[Guidelines for automated manual infusion: a practical way of prescribing postdilution on-line hemodiafiltration]. / Pauta de infusión manual automatizada: una forma práctica de prescribir la hemodiafiltración on-line posdilucional.

Post-dilution on-line hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is the most efficient infusion mode to obtain maximum clearances of uremic toxins, with a recommended manual infusion flow (Qi) of 25% of the blood flow with the main limitation that causes alarms by hemoconcentration throughout the session. Recent technical advances allow automatic prescription of Qi if hematocrit and total protein (TP) values are specified. As these analytical results are not possible to obtain in each dialysis session, a practical way to prescribe Qi is to make an automatic prescription adjusting the hematocrit and total protein values at the beginning of the session to obtain the manual prescription required and we will call it automatic-manual prescription. The aim of this study was to compare manual Qi with automatic-manual Qi in postdilution OL-HDF. 30 patients (16 men and 14 women), 59.9 +/- 15 years old, in hemodialysis program for 50.1 +/- 67 months were included. Every patient underwent four OL-HDF sessions, two with manual Qi (4008-S and 5008 monitors) and two with automatic-manual Qi (A-M), one with the same Qi and one with manual Qi +20 (A-M+20). The same usual dialysis parameters were maintained: helixone dialyzer, dialysis time of 266 +/- 39 minutes, blood flow of 420 +/- 36. Recirculation, Kt and intradialysis alarms were measured at each session. No significant differences in the fistula recirculation or dialysis dose measured using Kt. Total infusion volume was 24.9 +/- 4 (4008 S), 23.4 +/- 4 L (5008) with manual Qi, 23.6 +/- 4 L (A-M) Qi (NS) and 25.8 +/- 5 L (A-M+20). Only 14% of patients had no incidents. The number of alarms was significantly higher with manual prescription 55 alarms with 4008 and 40 with 5008 vs. AM (11) p < 0.01) and A-M+20 (16 alarms) We concluded that automatic-manual Qi is a practical way for post-dilutional OL-HDF prescription where the same efficiency and total reinfusion volume with an important reduction of intradialysis alarms are obtained, allowing to rise Qi by 20% without increasing intradialysis alarms.

Recommendations for the evaluation and management of the anticipated and non-anticipated difficult airway of the Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació i Terapèutica del Dolor, based on the adaptation of clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus. / Recomendaciones para la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil prevista y no prevista de la Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació i Terapèutica del Dolor, basadas en la adaptación de guías de práctica clínica y consenso de expertos.

The Airway Division of the Catalan Society of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management (SCARTD) presents its latest guidelines for the evaluation and management of the difficult airway. This update includes the technical advances and changes observed in clinical practice since publication of the first edition of the guidelines in 2008. The recommendations were defined by a consensus of experts from the 19 participating hospitals, and were adapted from 5 recently published international guidelines following an in-depth analysis and systematic comparison of their recommendations. The final document was sent to the members of SCARTD for evaluation, and was reviewed by 11 independent experts. The recommendations, therefore, are supported by the latest scientific evidence and endorsed by professionals in the field. This edition develops the definition of the difficult airway, including all airway management techniques, and places emphasis on evaluating and classifying the airway into 3 categories according to the anticipated degree of difficulty and additional safety considerations in order to plan the management strategy. Pre-management planning, in terms of preparing patients and resources and optimising communication and interaction between all professionals involved, plays a pivotal role in all the scenarios addressed. The guidelines reflect the increased presence of video laryngoscopes and second-generation devices in our setting, and promotes their routine use in intubation and their prompt use in cases of unanticipated difficult airway. They also address the increased use of ultrasound imaging as an aid to evaluation and decision-making. New scenarios have also been included, such as the risk of bronchoaspiration and difficult extubation Finally, the document outlines the training and continuing professional development programmes required to guarantee effective and safe implementation of the guidelines.

