Differences in colorectal cancer patterns between right and left sided colorectal cancer lesions.

PURPOSE: Colorectal carcinomas that arise proximal (right) or distal (left) to the splenic flexure exhibit different clinical and biological characteristics. Although various hypotheses have been proposed to explain these differences, their origin remains unclear. In this study we investigated the clinicopathologic differences between left and right colon tumors and comment on the possible explanatory theories behind them. METHODS: This study included a total of 388 retrospectively collected cases of colorectal cancer, surgically treated from 1999 to 2004. Differences of patients' demographic data and tumor micro- and macroscopic characteristics between left and right-sided tumors were investigated and analysed. RESULTS: Patients with right-sided colon cancer were significantly older (mean age 70 vs. 68 years; p<0.05) and had more lymph nodes examined than patients with left colon tumors (mean number of nodes 18.9 vs. 12.6; p<0.05). There was a lower proportion of T1 stage right-sided tumors (3.1 vs. 5%) and a higher proportion of stage T2-4 (96.9 vs. 95%) compared with left-sided tumors (p<0.001 for x2 test of all T stages). Furthermore, right-sided tumors had a higher mean width and depth (4.3 vs. 3.8 cm and 1.8 vs. 1.6 cm, respectively; p<0.05). Finally, there was a higher percentage of poorly differentiated right colon tumors (41.4 vs. 17.5%; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Right-sided colon tumors affect older patients and are diagnosed at more advanced disease stages. The underlying mechanisms that provoke these differences remain unclear. Further studies are needed in order to better understand the true nature of these differences and their possible clinical implications.

An exploratory analysis of the epidemiology and surgical management of perforated diverticular disease over a two-year period at a referral centre in the Caribbean.

OBJECTIVE: We present an exploratory analysis of data collected on perforated diverticular disease (PDD) in Barbados and suggest possible areas for further study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All cases of perforated diverticular disease treated at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) Barbados, between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006 were reviewed. The patient's age, gender location of disease, Hinchey stage, operative procedure, rate of colostomy reversal, length of hospitalization, incidence of peri-operative morbidity and postoperative mortality were analysed using principal components analysis (PCA). RESULTS: Fourteen cases of PDD were treated at the QEH during this period. Six (43%) of the patients had perforated right-sided diverticulitis (PRSD). In the PCA, Dimensions 1 and 2 were the two dimensions examined, as they both had Eigenvalues over 1. Dimension 1 can be taken as an indicator of the intensity of the disease. On dimension 2, length of hospitalization had the highest component loading (0.875). The mean hospital stay was 10.6 days in PRSD, 9.5 in left-sided perforations with primary anastomosis, and 16.2 days for those with a Hartmann's procedure. The overall peri-operative morbidity was 28% and there was no mortality in the series. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study seems to show a relatively high incidence of PRSD in a predominantly Afro-Caribbean population. More research is needed to determine the exact aetiology of this disease. In our experience, primary anastomosis in carefully selected patients with either PRSD or perforated left-sided diverticulitis (PLSD) may result in shorter hospitalization.

Laparoscopic fenestration of multiple giant biliary mucinous cystadenomas of the liver.

Biliary cystadenomas of the liver are rare, cystic neoplasms of the biliary ductal system usually occur in middle aged women. We report a case of synchronous multiple huge biliary mucinous cystadenomas with unique features. This is, according to our knowledge, the first report in the literature about three synchronously occurring hepatobiliary cystadenomas. Cystadenomas have a strong tendency to recur, particularly following incomplete excision, and a potential of malignant transformation. A therapeutic re-evaluation may be necessary when the diagnosis of hepatobiliary cystadenoma is made after the operation and an open liver resection should be considered.

Preoperative levosimendan in heart failure patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of perioperative morbidity and mortality in noncardiac surgery. Preoperative optimisation of these patients is, thus, of utmost importance. Levosimendan seems promising for patients undergoing cardiac surgery; however, its safety and efficacy in HF patients undergoing noncardiac surgery have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of prophylactic preoperative levosimendan administration on left ventricular function in HF patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: HF patients with ejection fraction <30%undergoing elective noncardiac surgery in 2005 were included in this prospective study. Patients were admitted to our surgical intensive care unit one day preoperatively. Under continuous haemodynamic monitoring, the treatment protocol consisted of an initial loading dose (24 microg/kg) for ten minutes followed by a continuous 24-hour infusion (0.1 microg/kg/min) at the end of which patients underwent surgery. Echocardiography was performed before infusion (day 0) and on the 7th postinfusion day (day 7). Measurements included left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), velocity time integral(VTI), pre-ejection period (PEP), ejection time (ET),maximum (Pmax) and minimum P(min) transvalvular aortic pressure gradient, and maximum (Vmax) and minimum V(min) aortic velocity. RESULTS: Twelve consecutive patients were enrolled. Levosimendan resulted in a significant increase in LVEF,VTI, P(max), P(min), V(max), and V(min) (p<0.01) and, moreover, a significant reduction in PEP, ET, and PEP/ET (p=0.04) on day 7 compared with day 0 values. No adverse reactions,complications or mortality occurred during 30-day follow-up. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic preoperative levosimendan treatment may be safe and efficient for perioperative optimisation of heart failure patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Primary insular carcinoid of the ovary.

