Quantification of Metal(loid)s in Lubricating Eye Drops Used in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of metal(loid)s in lubricating eye drops used in the treatment of dry eye disease. The concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, V, and Zn were determined in 19 eye drop samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the quantified elements ranged from 0.0002-0.0363 (mg/L) and 0.0007-0.1211 (mg/L), respectively. High values of concentrations of Al (2.382 µg/g), As (0.204 µg/g), Ba (0.056 µg/g), Cd (0.051 µg/g), Co (1.085 µg/g), Cr (0.020 µg/g), Cu (0.023 µg/g), Fe (0.453 µg/g), Mg (24.284 µg/g), Mn (0.014 µg/g), Mo (0.046 µg/g), Ni (0.071 µg/g), Pb (0.049 µg/g), Se (0.365 µg/g), V (0.083 µg/g), and Zn (0.552 µg/g) were quantified in samples of eye drops with and without preservatives. The concentrations of As (5 samples) and Cd (3 samples) were higher than those allowed by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia for impurities (parenteral use). The value of Co content (µg/g) in a sample was higher than the value established by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH Q3D (R2)) in the parenteral route. The daily eye drop instillation exposure (µg/day) was below the values from the parenteral-permitted daily exposure (PDE) set by the ICH Q3D guideline (R2). The presence of heavy metals in eye drops is an alert to regulatory agencies in several countries so that control and inspections can be carried out.

Topical Brazilian propolis improves corneal wound healing and inflammation in rats following alkali burns.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the Brazilian Scaptotrigona sp propolis, a widely used folk medicine, in corneal wound healing and inflammation. METHODS: Corneal epithelial defects of 1 mm in diameter were made in the right eyes of Wistar male adult rats by cauterization with silver nitrate sticks. Subsequently, they were divided in two groups (n = 40 rats/group): Brazilian propolis (BP) group was topically treated with a microemulsion containing 1% Brazilian propolis; vehicle (VH) group received the same formulation without propolis. The epithelial defect area was photographed and measured at t = 0 (wound induction), and after 12, 24, 48 and 120 h of treatment. The inflammatory response was evaluated based on counting of neutrophils. Epithelial regeneration rates were determined based on Ki-67 expression in basal epithelial cells. Comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The BP group presented both smaller epithelial defect areas at 12, 24 and 48 h and fewer corneal infiltrating neutrophils at 24 and 48 h (P < 0.01) than the VH group. These effects were associated with more pervasive Ki-67 staining in the BP group at 12 and 24 h (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Topically applied BP accelerated wound healing and reduced the inflammatory response to silver nitrate-induced corneal alkali burns in rats.

Effect of eyelid saccades on the position of lateral canthus in young and older subjects.

PURPOSE: To measure the effect of down and upgaze on lateral canthus height. METHODS: Observational study. The lateral canthus height of 125 eyes was quantified in the primary position, up, and downgaze. All measurements were monocular. The sample comprised 125 subjects divided into three age groups: 10 to 30, 31 to 50, and 51 to 70 years. All images were acquired with a digital camera and processed with the NIH image software. RESULTS: The lateral canthus height was influenced by both age and position of gaze. Compared to the primary position of gaze, the mean lateral canthus height decreased significantly in downgaze for all age groups (1.51 mm for group 1, 1.72 mm for group 2, and 2.3 mm for group 3). Upgaze increased the height of the lateral canthus only for groups 2, and 3 (0.66 mm and 0.87 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The height of the lateral canthus is strongly influenced by upper and lower eyelid movements. The combined action of contraction of the lower eyelid retractors and relaxation of the levator muscle diminishes the height of the lateral canthus in all age groups. This effect is more pronounced in older subjects, probably reflecting the typical lateral canthal tendon laxity of the aging process.

[Efficacy and low cost in keratoconus treatment with rigid gas-permeable contact lens]. / Eficácia e baixo custo no tratamento do ceratocone com o uso de lentes de contato rígidas gás-permeáveis.

PURPOSE: To study the efficacy of rigid gas-permeable contact lens (RGPCL) fitting in keratoconus patients and to determine treatment costs. METHODS: The records of 126 patients treated at the Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto from January 2001 to June 2002 were retrospectively studied. Information about sex, age and treated eyes was collected. Visual acuity (VA) with and without correction was measured and plotted against corneal base curve (K) and toricity. Average price of the lenses was calculated. RESULTS: Fitting rigid gas-permeable contact lens was successful in 86.18% of the patients, resulting in VA=0.8 in 40.00% of them. Visual acuity improvement was observed in patients with steep base curve and in patients with high corneal toricity. Age of most patients ranged from 15 to 45 years; 60.31% of them were female. Corneal transplantation was indicated in 11.24% of the cases. Cost of each lens averaged R$ 40.00 (USD 13.00). CONCLUSION: Rigid gas-permeable contact lens proved to be an efficient, low-cost resource for improving visual acuity in most of the treated patients.

Preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy in white intumescent cataracts: report of 11 cases.

Creating a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in eyes with white intumescent cataracts is a challenge due to the high risk of extension of capsular tears to the lens periphery. Several approaches have been described to avoid this complication and preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy has been little reported as an optional technique. Eleven patients with white intumescent cataracts were submitted to preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy. All patients had some degree of cortex falling in anterior chamber after laser application. No patient developed later complications. Thus, preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy represents a safe and easy option for white intumescent cataracts.

Captura híbrida negativa em displasia intraepitelial isolada de córnea / Negative hybrid capture in a single intraepithelial corneal dysplasia

As displasias intraepiteliais de córnea correspondem a lesões de baixo risco de malignidade, dentro do espectro das neoplasias intraepiteliais da superfície ocular. Essas displasias se apresentam como áreas leucoplásicas e têm como um dos principais fatores de risco o papilomavírus humano (HPV). No presente trabalho, os autores descrevem um caso de displasia intraepitelial isolada de córnea, tratada através de excisão cirúrgica, com confirmação histológica e resultado negativo de hibridização de DNA para HPV.

Cornea intraepithelial dysplasias are lesions with low risk of malignancy within the spectrum of intraepithelial neoplasia of the ocular surface. These areas are presented as dysplasias or leukoplasias and are associated with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), a major risk factor. In this report, the authors describe a case of a corneal intraepithelial dysplasia treated by surgical excision, with histological confirmation and negative DNA hybridization for HPV.

Preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy in white intumescent cataracts: report of 11 cases / Capsulotomia anterior pré-operatória com Nd:YAG laser em cataratas brancas intumescentes: relato de 11 casos

Creating a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in eyes with white intumescent cataracts is a challenge due to the high risk of extension of capsular tears to the lens periphery. Several approaches have been described to avoid this complication and preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy has been little reported as an optional technique. Eleven patients with white intumescent cataracts were submitted to preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy. All patients had some degree of cortex falling in anterior chamber after laser application. No patient developed later complications. Thus, preoperative Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy represents a safe and easy option for white intumescent cataracts.

A realização da capsulorrexis curvilínea contínua em olhos com catarata branca intumescente é ainda considerada um desafio pelo alto risco de extensão da capsulotomia para a periferia do cristalino. Apesar da descrição de diversas técnicas cirúrgicas voltadas para a prevenção de tal complicação, o uso de Nd:YAG laser no pré-operatório tem raros relatos na literatura internacional. Onze pacientes com cataratas brancas intumescentes foram submetidos a capsulotomia pré-operatória com Nd:YAG laser. Todos os pacientes apresentaram, após a aplicação do laser, a saída de córtex liquefeito para a câmara anterior. Nenhum paciente apresentou complicações cirúrgicas com o procedimento. Desta forma, a capsulotomia anterior com Nd:YAG laser representa uma opção técnica fácil e segura no manejo de cataratas brancas intumescentes.

Eficácia e baixo custo no tratamento do ceratocone com o uso de lentes de contato rígidas gás-permeáveis / Efficacy and low cost in keratoconus treatment with rigid gas-permeable contact lens

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da adaptação de lente de contato rígida gás-permeável (LCRGP) em pacientes com ceratocone e os custos do tratamento. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de 126 pacientes atendidos no Ambulatório de Lente de Contato do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto no período de janeiro de 2001 a junho de 2002. Foram analisados sexo, idade e número de olhos adaptados. A acuidade visual sem e com correção foi relacionada à curva-base em K (meridiano mais plano da córnea) do paciente e à diferença ceratométrica dos meridianos corneanos. Determinou-se o custo unitário médio das lentes fornecidas aos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se sucesso na adaptação de lente de contato rígida gás-permeável em 86,19 por cento dos casos, com visão = 0,8 em 40,00 por cento dos pacientes adaptados. Houve melhora visual tanto nos pacientes com curva-base elevada quanto naqueles que apresentavam alta diferença ceratométrica entre os meridianos corneanos. A faixa etária mais acometida encontrou-se entre 15 e 45 anos, sendo 60,31 por cento dos pacientes do sexo feminino. A proporção de indicação de transplante de córnea foi de 11,42 por cento. O custo unitário médio da lente foi de R$ 40,00. CONCLUSAO: A adaptação proporcionou acentuada melhora visual na maioria dos pacientes portadores de ceratocone a custo relativamente baixo.