Compliance to Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Patients Who Underwent Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Report from a Multi-institutional Research Network.

INTRODUCTION: Adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer is associated with improved overall survival. However, recent evidence from randomized trials showed a compliance rate of 43 to 73%, which may affect efficacy. The aim of this multicenter retrospective analysis was to investigate the compliance rate to adjuvant treatment for patients who underwent rectal surgery for cancer. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery with curative intent for rectal cancer in six Italian colorectal centers between January 2013 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years, palliative or emergency surgery, and stage IV disease. Parameters of interest were patients' characteristics, preoperative tumor stage, neo-adjuvant chemoradiation therapy, intra-operative and postoperative outcomes. Although the participating centers referred to the same treatment guidelines for treatment, the chemotherapy regiment was not standardized across the institutions. Reasons for not starting adjuvant chemotherapy when indicated, interruption, and modification of drug regimen were collected to investigate compliance. RESULTS: A total of 572 patients were included in the analysis. Two hundred and fifty-two (44.1%) patients received neo-adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. All patients underwent high anterior rectal resection, low anterior rectal resection, or Miles' procedure. Of 399 patients with an indication to adjuvant chemotherapy, 176 (44.1%) completed the treatment as planned. Compliance for patients who started chemotherapy was 56% (95% CI 50.4-61.6%). Sixty-six patients interrupted the treatment, 76 patients significantly reduced the drug dose, and 41 patients had to switch to other therapeutic regimens. CONCLUSIONS: The present multicenter investigation reports a low compliance rate to adjuvant chemotherapy after rectal resection for cancer. Multidisciplinary teams should focus on future effort to improve compliance for these patients.

Efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy with modified dose-dense TCF regimen (TCF-dd) in locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer: final results of a phase II trial.

BACKGROUND: We previously studied a dose-dense TCF (TCF-dd) regimen demonstrating its feasibility and an activity comparable to epirubicin-based chemotherapy and TCF q3w in terms of overall survival and time to progression (TTP). We report here the final results of a phase II study of chemotherapy with a modified TCF-dd regimen in locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer (MGC). METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Patients with histologically confirmed measurable MGC, not previously treated for advanced disease, received docetaxel 70 mg/m(2) day 1, cisplatin 60 mg/m(2) day 1, l-folinic acid 100 mg/m(2) days 1 and 2, followed by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 400 mg/m(2) bolus days 1 and 2, and then 600 mg/m(2) as a 22-h continuous infusion days 1 and 2, every 14 days, plus pegfilgrastim 6 mg on day 3. Patients aged ≥65 years received the same schedule with a dose reduction of 30 %. RESULTS: Study duration: December 2007-November 2010. Forty-six consecutive patients were enrolled (78 % male, 22 % female; median age, 66 years, range, 38-76 years; ECOG PS: 0, 48 %, 1, 46 %). Primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR). A median of four cycles (range, one to six) was administered. Forty-three patients were evaluated for response (93.5 %) and all for toxicity: 3 complete response (CR), 25 partial response (PR), 10 stable disease (SD), and 5 progressive disease (PD) were observed, for an ORR by intention to treat (ITT) of 61 % (95 % CI 47-75). Median overall survival (OS) was 17.63 months (95 % CI, 13.67-20.67); median progression-free survival was 8.9 months (95 % CI, 6.5-13.4). Twenty-one patients (46.0 %) were treated at full doses without any delay, thus respecting the dose-dense criterion. Most frequent grade 3-4 toxicities were neutropenia (20 %), leukopenia (4 %), thrombocytopenia (2 %), anemia (2 %), febrile neutropenia (6 %), asthenia (22 %), diarrhea (4 %), nausea/vomiting (11 %), and hypokalemia (6 %). Overall, TCF-dd was shown to be safe. CONCLUSIONS: The TCF-dd regimen in locally advanced or MGC is confirmed to be feasible and very active and needs to be further tested in randomized studies.

The ChoCO-W prospective observational global study: Does COVID-19 increase gangrenous cholecystitis?