[Anesthesia in 2 cases of resection of a renal tumor involving the vena cava]. / Anestesia en dos casos de resección de un tumor renal con extensión a la vena cava.

Renal tumors can be associated with a thrombus that affects the renal vein and even the inferior vena cava. Radical surgery may require a 2-phase approach involving different anesthetic techniques: an abdominal approach for removal of the kidney and a thoracic approach for extraction of the thrombus, with extracorporeal circulation and in some cases cessation of blood circulation. We present 2 cases in which nephrectomy and thrombectomy were carried out with the support of extracorporeal circulation. The thrombus was in the renal vein and the inferior vena cava, extending to the outlet to the right atrium in both cases. In 1 case a portion reached the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery. The operation was performed under hypothermia to reduce circulation and did not require aortic clamping, cardioplegia, or cessation of blood flow.

New aza-dipeptide analogues as potent and orally absorbed HIV-1 protease inhibitors: candidates for clinical development.

On the basis of previously described X-ray studies of an enzyme/aza-dipeptide complex,8 aza-dipeptide analogues carrying N-(bis-aryl-methyl) substituents on the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine moiety have been designed and synthesized as HIV-1 protease inhibitors. By using either equally (12) or orthogonally (13) protected dipeptide isosteres, symmetrically and asymmetrically acylated aza-dipeptides can be synthesized. This approach led to the discovery of very potent inhibitors with antiviral activities (ED50) in the subnanomolar range. Acylation of the (hydroxethyl)hydrazine dipeptide isostere with the L-tert-leucine derivative 29 increased the oral bioavailability significantly when compared to the corresponding L-valine or L-isoleucine derivatives. The bis(L-tert-leucine) derivatives CGP 75355, CGP 73547, CGP 75136, and CGP 75176 combine excellent antiviral activity with high blood concentration after oral administration. Furthermore, they show no cross-resistance with saquinavir-resistant strains and maintain activity against indinavir-resistant ones. Consequently they qualify for further profiling as potential clinical candidates.

New anilinophthalazines as potent and orally well absorbed inhibitors of the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases useful as antagonists of tumor-driven angiogenesis.

The sprouting of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is necessary for any solid tumor to grow large enough to cause life-threatening disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the key promoters of tumor induced angiogenesis. VEGF receptors, the tyrosine kinases Flt-1 and KDR, are expressed on vascular endothelial cells and initiate angiogenesis upon activation by VEGF. 1-Anilino-(4-pyridylmethyl)-phthalazines, such as CGP 79787D (or PTK787 / ZK222584), reversibly inhibit Flt-1 and KDR with IC(50) values < 0.1 microM. CGP 79787D also blocks the VEGF-induced receptor autophosphorylation in CHO cells ectopically expressing the KDR receptor (ED(50) = 34 nM). Modification of the 1-anilino moiety afforded derivatives with higher selectivity for the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases Flt-1 and KDR compared to the related receptor tyrosine kinases PDGF-R and c-Kit. Since these 1-anilino-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazines are orally well absorbed, these compounds qualify for further profiling and as candidates for clinical evaluation.

Mixed cryoglobulinaemia not related to hepatitis C virus, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma.

Kidney involvement associated to lymphoma is a known phenomenon but frequently not characterized due to the low frequency with which biopsies are realized in these patients. Several histological patterns can co-exist and happen unnoticed without a biopsy. Parenchyma infiltration in kidney for lymphoma has been found in 34% (post-mortem) and 14% (pre-mortem) and have low incident of clinical manifestations. Other patterns of renal injury are associated to lymphoma and minimal changes disease is especially related with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Renal lesions associated to paraprotein in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma are an exceptional association, in spite of in 20% of them, appear cryoglobulinemia. There are a few cases reported in the literature with different histological patterns: light-chain disease, amyloidosis, and immunotactoid glomerulopathy related with kidney injury in patients with lymphoma. A 39-year-old male presented an association among paraproteinemia, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis no hepatitis C virus related and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with renal infiltration. This case emphasized the variety of renal lesions that lymphomas could trigger and the value of the nephropathology in the diagnosis and outcome of the hematologic diseases with paraproteinemia.

