Molecular Determinants of Peritoneal Dissemination in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dissemination represents a poor prognostic indicator in gastric cancer. Despite a comprehensive molecular characterization of this disease, no peritoneal dissemination-specific signature has been identified, limiting the tailoring of the surgical and oncological treatments. In this review, we outline the available literature focusing on the role of the different molecular pathways involved in the acquisition of peritoneal metastatic dissemination. SUMMARY: According to our results, several molecular determinants are associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis and are involved in several cellular and molecular carcinogenetic processes. However, a comprehensive understanding of the complex molecular landscape of gastric carcinosis is still lacking. KEY MESSAGES: More efforts should be made toward the integration of molecular and histologic data to perform a risk prediction assessment of peritoneal dissemination based on molecular profiling and histological evaluation.

Early Barriers to Career Progression of Women in Surgery and Solutions to Improve Them: A Systematic Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to summarize the evidence concerning the barriers that exist to the career progression of women in surgery and to provide potential solutions to overcome these obstacles. BACKGROUND: Visible and invisible impediments can hinder female doctors' pursuit of a surgical career, from choosing a surgical specialty to training opportunities and all the way through career progression. METHODS: Database search of original studies about barriers for female surgeons during choice of surgical career, residency, and career progression. A query including possible solutions such as mentorship and network was included. RESULTS: Of 4618 total articles; 4497 were excluded as duplicates, having incorrect study focus, or not being original studies; leaving 120 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the articles included, 22 (18%) focused on factors affecting the pursuit of a surgical career, such as surgical work hours and limited time for outside interests, 55 (46%) analyzed the main barriers that exist during surgical residency and fellowship training, such as discrimination and sexual harassment, 27 (23%) focused on barriers to career advancement, heavy workloads, ineffective mentorship, unclear expectations for advancement, inequality in pay or work-home conflicts. Among studies reporting on possible solutions, 8 (6.5%) articles reported on the role of effective mentorship to support career advancement and to provide moral support and 8 (6.5%) on the emerging role of social media for networking. Our analysis showed how different impediments hinder surgical career progression for women, with notable consequences on burnout and attrition. CONCLUSIONS: Identification and recognition of obstacles to career progression is the first step to addressing the gender gap in surgery. Active strategies should be improved to promote a culture of diversity and to create equal opportunity for women in surgery, while implementing structured mentoring programs and investing on an adequate communication on social media to engage the future generations.

Discrimination Toward Women in Surgery: A Systematic Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias toward women in surgery has been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and prevents equality. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our scoping review is to summarize the different forms of discrimination toward women in surgery. METHODS: The database search consisted of original studies regarding discrimination toward female surgeons. RESULTS: Of 3615 studies meeting research criteria, 63 were included. Of these articles, 11 (18%) were focused on gender-based discrimination, 14 (22%) on discrimination in authorship, research productivity, and research funding, 21 (33%) on discrimination in academic surgery, 7 (11%) on discrimination in surgical leadership positions and 10 (16%) on discrimination during conferences and in surgical societies. The majority (n = 53, 84%) of the included studies were conducted in the U.S.A. According to our analysis, female surgeons experience discrimination from male colleagues, healthcare workers, but also from patients and trainees. Possible solutions may include acknowledgment of the problem, increased education of diversity and integration for the younger generations, mentorship, coaching, and more active engagement by male and female partners to support women in the surgical field. CONCLUSIONS: Gender-based discrimination toward women in the field of surgery has evolved over the past twenty years, from an explicit to a more subtle attitude. A work-environment where diversity and flexibility are valued would allow female surgeons to better realize their full potential.

Very Early Recurrence After Curative-Intent Surgery for Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence after curative-intent surgery can occur in more than 50% of gastric cancer (GC) patients. We sought to identify predictors of very early recurrence (VER) among GC patients who underwent curative-intent surgery. METHODS: A multi-institutional database of GC patients undergoing curative-intent surgery between 2000 and 2020 at 8 major institutions was queried. VER was defined as local or distant tumor recurrence within 6 months from surgery. Univariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the predictive value of clinical-pathological features on VER. A regularized Cox regression model was employed to build a predictive model of VER and recurrence within 12 months. The discriminant ability of the Cox regularized models was evaluated by reporting a ROC curve together with the calibration plot, considering 200 runs. RESULTS: Among 1133 patients, 65 (16.0%) patients experienced a VER. Preoperative symptoms (HR 1.198), comorbidities (HR 1.289), tumor grade (HR 1.043), LNR (HR 4.339) and T stage (HR 1.639) were associated with an increased likelihood of VER. Model performance was very good at predicting VER at 6 months (AUC of 0.722) and 12 months (AUC 0.733). Two nomograms to predict 6-month and 12-month VER were built based on the predictive model. A higher nomogram score was associated with worse prognosis. There was good prediction between observed and estimated VER with minimal evidence of overfitting and good performance on internal bootstrapping validation. CONCLUSION: One in 6 patients experienced VER following curative-intent surgery for GC. Nomograms to predict risk of VER performed well on internal validation, and stratified patients into distinct prognostic groups relative to 6- and 12-months recurrence.

Crohn's Disease-Related Stoma Complications and Their Impact on Postsurgical Course.