BACKGROUND: The incidence of the highly morbid and potentially lethal gangrenous cholecystitis was reportedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the ChoCO-W study was to compare the clinical findings and outcomes of acute cholecystitis in patients who had COVID-19 disease with those who did not. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected over 6 months (October 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021) with 1-month follow-up. In October 2020, Delta variant of SARS CoV-2 was isolated for the first time. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed and reported according to the STROBE guidelines. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who had COVID-19 were compared with those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 2893 patients, from 42 countries, 218 centers, involved, with a median age of 61.3 (SD: 17.39) years were prospectively enrolled in this study; 1481 (51%) patients were males. One hundred and eighty (6.9%) patients were COVID-19 positive, while 2412 (93.1%) were negative. Concomitant preexisting diseases including cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.0001), diabetes (p < 0.0001), and severe chronic obstructive airway disease (p = 0.005) were significantly more frequent in the COVID-19 group. Markers of sepsis severity including ARDS (p < 0.0001), PIPAS score (p < 0.0001), WSES sepsis score (p < 0.0001), qSOFA (p < 0.0001), and Tokyo classification of severity of acute cholecystitis (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in the COVID-19 group. The COVID-19 group had significantly higher postoperative complications (32.2% compared with 11.7%, p < 0.0001), longer mean hospital stay (13.21 compared with 6.51 days, p < 0.0001), and mortality rate (13.4% compared with 1.7%, p < 0.0001). The incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis was doubled in the COVID-19 group (40.7% compared with 22.3%). The mean wall thickness of the gallbladder was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group [6.32 (SD: 2.44) mm compared with 5.4 (SD: 3.45) mm; p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis is higher in COVID patients compared with non-COVID patients admitted to the emergency department with acute cholecystitis. Gangrenous cholecystitis in COVID patients is associated with high-grade Clavien-Dindo postoperative complications, longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate. The open cholecystectomy rate is higher in COVID compared with non -COVID patients. It is recommended to delay the surgical treatment in COVID patients, when it is possible, to decrease morbidity and mortality rates. COVID-19 infection and gangrenous cholecystistis are not absolute contraindications to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in a case by case evaluation, in expert hands.

Dose-dense chemotherapy in metastatic gastric cancer with a modified docetaxel-cisplatin-5-fluorouracil regimen.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that in early breast cancer, lymphomas and advanced bladder cancer, dose-dense chemotherapy may be more effective than conventional treatments. In metastatic gastric cancer, chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (TCF) q3w is very active, and, even though there is no international consensus on the subject, it is the regimen of choice of many European centers as first-line chemotherapy in this subset of patients. Based on these studies, we tested for the first time the feasibility and activity of an intensified dose-dense TCF regimen (q2w) modifying the 5-fluorouracil infusion with 1-folinic acid/5-fluorouracil according to the "De Gramont regimen". METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Patients with histologically confirmed measurable metastatic gastric cancer, ECOG performance status or=65 years received the same schedule with a dose reduction of 30%. RESULTS: Thirty-two consecutive patients were enrolled (63% male, 37% female); median age, 64 years (range, 40-81). A median of 4 cycles (range, 1-7) per patient was administered. Eleven of 32 patients (34%) required a dose reduction, mostly for hematological grade III-IV toxicity and severe asthenia. Twelve patients (38%) completed the first 4 cycles of therapy within 7 weeks, thereby finishing without delay the initially planned dose-density schedule. Twenty-eight patients were evaluated for response (1 early suspension after the first cycle because of toxicity, 3 deaths before response evaluation due to progression of disease). There were 3 complete responses (9%), 15 partial responses (47%), 7 stable disease (22%) and 3 progression of disease (9%), for an overall response rate, by intention to treat, of 56% (95% CI, 39-73). The most frequent grade 3-4 toxicities were: neutropenia (53%), thrombocytopenia (34%), anemia (16%) febrile neutropenia (22%), asthenia (38%) and diarrhea (19%). Median time to progression was 9.1 months (95% CI, 6.0-12.2); median overall survival was 10.1 months (95% CI, 8.8-12.2). CONCLUSIONS: A dose-dense TCF regimen in metastatic gastric cancer is feasible, with activity comparable to previous results achieved with epirubicin-based chemotherapy and TCF q3wk in terms of overall survival and time to progression, and deserves to be further tested in randomized phase III studies.

