciones por leucemia durante el periodo analizado. La CIE-91 ocupó el primer lugar en número de defunciones (54,9%), en segundo lugar, la CIE-92 con un 30% de notificaciones y a continuación la CIE-95 (14,6%), CIE-93 (0. 3%), CIE-94 (0,2%) de defunciones. El 57,6% eran varones y el 42,4% mujeres. El grupo de edad más prevalente fue el de 15 a 19 años (26,1%). El color castaño fue el más autodeclarado (58,0%). El estado de Bahia fue el más afectado por muertes durante este período. Conclusiones: La CIE-91 tuvo una mayor prevalencia entre las muertes notificadas, que el mayor número de muertes se produjo en varones de 15 a 19 años y de color de piel morena, y que la mortalidad por leucemia sigue siendo un grave problema de salud pública que puede ser reparado con medidas de prevención y promoción de la salud.

Distribución espacio-temporal y factores relacionados con la sífilis congénita en el nordeste brasileño / Distribuição espaço-temporal e fatores relacionados à sífilis congênita no nordeste brasileiro / Spatiotemporal distribution and factors related to congenital syphilis in the brazilian northeast

Objetivo: Analizar la dinámica espacio temporal y los factores socioeconómicos asociados a la incidencia de sífilis congénita en el Nordeste en el periodo de 2008 a 2018. Método: Estudio ecológico desarrollado con casos de sífilis congénita ocurridos en el Nordeste y notificados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación. Se utilizaron métodos de análisis espacial y temporal para identificar tendencias y conglomerados de la enfermedad, así como un modelo de regresión lineal para señalar indicadores relacionados con la sífilis congénita, utilizando una significación del 5%. Resultados: La incidencia de sífilis congénita mostró un aumento significativo en todos los estados nordestinos ((p<0,001), con las mayores tasas y conglomerados localizados principalmente en los municipios del litoral de la región. Las variables asociadas a la incidencia de sífilis congénita en el Nordeste fueron: porcentaje de nacidos vivos con bajo peso al nacer (p<0,001), porcentaje de nacidos vivos con al menos siete consultas prenatales (p<;0,001), Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDHM) (p<0,001), ingreso per cápita (p<0,001), porcentaje de pobres (p<0,001), porcentaje de personas de 18 años o más con educación primaria completa (p = 0,02) y tasa de analfabetismo (p<0,001). Conclusión: Hubo un aumento en la incidencia de sífilis congénita durante el período analizado y conglomerados de tasas altas en la costa de los estados nordestinos. (AU)

Objetivo: Analisar a dinâmica espaço-temporal e os fatores socioeconômicos associados à incidência de sífilis congênita no Nordeste no período de 2008 a 2018.Método: Estudo ecológico desenvolvido com casos de sífilis congênita ocorridos no Nordeste e notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Foram empregados métodos de análises espacial e temporal para identificar a tendências e clusters da doença, bem como modelo de regressão linear para apontar indicadores relacionados à sífilis congênita empregando-se significância de 5%. Resultados: A incidência de sífilis congênita apresentou crescimento significativo em todos os estados nordestinos (p<0,001), com as maiores taxas e clusters localizados prioritariamente em municípios ao longo do litoral da região. As variáveis associadas à incidência de sífilis congênita no Nordeste foram: percentual de nascidos vivos com baixo peso ao nascer (p<0,001), percentual de nascidos vivos com pelo menos sete consultas de pré-natal (p<0,001), Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDHM)(p<0,001), renda per capita (p<0,001), percentual de pessoas pobres (p<0,001), percentual de pessoas de 18 anos ou mais de idade com ensino fundamental completo (p = 0,02) e taxa de analfabetismo (p<0,001).Conclusão: Verificou-se um crescimento na incidência de sífilis congênita ao longo do período analisado e clusters de altas taxas no litoral dos estados nordestinos. (AU)