Primary ovarian carcinoids are very rare tumors that account for less than 5% of all carcinoids and 0.1% of all ovarian malignancies. We present a rare case of a primary, non-functioning, insular carcinoid of the left ovary in a 44-year-old woman originating from the outer surface of a mature cystic teratoma. After an uneventful unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, the patient had no sign of recurrence with computed tomography and 5-HIAA evaluation at 3-year follow-up. Although rare, primary ovarian insular carcinoid tumors that are confined to the ovary and treated with surgery are expected to have an excellent overall outcome.

Predictive factors of operative or nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma.

AIM: Nonoperative management (NOM) has revolutionized the care of blunt hepatic trauma patients. The aim of the present study was to identify and evaluate the predictors of NOM of these patients. METHODS: The Trauma Registry data of 55 consecutive adult patients admitted with blunt hepatic trauma over a 4-year period was reviewed. Patients were divided into immediately operated (OP-group) and selected for NOM (NOM-group). Factors analyzed were: demographics, injury mechanism, initial vital signs, liver injury grade, concomitant injuries, and total injury severity scoring systems. RESULTS: Concomitant abdominal trauma, high Injury Severity Score (ISS), low International Classification of Diseases 9(th) revision Injury Severity Score (ICISS), and low probability of survival (Ps) were predictors for operative management. Compared to NOM-patients (66%, N=36), OP-patients (34%, N=19) suffered more frequently concomitant abdominal injuries (84.2% vs 47.2%, P=0.004) and were more severely totally injured as expressed by higher ISS (25 vs 20, P=0.01), lower ICISS (0.51 vs 0.74, P=0.003), and lower Ps (0.81 vs 0.98, P=0.005). NOM resulted in lower intensive care unit admission and mortality rates (47.2% vs 78.9%, P=0.002 and 2.7% vs 15.8%, P=0.03, respectively). NOM-success rate was 92%. CONCLUSION: NOM of blunt hepatic trauma is safe and efficient. Concomitant abdominal trauma, ISS, ICISS, and Ps are predictors for operative or nonoperative management.

Refractory septic shock: efficacy and safety of very high doses of norepinephrine.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and effects of administration of very high doses of norepinephrine (> 4 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) in catecholamine-resistant septic shock. We reviewed the charts of all patients with nonresponding to commonly used norepinephrine doses (< or = 4 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) septic shock from January 1999 to December 2002 in our Surgical Intensive Care Unit. All patients were treated with high norepinephrine doses (> 4 microg kg(-1) min(-1)), after initial resuscitation, so as to achieve a mean arterial pressure higher than or equal to 65 mmHg. During this 4-year period, 12 consecutive patients with catecholamine-resistant septic shock were included in our study. When compared with the values obtained prior to the administration of very high norepinephrine doses, the values of mean arterial pressure (p = 0.003) and systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.002) significantly increased after the administration of such doses, and additionally, lactate concentrations (p = 0.003) decreased. In contrast, no significant changes were observed regarding mean central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressure. Administration of high norepinephrine doses in our patients resulted in a survival rate of 33.4%. Management of catecholamine-resistant septic shock patients poses a challenging problem. Administration of very high norepinephrine doses is safe and effective and may improve survival of these patients with otherwise extremely high mortality rates.

Motor vehicle trauma: analysis of injury profiles by road-user category.

BACKGROUND: Vehicle accidents in Greece are among the leading causes of death and the primary one in young people. The mechanism of injury influences the patterns of injury in victims of vehicle accidents. OBJECTIVE: Identification and analysis of injury profiles of motor-vehicle trauma patients in a Greek level I trauma centre, by road-user category. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The trauma registry data of Herakleion University Hospital of adult trauma patients admitted to the hospital after a vehicle accident between 1997 and 2000 were retrospectively examined. Patients were grouped based on the mechanism of injury into three road-user categories: car occupants, motorcyclists, and pedestrians. RESULTS: Of 730 consecutive patients, 444 were motorcyclists (60.8%), 209 were car occupants (28.7%), and 77 were pedestrians (10.5%). Young men constituted the majority of injured motorcyclists whereas older patients (p = 0.0001) and women (p = 0.0001) represented a substantial proportion of the injured pedestrians. With regard to the spectrum of injuries in the groups, craniocerebral injuries were significantly more frequent in motorcyclists and pedestrians (p = 0.0001); abdominal (p = 0.009) and spinal cord trauma (p = 0.007) in car occupants; and pelvic injuries (p = 0.0001) in pedestrians. Although the car occupants had the highest Injury Severity Score (ISS) (p = 0.04), the pedestrians had the poorest outcome with substantially higher mortality (p = 0.007) than the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal a clear association between different road-user categories and age and sex incidence patterns, as well as outcomes and injury profiles. Recognition of these features would be useful in designing effective prevention strategies and in comprehensive prehospital and inhospital treatment of motor-vehicle trauma patients.