EUS-guided tissue acquisition in chronic pancreatitis: Differential diagnosis between pancreatic cancer and pseudotumoral masses using EUS-FNA or core biopsy.

Background and Objective: EUS-FNA sensitivity for malignancy in parenchymal masses of patients with concurrent chronic pancreatitis (CP) has been reported to be unsatisfactory. The aim of the present study was to directly compare the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA and EUS-fine-needle biopsy (FNB) in differentiating between inflammatory masses and malignancies in the setting of CP. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospective, multicentric databases of all patients with pancreatic masses and clinico-radiological-endosonographic features of CP who underwent EUS-FNA or FNB. Results: Among 1124 patients with CP, 210 patients (60% males, mean age: 62.7 years) with CP and pancreatic masses met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled. In the FNA group (110 patients), a correct diagnosis was obtained in all but 18 cases (diagnostic accuracy 83.6%, sensitivity 69.5%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value [PPV] 100%, and negative predictive value [NPV] 73.9%); by contrast, among 100 patients undergoing FNB, a correct diagnosis was obtained in all but seven cases (diagnostic accuracy 93%, sensitivity 86.8%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, and NPV 87%) (P = 0.03, 0.03, 1, 1, and 0.07, respectively). At binary logistic regression, focal pancreatitis (odds of event occurrence [OR]: 4.9; P < 0.001), higher Ca19-9 (OR: 2.3;P= 0.02), and FNB (OR: 2.5; P < 0.01) were the only independent factors associated with a correct diagnosis. Conclusion: EUS-FNB is effective in the differential diagnosis between pseudotumoral masses and solid neoplasms in CP, showing higher diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity than EUS-FNA. EUS-FNB should be considered the preferred diagnostic technique for diagnosing cancer in the setting of CP.

Creation of a rectal cancer registry in Italy by the Advanced International Mini-Invasive Surgery (AIMS) academy clinical research network.

Background: The management of rectal cancer is multimodal and involves a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists with expertise in medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology and radiology. It is crucial for highly specialized centers to collaborate via networks that aim to maintain uniformity in every aspect of treatment and rigorously gather patients' data, from the first clinical evaluation to the last follow-up visit. The Advanced International Mini-Invasive Surgery (AIMS) academy clinical research network aims to create a rectal cancer registry. This will prospectively collect the data of patients operated on for non-metastatic rectal cancer in high volume colorectal surgical units through a well design pre-fashioned database for non-metastatic rectal cancer, in order to take all multidisciplinary aspects into consideration. Methods/Design: The protocol describes a multicenter prospective observational cohort study, investigating demographics, frailty, cancer-related features, surgical and radiological parameters, and oncological outcomes among patients with non-metastatic rectal cancer who are candidates for surgery with curative intent. Patients enrolled in the present registry will be followed up for 5 years after surgery. Discussion: Standardization and centralization of data collection for neoplastic diseases is a virtuous process for patient care. The creation of a register will allow the control of the quality of treatments provided and permit prospective and retrospective studies to be carried out on complete and reliable high quality data. Establishing data collection in a prospective and systematic fashion is the only possibility to preserve the enormous resource that each patient represents.

[Endometriosis of the caecum and ileo-caecal valve. A case report and review of the literature]. / Endometriosi del cieco e della valvola ileo-ciecale: osservazione di un caso e revisione della letteratura.

Endometriosis is a non-cancerous disorder characterised by development of endometrial epithelium outside the uterus, in which involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is most common. The most frequent site is the rectosigmoid colon (72%), whereas the caecum is involved in 4% of cases. Endometriosis may present with abdominal pain, constipation, and sometimes intestinal bleeding. The treatment of the disease is surgical when medical therapy fails and in cases of surgical urgency. We report the case of a patient with bowel obstruction due endometriosis of the caecum and ileo-caecal valve in association with metrorrhagia. A segmentectomy of the right colon was performed. Since endometriosis is more frequent on the left side of the pelvis probably due to regurgitated endometrial cells, the case observed is not very frequent and is worth reporting.

Reliability and validity assessment of administrative databases in measuring the quality of rectal cancer management.