INTRODUCTION: Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. The diversion through a colostomy or an ileostomy is sometimes required for disease control. In these patients, common stoma-related complications sum up with CD-related complications and often require revisional surgery. METHODS: The aim of the study was to assess stoma morbidity after surgery for CD and to identify the burden of CD-related or CD-associated complications. Thus, details of past medical history, surgery, and follow-up of 54 consecutive patients operated on for CD with any sort of stoma were retrieved from the stoma therapist prospectively maintained database. RESULTS: In our series, 23 patients had a colostomy, and 31 patients had an ileostomy. Complications occurred after stoma creation in 38 patients (70%) at a median of 1.3 months (interquartile range 0.6-7.2). CD-related complications arose in 8 patients (including pyoderma gangrenosum in 3 patients, peristomal fistulae in 2, granulomas in 2, and peristomal abscess in 1). Patients with CD-related complications tended to have a shorter disease duration (p = 0.07) and higher occurrence of CD-related complications was associated with end-stoma (p = 0.006). In this cohort, 11 cases had to be surgically treated for peristomal fistulae or abscess, parastomal hernia, prolapse, pyoderma gangrenosum, and recurrent CD. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CD, stoma creation is burdened by a high rate of postoperative complication and a relevant rate is specifically related to CD. Often these patients are required to be reoperated on to redo the stoma. Moreover, end-stoma configuration and aggressive CD phenotype are associated to a higher rate of complications.

Predictors of Metastatic Lymph Nodes at Preoperative Staging CT in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Background. The aim of this study was to identify the most accurate computed-tomography (CT) dimensional criteria of loco-regional lymph nodes (LNs) for detecting nodal metastases in gastric cancer (GC) patients. Methods. Staging CTs of surgically resected GC were jointly reviewed by two radiologists, considering only loco-regional LNs with a long axis (LA) ≥ 5 mm. For each nodal group, the short axis (SA), volume and SA/LA ratio of the largest LN, the sum of the SAs of all LNs, and the mean of the SA/LA ratios were plotted in ROC curves, taking the presence/absence of metastases at histopathology for reference. On a per-patient basis, the sums of the SAs of all LNs, and the sums of the SAs, volumes, and SA/LA ratios of the largest LNs in all nodal groups were also plotted, taking the presence/absence of metastatic LNs in each patient for reference. Results. Four hundred and forty-three nodal groups were harvested during surgery from 107 patients with GC, and 173 (39.1%) were metastatic at histopathology. By nodal group, the sum of the SAs showed the best Area Under the Curve (AUC), with a sensitivity/specificity of 62.4/72.6% using Youden's index with a >8 mm cutoff. In the per-patient analysis, the sum of the SAs of all LNs in the loco-regional nodal groups showed the best AUC with a sensitivity/specificity of 65.6%/83.7%, using Youden's index with a >39 mm cutoff. Conclusion. In patients with GC, the sum of the SAs of all the LNs at staging CT is the best predictor among dimensional LNs criteria of both metastatic invasion of the nodal group and the presence of metastatic LNs.

Women surgeons: How can we shape the future of new leaders? A celebration of the past with a glimpse of the future.

BACKGROUND: Sporadic women involvement in surgery has been recorded since ancient times. Nevertheless, the presence of women in surgical disciplines has been marginal until the last 2 decades, with several barriers still existing worldwide. The aim of the study was to explore the history of women in surgery, with a main focus in North America from until the foundation women surgical societies. METHODS: Database search of studies about the history of women in surgery. RESULTS: The 19th century registered an increased presence of women in medicine; during the 20th century, pioneer women surgeons opened the way to a more consistent involvement of women in surgical specialties. In the last 20 years, increased awareness of barriers limiting women progression in surgical career led to the development of women's surgical societies, with the aim to share common experiences and find solutions to common issues. CONCLUSION: The history of women in surgery has been paved with challenges: during the last centuries, several barriers limited the inclusion of women in surgical fields, from training to leadership positions. Nevertheless, some pioneers actually broke the rules imposed by a male-dominated field and opened the way to a more diverse and equal future for women surgeons. Nowadays, the existence of women's surgical societies in different countries and their interconnection represents a way to support women surgeons at different stages of their career.

Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices: A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Psychological Support on Quality of Life and Body Image (BI-PORT).

Background: The presence of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs), as any permanent or semipermanent medical devices, has an impact on the quality of life (QoL) of patients. Therefore, the purpose of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy of psychological support for patients undergoing this procedure. Methods: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to compare the efficacy of a psychological intervention vs. standard care on QoL in patients receiving TIVAD for chemotherapy treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02075580). The trial was conducted at the Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS (Padua, Italy) between October 2013 and September 2018. Participants were neoplastic adults receiving TIVAD for chemotherapy treatment for any cancer, not undergoing visible demolitive interventions, without psychopathological diagnosis and language understanding. The exclusion criteria were patients without a diagnosis of cancer, with psychopathological diagnosis, or with language misunderstanding. Results: The variation of C30-QL2 and BR32-BI was not statistically different between intervention and control arms in men and women. However, the variation of C30-SF was statistically better in the intervention than control arm in men [mean difference (MD) 22.3, 95% CI 3.5 to 41.0] but not in women (MD -2.7, 95% CI -24.0 to 18.7). The variations of the other secondary outcome measures were not statistically different between intervention and control arms. Conclusion: Psychological support did not show any clear advantages on global QoL and body image perception in patients at 15 days after TIVAD insertion for chemotherapy. In contrast, male patients might benefit from even a very short psychological counseling before or during chemotherapy even if they do not seem to ask for it.