Aim: To analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics and socioeconomic factors associated with the incidence of congenital syphilis in the Brazilian Northeast from 2008 to 2018. Method: An ecological study conducted on cases of congenital syphilis in the Northeast and notified in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases. Methods of temporal and spatial analysis were applied to identify trends and clusters of the disease as well as a model of linear regression to point out indicators related to congenital syphilis with a 5% significance level. Results: The incidence of congenital syphilis has significantly increased in all states of the Northeast (p<0.001), with higher indexes and clusters mostly in municipalities of the coast region. The variables associated with the incidence of congenital syphilis in the Northeast were: percentage of alive newborns with low birth weight (p<0.001), Human Development Index (p<0.001), income per capita (p<0.001), percentage of poor people (p<0.001), percentage of people with 18 years or more with complete basic education (p<0.001), and illiteracy rate (p<0.001). Conclusion: it was verified that incidence of congenital syphilis during the period analyzed and high indexes clusters in the coast of the Northeast coast. (AU)

Effectiveness of cinnamon in the reduction of lipid levels in people with diabetes: a randomized clinical trial / Eficacia de la canela en la reducción de los niveles de lípidos en personas con diabetes: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Efetividade da canela na redução de níveis lipídicos em pessoas com diabetes: ensaio clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cinnamon in reducing lipid levels in people with diabetes. Method: Randomized clinical trial of parallel groups, triple-blind, conducted in Basic Health Units in the state of Piauí in 2019. People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, between 18 and 80 years old, using oral antidiabetics, were included, and divided into two groups. The experimental group tested 3g of cinnamon for 90 days. Results: 140 people participated in the study. From these, the experimental group (n= 71) showed a reduction in mean levels of total cholesterol (p= 0.316 - CI 95% -24.9-8.1), LDL (p= 0.024 - CI 95% -29.3 -2.1) and triglycerides (p= 0.969 - 95% CI -28.6-27.5), and increased HDL (p= 0.001 - 95% CI 4.2-10.2). Conclusion: The use of 3g of cinnamon per day, for 90 days, seems to help reduce LDL values and increase HDL levels in patients with diabetes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la canela en la reducción de los niveles de lípidos en personas con diabetes. Método: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, triple ciego, de grupos paralelos, realizado en Unidades Básicas de Salud de Piauí en 2019. Personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, entre 18 y 80 años, usuarias de antidiabéticos orales, fueron divididas en dos grupos. El grupo experimental probó 3g de canela durante 90 días. Resultados: 140 personas participaron en el estudio. De estos, el grupo experimental (n= 71) mostró una reducción en los niveles medios de colesterol total (p= 0,316 - IC 95% -24,9-8,1), LDL (p= 0,024 - IC 95% -29,3 - 2,1) y triglicéridos (p= 0,969 - IC 95% -28,6-27,5) y HDL elevado (p= 0,001 - IC 95% 4,2-10,2). Conclusión: El uso de 3g de canela al día durante 90 días parece ayudar a reducir los valores de LDL y aumentar los niveles de HDL en pacientes con diabetes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da canela na redução dos níveis lipídicos em pessoas com diabetes. Método: Ensaio clínico aleatorizado de grupos paralelos, triplo cego, realizado em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do estado do Piauí em 2019. Foram incluídas pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, entre 18 e 80 anos, em uso de antidiabéticos orais, e divididos em dois grupos. No grupo experimental testou-se 3g de canela por 90 dias. Resultados: 140 pessoas participaram do estudo. Destas, o grupo experimental (n= 71) apresentou redução na média dos níveis de colesterol total (p= 0,316 - IC 95% -24,9-8,1), LDL (p= 0,024 - IC 95% -29,3-2,1) e triglicerídeos (p= 0,969 - IC 95% -28,6-27,5), e aumento do HDL (p= 0,001 - IC95% 4,2-10,2). Conclusão: O uso de 3g de canela por dia, durante 90 dias, parece auxiliar na diminuição dos valores de LDL e aumento dos níveis de HDL em pacientes com diabetes.