PURPOSE: Measurement and monitoring of the quality of care using a core set of quality measures are increasing in health service research. Although administrative databases include limited clinical data, they offer an attractive source for quality measurement. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the completeness of different administrative data sources compared to a clinical survey in evaluating rectal cancer cases. METHODS: Between May 2012 and November 2014, a clinical survey was done on 498 Lombardy patients who had rectal cancer and underwent surgical resection. These collected data were compared with the information extracted from administrative sources including Hospital Discharge Dataset, drug database, daycare activity data, fee-exemption database, and regional screening program database. The agreement evaluation was performed using a set of 12 quality indicators. RESULTS: Patient complexity was a difficult indicator to measure for lack of clinical data. Preoperative staging was another suboptimal indicator due to the frequent missing administrative registration of tests performed. The agreement between the 2 data sources regarding chemoradiotherapy treatments was high. Screening detection, minimally invasive techniques, length of stay, and unpreventable readmissions were detected as reliable quality indicators. Postoperative morbidity could be a useful indicator but its agreement was lower, as expected. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare administrative databases are large and real-time collected repositories of data useful in measuring quality in a healthcare system. Our investigation reveals that the reliability of indicators varies between them. Ideally, a combination of data from both sources could be used in order to improve usefulness of less reliable indicators.

Microsatellite Instability in Medullary Carcinoma of the Colon.

Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the large intestine is a relatively new histological type of adenocarcinoma characterized by poor glandular differentiation and an intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltrate. MC can be associated to a defective mechanism for DNA mismatch repair, caused by the so-called microsatellite instability (MSI). We present the case of a 44 years old Caucasian woman, who referred to the Emergency Room with symptoms mimicking an acute appendicitis. Computed tomography and colonoscopy demonstrated an ulcerated and stenotic lesion of the caecum without signs of metastasis and peritoneal carcinosis. Patient underwent a laparoscopic right colectomy. The final pathologic findings provided the diagnosis of medullary carcinoma with MSI. Patient then underwent adjuvant chemotherapy according to the FOLFOX-4 protocol (association of 5-Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin) for twelve cycles. At two-years follow-up, patient is disease free. MC in association with MSI is a non-frequent tumor of the colon characterized by a better prognosis compared to other types of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. In the observed case, 24 months after the surgical operation, the patient is in good health and there is no evidence of metastasis or relapse.

Safety and efficacy of dose-dense chemotherapy with TCF regimen in elderly patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dose-dense TCF in elderly (≥65 years) compared to younger patients. METHODS: Safety and efficacy data relative to 119 consecutive patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer treated at our institution and enrolled in different phase II trials were retrospectively collected. All patients were treatment-naive and received docetaxel 70 mg/m2 day 1, cisplatin 60 mg/m2 day 1, l-folinic acid 100 mg/m2 days 1-2, followed by 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus days 1-2, and then 600 mg/m2 as a 22-hour continuous infusion days 1-2, every 14 days, plus pegfilgrastim 6 mg on day 3. Sixty patients (50%) aged ≥65 years received the same schedule with a dose reduction by 30%. RESULTS: A total of 86% of patients were evaluable for response and all for toxicity. In patients aged ≥65 years, we observed an overall response rate of 51%. Median overall survival was 11.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.3-15.1) and 11.8 months (95% CI 9.2-16.2) in elderly and younger patients, respectively. In the elderly patients, the most frequent grade 3-4 toxicities were neutropenia (13%), leukopenia (7%), thrombocytopenia (18%), anemia (3%), and febrile neutropenia (8%); in the younger patients, neutropenia (56%), leucopenia (31%), thrombocytopenia (22%), anemia (15%), and febrile neutropenia (15%). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients can be safely treated with a dose-dense TCF regimen with a 30% dose reduction achieving similar efficacy results as younger patients with lesser toxicity.

First-line dose-dense chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) plus panitumumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction: final results and biomarker analysis from an Italian oncology group for clinical research (GOIRC) phase II study.