Kidney transplantation and waiting list for renal transplantation for human immunodeficiency virus patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the experience of a renal transplantation unit in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). METHODS: A prospective study was performed between 2005 and 2010 among 23 patients with ESRD. RESULTS: In this study 83% of HIV-infected patients with ESRD were included on the waiting list for renal transplantation with 4 patients in a clinical evaluation phase. During the follow-up, 52% of waiting list patients (n = 11) received a renal transplant, and 1 patient underwent a simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation. Among the waiting list group we observed a significant later exclusion (43%; n = 3). Among the transplanted group there was a high but clinically inconsequential prevalence of acute tubular necrosis (36%; n = 4) and acute rejection episodes (36%; n = 4). The renal function showed a serum creatinine of 1.1 mg/dL at a follow-up of 24 + 12 months. All patients on the waiting list and after the transplantation are prescribed combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) with a low viral load <50 with CD4 >200. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients with ESRD should be considered to be candidates for renal transplantation if they meet the HIV inclusion criteria. Renal transplantation in adequately selected HIV-infected patients is a safe procedure with acceptable patient and graft survivals.

Recomendaciones para la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil prevista y no prevista de la Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació I Terapèutica del Dolor, basadas en la adaptación de guías de práctica clínica y consenso de expertos / Recommendations for the evaluation and management of the anticipated and non-anticipated difficult airway of the Societat Catalana d'Anestesiologia, Reanimació I Terapèutica del Dolor, based on the adaptation of clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus

La Sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Catalana de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SCARTD) presenta la actualización de las recomendaciones para la evaluación y manejo de la vía aérea difícil con el fin de incorporar los avances técnicos y los cambios observados en la práctica clínica desde la publicación de la primera edición en 2008. La metodología elegida fue la adaptación de 5 guías internacionales recientemente publicadas, cuyo contenido fue previamente analizado y comparado de forma estructurada, y el consenso de expertos de los 19 centros participantes. El documento final fue sometido a la valoración de los miembros de la SCARTD y a la revisión por parte de 11 expertos independientes. Estas recomendaciones están pues sustentadas en la evidencia científica actualmente disponible y en un amplio acuerdo de los profesionales de su ámbito de aplicación. En esta edición se amplía la definición de vía aérea difícil, abarcando todas las técnicas de manejo, y se hace mayor hincapié en la valoración de la vía aérea y en la clasificación en 3 categorías según el potencial grado de dificultad y las consideraciones de seguridad adicionales, que guiarán la planificación de la estrategia a seguir. La preparación previa al manejo de la vía aérea, no solo relativa al paciente y al material, sino también a la comunicación e interacción entre todos los agentes implicados, ocupa un lugar destacado en todos los escenarios incluidos en el presente documento. El texto refleja el aumento progresivo del uso de los videolaringoscopios y de los dispositivos de segunda generación en nuestro entorno y promueve tanto su uso electivo como el uso precoz en la vía aérea no prevista. También recoge la creciente utilización de la ecografía como herramienta de apoyo en la exploración y toma de decisiones. Se han abordado nuevos escenarios como el riesgo de broncoaspiración y la extubación considerada difícil. Finalmente, se trazan las líneas maestras de los programas de entrenamiento y formación continuada en vía aérea necesarios para garantizar la implementación efectiva y segura de las recomendaciones