Inguinal dermoid cyst of the round ligament. A case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Dermoid cysts are rarely located in extraovarian sites, representing an extremely uncommon lesion of the round ligament. The differential diagnosis of an inguinal lesion that proved to be a dermoid cyst deriving from the round ligament is presented with a review of the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of a 27-year-old female with a dermoid cyst arising from the round ligament and lying inside the inguinal canal, which was tender and palpable, is reported. DISCUSSION: Underlining their origin, clinical manifestation, gross appearance and pathology, we differentiate dermoid cysts mainly from epidermoid cysts and mature cystic teratomas, analyzing the importance of such a distinction to the possibility of malignant degeneration and recurrence of a dermoid cyst in the round ligament.

Management of blunt hepatic and splenic trauma in a Greek level I trauma centre.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: Non-operative management (NOM) has revolutionized the care of blunt hepatic and splenic trauma patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate treatment of such patients in a Greek level I trauma centre, to identify factors that are important for selecting them for NOM and to investigate for predictors of NOM failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the Trauma Registry data of 96 consecutive adult patients admitted with blunt liver and/or splenic injuries over a 4-year period. RESULTS: Immediately operated patients (32.3%) had lower diastolic arterial pressure (p = 0.02), lower International Classification of Diseases -9th revision Injury Severity Score (ICISS) (p = 0.01), and a higher grade of splenic injury (p = 0.002) than NOM patients. NOM success rate was 80%. No predictors of NOM failure were found ; however, isolated splenic trauma patients failed NOM more frequently than hepatic patients (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: NOM of adult blunt hepatic and splenic trauma patients is safe and efficient. Haemodynamic stability, ICISS and the grade of splenic injury are important for selecting these patients for NOM while splenic trauma patients need more intense observation.

Thyroid surgery with harmonic focus, ligasure precise and conventional technique: a retrospective case-matched study.

BACKGROUND: New surgical technologies have been introduced in thyroid surgery, to achieve vessel sealing and hemostasis. The aim of the study was to examine their effectiveness and compare the outcome of total thyroidectomy using the Harmonic Focus™, the LigaSure® Precise and the conventional technique of suture ligation. METHODS: A retrospective case-matched study of all total thyroidectomies between October 2008 through May 2010 was conducted. Patients (n=240) underwent total thyroidectomy using three different methods; the Harmonic Focus™ (Group F, n=80), the LigaSure Precise® (Group L, n=80) and the conventional technique of suture ligation (Group C, n=80). RESULTS: No significant differences were identified between the 3 groups in terms of demographics, thyroid gland weight, pathologic diagnosis, preoperative and postoperative calcium levels, postoperative complications, duration of hospital stay, and final outcome. The operative time was shorter with Harmonic Focus® by about 15%. Statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between operations with F (62.7±14.1 minutes) and C (72.7±13.6minutes) with (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Both devices were safe and efficient. A significant reduction of the operative time was found with Harmonic Focus® compared to the other two techniques with no statistically significant differences in postoperative complications in the 3 groups.

Primary hydatidosis of the gluteus muscles: report of three cases.

BACKGROUND: Hydatid disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is a worldwide problem especially in sheep and cattle raising countries. AIMS: Muscle involvement is most commonly encountered as recurrence of previously treated disease or concurrently with primary lesions of the liver or lung. Furthermore, the rarity of muscle hydatidosis has unique implications in diagnosis and management. METHODS: We report on three cases of primary echinococcus of the gluteus muscles presented in our clinic during a 10-year period. RESULTS: We have administered albendazole for one cycle of 28 days in two of our patients based on the size and appearance of the cyst. All patients underwent total pericystectomy without cyst rupture. We have not found any recurrences after minimum follow up of 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle echinococciasis respond well to surgical intervention. Complete and intact removal of the cyst in primary muscular hydatidosis should be considered curative.

