A comprehensive coding and microRNA transcriptome of vertebral bone in postlarvae and juveniles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis).

Understanding vertebral bone development is essential to prevent skeletal malformations in farmed fish related to genetic and environmental factors. This is an important issue in Solea senegalensis, with special impact of spinal anomalies in postlarval and juvenile stages. Vertebral bone transcriptomics in farmed fish mainly comes from coding genes, and barely on miRNA expression. Here, we used RNA-seq of spinal samples to obtain the first comprehensive coding and miRNA transcriptomic repertoire for postlarval and juvenile vertebral bone, covering different vertebral phenotypes and egg-incubation temperatures related to skeleton health in S. senegalensis. Coding genes, miRNA and pathways regulating bone development and growth were identified. Differential transcriptomic profiles and suggestive mRNA-miRNA interactions were found between postlarvae and juveniles. Bone-related genes and functions were associated with the extracellular matrix, development and regulatory processes, calcium binding, retinol and lipid metabolism or response to stimulus, including those revealed by the miRNA targets related to signaling, cellular and metabolic processes, growth, cell proliferation and biological adhesion. Pathway enrichment associated with fish skeleton were identified when comparing postlarvae and juveniles: growth and bone development functions in postlarvae, while actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and proteasome related to bone remodeling in juveniles. The transcriptome data disclosed candidate coding and miRNA gene markers related to bone cell processes, references for functional studies of the anosteocytic bone of S. senegalensis. This study establishes a broad transcriptomic foundation to study healthy and anomalous spines under early thermal conditions across life-stages in S. senegalensis, and for comparative analysis of skeleton homeostasis and pathology in fish and vertebrates.

In-depth histological, lectin-histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural description of the olfactory rosettes and olfactory bulbs of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).

Chemical communication through olfaction is crucial for fish behaviours, mediating in socio-sexual behaviours as reproduction. Turbot, a flatfish with significant aquaculture production, possesses a well-developed olfactory system from early developmental stages. After metamorphosis, flatfish acquire their characteristic bilateral asymmetry with an ocular side facing the open water column, housing the dorsal olfactory rosette, and a blind side in contact with the sea bottom where the ventral rosette is located. This study aimed to address the existing gap in specific histological, ultrastructural, lectin-histochemical and immunohistochemical studies of the turbot olfactory rosettes and olfactory bulbs. We examined microdissected olfactory organs of adult turbots and premetamorphic larvae by using routine histological staining techniques, and a wide array of lectins and primary antibodies against G-proteins and calcium-binding proteins. We observed no discernible structural variations in the olfactory epithelium between rosettes, except for the dorsal rosette being larger in size compared to the ventral rosette. Additionally, the use of transmission electron microscopy significantly improved the characterization of the adult olfactory epithelium, exhibiting high cell density, small cell size, and a wide diversity of cell types. Moreover, specific immunopositivity in sensory and non-sensory cells provided us of essential information regarding their olfactory roles. The results obtained significantly enriched the scarce morphological and neurochemical information available on the turbot olfactory system, revealing a highly complex olfactory epithelium with distinct features compared to other teleost species, especially with regard to olfactory cell distribution and immunolabelling patterns.

Caracterización de la lesión renal aguda en un hospital de la República Dominicana

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar la lesión renal aguda (LRA) para describir el patrón etiológico, manifestaciones clínicas y de laboratorio. Material y métodos: Diseño observacional, retrospectivo tipo serie de casos. Se analizaron los registros de 88 pacientes, atendidos en la Unidad de Nefrología de un Hospital en la República Dominicana, sin importar el estadio de la enfermedad. Resultados: Encontramos que la edad media es 64 años con una TFG 17 mL/min/1.73 m2. El principal motivo de ingreso como de interconsulta es la "elevación de azoados" con 7.51% (n= 19 / 253) y 29.90% (n=58 / 194), respectivamente. El diagnóstico final más común fue la anemia con un 17.09% (n=50 / 396), la hipertensión arterial con un 34.16% (n=55 / 151) fue la comorbilidad predominante. La mayoría de pacientes no tuvo ningún antecedente medicamentoso con un 31.17% (n=48 / 154), la intervención más común fue el uso de fluidos en un 40.83% (n=49 / 120). El hallazgo clínico más descrito fueron los campos pulmonares hipoventilados 42,72% (n=44 / 103). Conclusiones: Recomendamos poner en funcionamiento acciones que ayuden con un oportuno diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de la LRA en el hospital.

Abstract: Objective: To characterize acute kidney injury (AKI) and describe its etiological pattern, clinical and laboratory manifestations. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational design, case series type. We analyzed the records of 88 patients treated in the nephrology unit of a hospital in the Dominican Republic, regardless of the stage of the disease. Results: We found that the average age is 64 years with a GFR 17mL/min/1.73 m2. The main reason for admission and consultation is the "elevation of BUN and creatinine levels" with 7.51% (n= 19 / 253) and 29.90% (n=58 / 194), respectively. The most common final diagnosis was anemia 17.09% (n=50 / 396), hypertension with 34.16% (n=55 / 151) was the predominant comorbidity. The majority of patients had no medication history with 31.17% (n=48 / 154), the most common intervention performed was fluid use with 40.83% (n=49 / 120). The most frequently described clinical finding was hypoventilated lungs with 42, 72% (n=44 / 103). Conclusions: We recommend the implementation of actions to improve the timely diagnosis and management of AKI in the hospital.