The Airway Division of the Catalan Society of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management (SCARTD) presents its latest guidelines for the evaluation and management of the difficult airway. This update includes the technical advances and changes observed in clinical practice since publication of the first edition of the guidelines in 2008. The recommendations were defined by a consensus of experts from the 19 participating hospitals, and were adapted from 5 recently published international guidelines following an in-depth analysis and systematic comparison of their recommendations. The final document was sent to the members of SCARTD for evaluation, and was reviewed by 11 independent experts. The recommendations, therefore, are supported by the latest scientific evidence and endorsed by professionals in the field. This edition develops the definition of the difficult airway, including all airway management techniques, and places emphasis on evaluating and classifying the airway into 3 categories according to the anticipated degree of difficulty and additional safety considerations in order to plan the management strategy. Pre-management planning, in terms of preparing patients and resources and optimising communication and interaction between all professionals involved, plays a pivotal role in all the scenarios addressed. The guidelines reflect the increased presence of video laryngoscopes and second-generation devices in our setting, and promotes their routine use in intubation and their prompt use in cases of unanticipated difficult airway. They also address the increased use of ultrasound imaging as an aid to evaluation and decision-making. New scenarios have also been included, such as the risk of bronchoaspiration and difficult extubation Finally, the document outlines the training and continuing professional development programmes required to guarantee effective and safe implementation of the guidelines

Insuficiencia renal aguda por depósito de cristales de oxalato e hiperoxaluria de origen entérico / No disponible

No disponible

Crioglobulinemia mixta no relacionada con virus de la hepatitis C, glomerulonefritis mesangiocapilar y linfoma linfoplasmocitario / Mixed cryoglobulinaemia not related to hepatitis C virus, mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma

La afectación renal asociada a linfoma es un fenómeno conocido pero frecuentemente no caracterizado debido a la baja frecuencia con que se realizan biopsias en estos pacientes. Varios patrones histológicos pueden coexistir y pasar desapercibidos sin un estudio histopatológico. La infiltración parenquimatosa renal por linfoma no es infrecuente, y se ha encontrado hasta en un 34% (post mortem) y 14% (pre mortem), aunque tiene una baja incidencia de manifestaciones clínicas. Existen diferentes patrones de lesión renal asociados a linfoma y destaca la asociación de enfermedad de cambios mínimos con linfoma de Hodgkin. La afectación renal asociada a paraproteínas sintetizadas por un linfoma linfoplasmocitario es una asociación excepcional pese a que existen un 20% de pacientes afectados por dichos linfomas que presentan crioglobulinemia. En la literatura se han publicado casos de enfermedad de cadenas ligeras, amiloidosis, glomerulonefritis inmunotactoide como causas de paraproteinemia, proteinuria e insuficiencia renal en pacientes con linfoma. Presentamos un caso de asociación entre paraproteinemia, glomerulonefritis membrano-proliferativa y la aparición clínicamente evidente de un linfoma linfoplasmocitario en ausencia de infección por virus de la hepatitis C. Esto demuestra la afectación polimorfa que pueden presentar los linfomas en el riñón y el valor de la nefropatología en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de las enfermedades hematológicas que cursan con paraproteinemia (AU)

Kidney involvement associated to lymphoma is a known phenomenon but frequently not characterized due to the low frequency with which biopsies are realized in these patients. Several histological patterns can co-exist and happen unnoticed without a biopsy. Parenchyma infiltration in kidney for lymphoma has been found in 34% (post-mortem) and 14% (pre-mortem) and have low incident of clinical manifestations. Other patterns of renal injury are associated to lymphomaand minimal changes disease is especially related with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Renal lesions associated to paraprotein in lymphoplasmocitic lymphoma are an exceptional association, in spite of in 20% of them, appear cryoglobulinemia. There are a few cases reported in the literature with different histological patterns: light-chain disease, amyloidosis, and immuotactoid glomerulopathy related with kidney injury in patients with lymphoma. A 39-year-old male presented an association among paraproteinemia, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis no hepatitis C virus related and lymphoplasmocitic lymphoma with renal infiltration. This case emphasized the variety of renal lesions that lymphomas could trigger and the value of the nephropatology in the diagnosis and outcome of the hematologic diseases with paraproteinemia (AU)