BACKGROUND: Survival for patients with advanced gastroesophageal cancer (AGC) using standard treatment regimens is poor. EGFR overexpression is common in AGC and associated with poor prognosis. We hypothesized that increasing the dose intensity of chemotherapy and adding panitumumab could improve efficacy. METHODS: HER2 negative, PS 0-1 patients, received up to 4 cycles of panitumumab 6 mg/kg d 1, docetaxel 60 mg/m2 d 1, cisplatin 50 mg/m2 d 1, l-folinic acid 100 mg/m2 d 1-2, followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m2 bolus d 1-2, and then 600 mg/m2 as a 22 h c.i. on d 1-2, q15 d, plus pegfilgrastim 6 mg on d 3. Patients with disease control after 4 cycles received panitumumab until progression. RESULTS: From 05/2010 to 01/2014, 52 patients (75% male; median age 64.5 y; metastatic 90%, locally advanced 10%; 96% adenocarcinoma; 25% GEJ) were recruited. Three CR, 29 PR, 10 SD and 8 PD were observed, for an ORR by ITT (primary endpoint) of 62% (95% CI, 48%-75%) and a DCR of 81%. Median TTP was 4.9 months (95% CI, 4.2-7.0) and mOS 10 months (95% CI, 8.2- 13.5). Most frequent G3-4 toxicities: leucopenia (29%), asthenia (27%), skin rash (25%), neutropenia (19%), anorexia (17%), febrile neutropenia (13%), and diarrhea (15%). EGFR expression tested both with dd-PCR and FISH was not associated with any significant clinical benefit from treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Dose-dense DCF plus panitumumab is an active regimen. However, the toxicity profile of this limits further development. Further research on predictive biomarkers for treatment efficacy in AGC is required.Clinical trial information: 2009-016962-10.

Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Rescue treatment with a modified cyanoacrylate.

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a modified cyanoacrylate [N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate associated with methacryloxysulfolane (NBCA + MS)] to treat non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NV-UGIB). METHODS: In our retrospective study we took into account 579 out of 1177 patients receiving endoscopic treatment for NV-UGIB admitted to our institution from 2008 to 2015; the remaining 598 patients were treated with other treatments. Initial hemostasis was not achieved in 45 of 579 patients; early rebleeding occurred in 12 of 579 patients. Thirty-three patients were treated with modified cyanoacrylate: 27 patients had duodenal, gastric or anastomotic ulcers, 3 had post-mucosectomy bleeding, 2 had Dieulafoy's lesions, and 1 had duodenal diverticular bleeding. RESULTS: Of the 45 patients treated endoscopically without initial hemostasis or with early rebleeding, 33 (76.7%) were treated with modified cyanoacrylate glue, 16 (37.2%) underwent surgery, and 3 (7.0%) were treated with selective transarterial embolization. The mean age of patients treated with NBCA + MS (23 males and 10 females) was 74.5 years. Modified cyanoacrylate was used in 24 patients during the first endoscopy and in 9 patients experiencing rebleeding. Overall, hemostasis was achieved in 26 of 33 patients (78.8%): 19 out of 24 (79.2%) during the first endoscopy and in 7 out of 9 (77.8%) among early rebleeders. Two patients (22.2%) not responding to cyanoacrylate treatment were treated with surgery or transarterial embolization. One patient had early rebleeding after treatment with cyanoacrylate. No late rebleeding during the follow-up or complications related to the glue injection were recorded. CONCLUSION: Modified cyanoacrylate solved definitively NV-UGIB after failure of conventional treatment. Some reported life-threatening adverse events with other formulations, advise to use it as last option.

Neoadjuvant Treatment Approach: The Rosetta Stone for Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer represents a heterogeneous group of diseases with varied biological features, behavior, and response to therapy; thus, management of breast cancer relies on the availability of robust predictive and prognostic factors to support therapy decision-making. Traditionally, neoadjuvant treatment for breast cancer was preserved for locally advanced, converting an inoperable to a surgical resectable cancer. Neoadjuvant trials, additionally, offer: 1) the opportunity to evaluate new treatment options in a faster way and with fewer patients than large adjuvant trials; 2) to identify and validate the prognostic and predictive value of a marker with its association with clinical outcome in relation to the administered treatment. In this setting, thanks to new, affordable technologies which help to detail the molecular profiles of tumors, new trial designs based on new target therapies, like window-of-opportunity, are also suggested, as they represent the chance to identify tumor sensitivity or to overcome tumor resistance to the treatment used, based on its interaction with tumor biology in early tumor stages. However, clinicians and researchers should pay particular attention: In this setting, the safety of patients is paramount, given the exposure of potentially curable patients to investigational agents with limited safety experience, the definition of the study population and the study design, such as adaptive strategies, should limit patient exposure to ineffective agents, and intensify safety monitoring in the course of the treatment. Here, issues related to outcome determination in breast cancer, including some critical points of view, are presented.