Resumo: Objetivo: Caracterizar a lesão renal aguda (LRA) prá descrever o padrão etiológico, manifestações clinicas e do laboratório. Métodos: Modelo observacional, retrospectivo tipo série de casos. Foram analisados os registros de 88 pacientes, antendidos na Unidade de Nefrología dum Hospital na República Dominicana, sem importar o estágio da doença. Resultados: Encontramos que a edade média é 64 anos com uma TFG de 17 mL/min/1.73 m2. A razão principal da admissão e interconsulta é a "elevação de azoados" com 7.51% (n=19/253) e 29.90% (n=58/194), respectivamente. O diagnóstico final mais comum foi a anemia com um 17.09% (n=50/396), a hipertensão arterial com um 34.16% (n=55/151) foi a comorbidade predominante. A maioria dos pacientes não tinha histórico medicinal com um 31.17% (n=48/154), a intervenção mais comum foi o uso de fluidos num 40.83% (n=49/120). O achado clínico mais comum foi campos pulmonares hipoventilados 47.72% (n=44/103). Conclusões: Recomendamos colocar em operação ações que ajudam com um diagnóstico oportuno e um tratamento precoce da LRA no hospital.

Morphological variation in a secondary contact between divergent lineages of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Iberian Peninsula

The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological variation of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Duero basin, an Atlantic river basin in the Iberian Peninsula, where a spatial segregation of two divergent lineages was previously reported, based on isozyme, microsatellite and mtDNA data. In these studies, two divergent pure regions (Pisuerga and Lower-course) and several hybrid populations between them were identified. Morphological variation was evaluated in 11 populations representative of the genetic differentiation previously observed in the Duero basin, using multivariate analysis on 12 morphometric and 4 meristic traits. A large differentiation between populations was observed (interpopulation component of variance: 41.8 percent), similar to that previously detected with allozymes and microsatellites. Morphometric differentiation was also reflected by the high classification success of pure and hybrid individuals to their respective populations, using multivariate discriminant functions (94.1 percent and 79.0 percent, respectively). All multivariate and clustering analyses performed demonstrated a strong differentiation between the pure regions. The hybrid populations, though showing large differentiation among them, evidenced an intermediate position between the pure samples. Head and body shape traits were the most discriminant among the morphometric characters, while pectoral rays and gillrakers were the most discriminant among the meristic traits. These results confirmed the high divergence of the brown trout from the Duero basin and suggest some traits on which selection could be acting to explain the spatial segregation observed.

Phylogenetic analysis of the order Pleuronectiformes (Teleostei) based on sequences of 12S and 16S mitochondrial genes

The fish order Pleuronectiformes, composed of 14 families, has two suborders: Psettodoidei (with one family) and Pleuronectoidei (with thirteen families). The relationships among families of Pleuronectoidei and among the genera of their families have extensively been debated and a consensus has not yet been reached. In the present study, partial sequences of the 12S and 16S mitochondrial rRNA genes were obtained from 19 species belonging to the families Achiridae, Bothidae, Cynoglossidae, Paralichthyidae, Pleuronectidae, Scophthalmidae, and Soleidae. Additional sequences of 42 pleuronectiform species were obtained from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by the methods of maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference. Our results corroborate the monophyletic status of all families, excluding Paralichthyidae. In the family Achiridae, the genus Catathyridium (freshwater) was the sister group of Trinectes (saltwater), and Hypoclinemus (freshwater) was the sister group of Achirus (saltwater). Assuming that the putative ancestor of achirids lived in saltwater, it is suggested that the freshwater habitats in South America were colonized independently by different achirid lineages.

Proyecto de central telefonica mediante el sistema AXE

La motivacion principal de implementar una central telefonica local, es naturalmente de caracter socioeconomico, en una determinada region, en este caso de la ciudad fronteriza de nuestro pais, Bermejo-Tarija.El objetivo mas especifico de este proyecto seria el de brindar un sistema de telefonia digital, a los habitantes de esta region, integrandolos a la comunicacion nacional e internacional a traves de la interconexion con la empresa nacional de telecomunicaciones ENTEL. Como un aporte academico, consta de dos partes muy importantes, una de ellas nos dara el conocimiento basico de la arquitectura del sistema AXE y por otra parte nos daria la capacidad de poder realizar el dimensionamiento de todas sus partes componentes al sistema, basandose en los requerimientos sociales y normativos que puedan exigirse en la implementacion de un sistema de telfonia.La implementacion de este proyecto, nos permitira la modernizacion total de nuestro sistema actual de telefonia analogica por un sistema digital, por en cuanto todo lo que se refiere a conmutacion del nuevo sistema sera digital, el cambio tecnologico paulatino de los abonados del sistema analogico al sistema digital, se ejecutara como primera etapa del proyecto dando prioridad al cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la Superintendencia de telecomunicaciones, mas adelante se implementara el sistema de interconexion digital con la señalizacion No7 de la CCITT, con la intencion de optimizar el entroncamiento de los sistemas DOMSAT-BERMEJO-AXE-COTABE.

Proyecto de central telefónica mediante el sistema AXE

Este proyecto consta, esencialmente del dimensionamiento de todos los órganos componentes al sistema AXE, para la implementación de una central local y sus interconexiones. Puedo referirme al diagrama de bloques general de la figura 1.1 y describir cada una de estas partes en forma sintetizada y es como sigue: En todos los bloques del lado izquierdo bloque GSS, corresponde al subsistema de conmutación de abonado SSS-D, esta parte significa la implementación de los órganos o (hardware) y software correspondiente a la conmutación de abonado, como podemos ver el bloque LSM interconecta a los abonados comunes y el bloque SECOB a la parte de telefonía pública, donde el resto de los bloques ligados a los bloques mencionados, realizan tareas como pruebas de los órganos LIC, control de los TP's, emiten anuncios hacia los abonados, emisión de señales de alarmas hacia los abonados etc.