Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 in New World Primate negative for yellow fever virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Herpesvirus transmission between humans and non-human primate (NHP) can occur through contact scratches with lesions, infected saliva, and mainly through contaminated food. Therefore, cross-infection can lead to severe illness or even death for both the animal and human. In 2017, during the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, species of the New World Primates (NWP) from Rio de Janeiro state, tested negative for yellow fever virus (YFV) detection. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate herpesvirus in the population NWP in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: To investigate, liver samples of 283 NWP, from several regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, were tested for the herpesvirus family using a Pan-polymerase chain reaction (Pan-PCR) and sequencing. FINDINGS: 34.6% (98/283) tested positive for at least one herpesvirus; 29.3% (83/283) tested positive to Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), this virus from humans can be lethal to New World monkey; 13% (37/283) were detected Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3), responsible for lymphoproliferative disease that can be fatal in NWP. In addition, CalHV-3 / HSV-1 co-infection was in 11.6% (33/283) of the samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Pan-herpesvirus was useful to identify species-specific herpesviruses and virus from human that can infect animals. Furthermore, during an outbreak of YF other infections should be monitored.

A targeted approach with nanopore sequencing for the universal detection and identification of flaviviruses.

Nucleic acid test (NAT), most typically quantitative PCR, is one of the standard methods for species specific flavivirus diagnosis. Semi-comprehensive NATs such as pan-flavivirus PCR which covers genus Flavivirus are also available; however, further specification by sequencing is required for species level differentiation. In this study, a semi-comprehensive detection system that allows species differentiation of flaviviruses was developed by integration of the pan-flavivirus PCR and Nanopore sequencing. In addition, a multiplexing method was established by adding index sequences through the PCR with a streamlined bioinformatics pipeline. This enables defining cut-off values for observed read counts. In the laboratory setting, this approach allowed the detection of up to nine different flaviviruses. Using clinical samples collected in Vietnam and Brazil, seven different flaviviruses were also detected. When compared to a commercial NAT, the sensitivity and specificity of our system were 66.7% and 95.4%, respectively. Conversely, when compared to our system, the sensitivity and specificity of the commercial NAT were 57.1% and 96.9%, respectively. In addition, Nanopore sequencing detected more positive samples (n = 8) compared to the commercial NAT (n = 6). Collectively, our study has established a semi-comprehensive sequencing-based diagnostic system for the detection of flaviviruses at extremely affordable costs, considerable sensitivity, and only requires simple experimental methods.

Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, Southeast and Northeast Brazil (2017 and 2018).

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) is a severe, infectious, but non-communicable arboviral hemorrhagic disease. In the last decades, yellow fever virus (YFV) infections have been prevalent in endemic areas in Brazil, affecting human and non-human primate (NHP) populations. Monitoring of NHP infection started in 1999, and reports of epizootic diseases are considered important indicators of viral transmission, particularly in relation to the sylvatic cycle. This study presents the monitoring of YFV by real-time RT-PCR and the epidemiological findings related to the deaths of NHPs in the south-eastern states and in the north-eastern state of Bahia, during the outbreak of YF in Brazil during 2017 and 2018. METHODS: A total of 4198 samples from 2099 NHPs from south-eastern and north-eastern Brazilian states were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR). RESULTS: A total of 4198 samples from 2099 NHPs from south-eastern and north-eastern Brazilian states were collected between 2017 and 2018. The samples were subjected to molecular diagnostics for YFV detection using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) techniques. Epizootics were coincident with human YF cases. Furthermore, our results showed that the YF frequency was higher among marmosets (Callithrix sp.) than in previous reports. Viremia in species of the genus Alouatta and Callithrix differed greatly. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate a need for further investigation of the role of Callithrix spp. in the transmission cycles of YFV in Brazil. In particular, YFV transmission was observed in a region where viral circulation has not been recorded for decades and thus vaccination has not been previously recommended. CONCLUSIONS: This highlights the need to straighten epizootic surveillance and evaluate the extent of vaccination programmes in Brazil in previously considered "YFV-free" areas of the country.

