[Reperfusion syndrome: state of the art]. / Reperfuzionnyi sindrom. Sovremennoe sostoianie problemy.

Reperfusion syndrome is a complex series of clinical manifestations resulting from restoration of blood flow to previously ischaemic tissues. It is accompanied by damage to cells, tissues and organs at various levels, followed by the development of multiple organ failure. This review deals with the main pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of reperfusion syndrome in lesions of cardiac, cerebral and lower-limb vessels. Oxidative stress is considered to be the most important marker of ischaemia-reperfusion injury irrespective of the type of tissues affected. Presented herein are the data on contemporary possibilities of influencing various stages and components of the development of reperfusion injury by means of drug therapy, demonstrating that due to the importance of oxidative stress as a key link of reperfusion injury, antioxidant therapy should be the main component of prevention and treatment of reperfusion injury.

[Conservative treatment of chronic lower limb ischemia in ambulatory practice (in Russian only)]. / Konservativnoe lechenie khronicheskoi ishemii nizhnikh konechnostei v praktike ambulatornogo khirurga.

Peripheral artery disease is still one of the most important surgical problems. General surgeons treat the majority of patients with chronic lower limb ischemia due to the lack of specialized surgical care. Current methods for risk factors adjustment, exercise therapy and the most common drugs for intermittent claudication management are reviewed in the article. The effect of these medicines on subjective (pain-free walking distance, maximal walking distance, etc.) and objective (ankle-brachial index) parameters and the incidence of complications are analyzed.

[Objective assessment of the degree of ischaemia and efficacy of treatment in chronic arterial insufficiency of lower limbs]. / Ob''ektivnaia otsenka stepeni ishemii i éffektivnosti lecheniia pri khronicheskoi arterial'noi nedostatochnosti nizhnikh konechnostei.

Presented in the review is the data concerning contemporary criteria for assessing the degree of chronic lower limb ischaemia and quality of the treatment performed. Problems regarding objectivization of the degree of an ischaemic lesion of an extremity and assessment of quality of conservative treatment still remain unresolved. Currently, in the world practice along with instrumental methods (assessment of the ankle-brachial index) subjective criteria are mainly employed: assessment of pain-free walking distance or maximum distance walked. In order to work out appropriate regiments of conservative treatment and compare efficacy of various drugs for treatment of chronic lower limb ischaemia and, in particular, intermittent claudication, it is necessary to use objective criteria. Detailed consideration is hence given to the possibilities of using morphological, biochemical and histological criteria such as determination of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in peripheral blood and determination of apoptosis markers (BNIP3) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) in a biopsy sample of the gastrocnemius muscle of the ischaemized extremity.

[Embryology, anatomy and rare pathologies of the popliteal artery: Peculiarities of surgical treatment]. / Émbriologiia, anatomiia i redkie patologii podkolennoi arterii: osobennosti khirurgicheskogo lecheniia.

Knowledge of anatomical variations of the division of the popliteal artery and specific lesions of the arterial segment involved is necessary for the surgeon, traumatologist-orthopaedist, vascular surgeon. The article contains a review of recent literature data on the prevalence of different variants of branching patterns of the arteries of the crus, also providing a detailed discussion of embryological development of the arterial system of the lower extremities, in many ways explaining the appearance of rare pathologies of the popliteal artery, such as for example popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. Particular attention is paid to cystic damage of the popliteal artery, describing currently known theories of the development of this rare pathology, this is accompanied by sharing own experience in surgical treatment of the patients involved. Awareness of anatomical variants and peculiarities of embryonic development contributes to decreasing the possibility of iatrogenic damage of the popliteal artery during orthopaedic operations and to appropriate decision-making as to the method of revascularization.

[Use of the method of food deprivation in preoperative care of patients with concomitant obesity]. / Primenenie metoda alimentarnoi deprivatsii dlia predoperatsionnoi podgotovki bol'nykh s soputstvuiushchim ozhireniem.

Alimentary deprivation was used in preoperative treatment of 86 surgical patients with obesity. Body mass was reduced by 10 to 20%, on an average, and the course of concomitant diseases was corrected. Findings of clinical, instrumental, and laboratory studies showed that alimentary deprivation was well tolerated by surgical patients, improving their resistance to surgical stress.

[The effect of weightlessness on vestibular function]. / O vliianii nevesomosti na vestibuliarnuiu funktsiiu.

During and after space missions crew members showed significant vestibular changes. The cosmonaut-researcher of the orbital complex Soyuz T-7--Salyut-7 developed inhibition of compensatory and enhancement of nystagmic eye movements in response to active head movements in the frontal plane. During an acute stage of readaptation crew members of the orbital complex Soyuz T-4--Salyut-6 displayed attenuation of the oculomotor reaction to optokinetic stimulation. One of them exhibited overt asymmetry of this oculomotor reaction. This cosmonaut also developed distinct spontaneous nystagmus in the dark and floating eye movements when he tried to fix his gaze at a stationary object. These findings give evidence that space flight may induce vestibular asymmetry and disorders of mechanisms of opto-vestibular interaction.

[Use of the therapeutic starvation method in preoperative care of patients with concomitant obesity]. / Primenenie metoda lechebnogo golodaniia v predoperatsionnoi podgotovkebol'nykh s soputstvuiushchim ozhireniem.

A method of therapeutic starvation was employed in preoperative preparation of 63 surgical patients with morbid obesity. The authors managed to achieve average reduction in body weight of the patients by 10-20% with correction of concomitant diseases. Good tolerance to therapeutic starvation of the patients and increase in their resistance to the operative stress were noted.