Early exploratory intervention in scrotal trauma.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study is to assess the incidence of the surgical approach in scrotal trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively assessed both penetrating and blunt cases of scrotal trauma observed from 2002 to 2012. For each case we considered various parameters such as the age of the patient, whether the type of trauma was penetrating or blunt, whether or not a surgical approach was taken, whether or not there were polytrauma, whether or not an orchiectomy was performed, and how many days had elapsed since the first urological observation of the trauma. RESULTS: 43 cases of scrotal trauma were assessed, of which 39 were blunt traumas (90%) and four penetrating traumas (10%). The median age of all patients was 29 years (range 4-88). Of these patients, eight underwent surgical procedures, of which three were cases of penetrating scrotal trauma and five were cases of blunt trauma, with an average age of 20. We only found it necessary to carry out an orchiectomy in two of these patients, of which one was after penetrating trauma and the other after blunt trauma. Most of the blunt traumas did not require surgery (8 versus 35, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our case studies, in the majority of cases early exploratory intervention in scrotal trauma allows the testicle to be saved in its entirety or at least in part.

[How to biopsy only men with high grade prostate cancer]. / Come biopsiare solo i paziente con tumore prostatico ad alto grado.

INTRODUCTION: Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are complementary technologies that together generate neuro-fuzzy system. The aim of our study is to compare 2 models for predicting the presence of high-grade prostate cancer (Gleason score 7 or more). METHODS: We evaluated data from 1000 men with PSA less than 50 ng/mL, who underwent prostate biopsy. A prostate cancer was found in 313 (31%), and in 172 (17.2%) we detected high-grade prostate cancer. With those data, we developed 2 Co-Active Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems to predict the presence of high-grade prostate cancer. The first model had four input neurons (PSA, free PSA percentage [%freePSA], PSA density, and age) and the second model had three input neurons (PSA, %freePSA, and age). RESULTS: The model with four input neurons (PSA, %freePSA, PSA density, and age) showed better performances than the one with three input neurons (PSA, %freePSA, and age). In fact the average testing error was 0.42 for the model with four input neurons and 0.44 for the other model. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of PSA density to the model has allowed to obtain better results for the diagnosis of high grade prostate cancer.

Gene expression profiling in breast cancer: a clinical perspective.

Gene expression profiling tests are used in an attempt to determine the right treatment for the right person with early-stage breast cancer that may have spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant parts of the body. These new diagnostic approaches are designed to spare people who do not need additional treatment (adjuvant therapy) the side effects of unnecessary treatment, and allow people who may benefit from adjuvant therapy to receive it. In the present review we discuss in detail the major diagnostic tests available such as MammaPrint dx, Oncotype dx, PAM50, Mammostrat, IHC4, MapQuant DX, Theros-Breast Cancer Gene Expression Ratio Assay, and their potential clinical applications.

Merkel cell carcinoma: a retrospective study on 48 cases and review of literature.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. Fourty-eight patients with MCC were observed at the Rare Hormonal Tumors Group of Cremona Hospital, 15 of these with unknown primary site. Due to rarity of Merkel cell carcinoma, clinical experience is generally limited. Data from our series confirm the current recommendations. Wide surgical excision must be associated with radiotherapy also in early stages in order to avoid local relapse and the rapid progression of disease. In advanced stages chemotherapy is the standard despite the short duration of responses and poor quality of life. The data of our series, characterized by a high demand for second opinion, offer some insight about the real rarity of the tumor, the difficulty of managing of disease in our country secondary to a wrong cultural approach to the problem, the indiscriminate use of molecules unnecessary and often expensive, the lack of protocols, and the presence of guidelines often ignored. This results in very poor survival associated with a very low quality of life, requiring to find the right direction towards a correct management of disease.