Molecular identification of the agent of Q fever - Coxiella burnetii - in domestic animals in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Over the last recent years, the number of Q fever cases have has increased throughout the world. An epidemiological investigation was performed in the area in which the first molecular documentation of Q fever in Brazil was previously reported. METHODS: Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and PCR of Coxiella burnetii targeting the htpAB gene were performed in samples from 14 dogs (blood); 1 cat (blood); 10 goats (blood, milk, vaginal swab and anal swab); 3 sheep (blood); and 2 horses (blood). RESULTS: Two dogs, two sheep and five goats were seroreactive. DNA was amplified from 6 milk and 2 blood samples from goats and from dogs, respectively. The sequence of the amplicons exhibited 99% sequence similarity with the homologous sequence of the htpAB gene of C. burnetii RSA 331 (GenBank - CP000890). CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm C. burnetii infection in animals in Rio de Janeiro and reinforce the need for the surveillance of Q fever in Brazil.

Estudo da febre Q em seres humanos, animais domésticos e artrópodes em uma área no Município de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro / Study of Q fever in humans, domestic animals and arthropods in an area in the municipality of Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro

Febre Q é uma zoonose cosmopolita causada por Coxiella burnetii, pequena bactéria intracelular obrigatória gram-negativa e pleomórfica da ordem Legionellales. A doença, que ocorre como pequenos surtos ou como casos isolados, tem amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas, desde uma doença febril limitada, pneumonia, hepatite a endocardite e meningoencefalite. Carrapatos, animais de fazenda, domésticos e selvagens são reservatórios da infecção. A transmissão para o homem ocorre por inalação de aerossóis provenientes de urina, fezes, leite e produtos de abortamento ou menos comumente pela ingestão de leite cru de animais infectados. No Brasil, desde a primeira descrição de febre Q em 1953, em São Paulo, todos os casos têm sido identificados com base em teste sorológico e os poucos estudos soroepidemiológicos em população de risco apontam para a circulação de C. burnetii. Em 2008 foi possível confirmar um caso de febre Q em um paciente, a partir de análise sorológica e molecular. Com o objetivo de rastrear um foco de infecção por C. burnetii, um estudo epidemiológico descritivo foi desenvolvido na área de ocorrência do primeiro caso no Brasil de febre Q confirmado, em 2008, por análise molecular, no Município de Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro. Análises sorológicas e moleculares foram realizadas em amostras biológicas de familiares e de cães, gatos, cabras e equinos existentes na área estudada, em 2009. Amostras de soro foram submetidas ao teste comercial de imunofluorescência indireta (PANBIOTM), título de corte de 64, para a pesquisa de anticorpo anti-C. burnetii, fases I e II. Amostras de sangue dos familiares e dos animais, assim como de leite, fezes e de secreção nasal, vaginal, além dos artrópodes, coletados nos animais, foram submetidas à PCR (reação em cadeia da polimerase) para a presença da bactéria, utilizando oligonucleotídeos para o gene alvo htpAB. Reatividade foi identificada em amostras de soro da esposa, de 2 dos 13 caninos, 05 de 10 caprinos e 02 das 03 ovinos. O genoma foi recuperado em amostra de sangue e/ou leite ou swab anal de 02 cães e 06 cabras. O sequenciamento dos produtos de PCR amplificados, do soro dos cães e do leite das cabras, mostraram identidade de 99 por cento para as sequências depositadas no GenBank. Embora não seja uma doença de notificação, os dados obtidos confirmam a circulação deste agente zoonótico e servem de alerta para a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica da febre Q, em especial em Itaboraí, devido, entre outros fatores, ao crescente desmatamento com ocupação de vastas áreas e da criação, informal e de caráter familiar, de cabras leiteiras por pequenos proprietários nas diversas áreas do território nacional.