An exploratory analysis of the epidemiology and surgical management of perforated diverticular disease over a two-year period at a Referral Centre in the Caribbean / Análisis exploratorio de la epidemiología y el tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad diverticular perforada durante un período de dos años en un Centro de Remisión en el Caribe

OBJECTIVE: We present an exploratory analysis of data collected on perforated diverticular disease (PDD) in Barbados and suggest possible areas for further study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All cases of perforated diverticular disease treated at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH) Barbados, between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006 were reviewed. The patient's age, gender, location of disease, Hinchey stage, operative procedure, rate of colostomy reversal, length of hospitalization, incidence of peri-operative morbidity and postoperative mortality were analysed using principal components analysis (PCA). RESULTS: Fourteen cases of PDD were treated at the QEH during this period. Six (43%) of the patients had perforated right-sided diverticulitis (PRSD). In the PCA, Dimensions 1 and 2 were the two dimensions examined, as they both had Eigenvalues over 1. Dimension 1 can be taken as an indicator of the intensity of the disease. On dimension 2, length of hospitalization had the highest component loading (0.875). The mean hospital stay was 10.6 days in PRSD, 9.5 in left-sided perforations with primary anastomosis, and 16.2 days for those with a Hartmann's procedure. The overall peri-operative morbidity was 28% and there was no mortality in the series. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study seems to show a relatively high incidence of PRSD in a predominantly Afro-Caribbean population. More research is needed to determine the exact aetiology of this disease. In our experience, primary anastomosis in carefully selected patients with either PRSD or perforated left-sided diverticulitis (PLSD) may result in shorter hospitalization.

OBJETIVO: Presentamos un análisis exploratorio de la enfermedad diverticular perforada (EDP) en Barbados, y sugerimos posibles áreas de análisis ulterior. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron todos los casos de enfermedad diverticular perforada tratados en el Hospital Queen Elizabeth (QEH) de Barbados, entre enero 1 de 2005 y diciembre 31 de 2006. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales (ACP), se analizaron los siguientes: edad del paciente, género, localización de la enfermedad, estadio de Hinchey, procedimiento operatorio, tasa de colostomía inversa, tiempo de hospitalización, incidencia de morbilidad perioperatoria, y mortalidad postoperatoria. RESULTADOS: Catorce casos de EDP fueron tratados en el HQE durante este período. Seis (43%) de los pacientes presentaban diverticulitis del lado derecho perforada (DLDP). En el ACP, las dimensiones 1 y 2 fueron las dos dimensiones examinadas, ya que ambas tenían valores propios por encima de 1. La dimensión 1 puede tomarse como indicador de la intensidad de la enfermedad. En la dimensión 2, el tiempo de hospitalización tuvo la carga de componente más alta (0.875). La estadía promedio en el hospital fue de 10.6 días en los casos de DLDP, 9.5 en las perforaciones del lado izquierdo con anastomosis primaria, y 16.2 días para aquellos con procedimiento de Hartmann. La morbilidad perioperatoria fue 28% y no hubo mortalidad en la serie. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio preliminar parece mostrar una incidencia relativamente alta de DLDP en una población predominantemente afro-caribeña. Se necesita más investigación a fin de determinar la etiología exacta de esta enfermedad. En nuestra experiencia, la anastomosis primaria en pacientes cuidadosamente seleccionados, que sufren de DLDP o padecen diverticulitis del lado izquierdo perforada (DLIP), puede tener por resultado una hospitalización más corta.

Organisation of a trauma registry in a regional Greek university hospital: the first two years experience.

OBJECTIVE: To design and implement a hospital trauma registry so as to be able to monitor the care of injured patients. SETTING: Teaching hospital, Greece. SUBJECTS: All patients admitted with trauma from January 1997. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Design of a suitable form, establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria, injury severity scoring, finding money and personnel, and getting suitable computer hardware and software for reliable collection and analysis of data. RESULTS: We experienced great difficulty in getting funding, so were unable to employ dedicated staff to collect the data, though we have had a part-time secretary to coordinate the registry whose salary has been paid by a pharmaceutical company. We have to rely on junior doctors to collect the data, which works well when they are enthusiastic (though not all are). We decided to use the data collection form used by the UK Trauma Network. We are trying to collect sufficient data to code severity by more than one system, but at present this is causing problems because busy nurses and doctors do not like filling in forms. Software has also been a problem as most of it is in English and translation is a considerable workload. The calculations are still being done manually while we work with two computer programmers to develop our own. We have submitted a research protocol to the Ministry of Health which has been accepted and this will guarantee our expenses for the next two years. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing a philosophy of continuous quality improvement is never easy, and we expect funding to be a permanent source of anxiety. Our progress so far has been good, but not as good as we hoped; however, we are optimistic that as people see the value of continuous monitoring of the system they will become more enthusiastic and supportive.