Examining Burnout and Perspective on Videoconferencing in the Mental Health Workforce.

Objective: To examine burnout and perspectives on videoconferencing over time for the mental health workforce. Methods: Members of an academic psychiatry department completed two anonymous surveys about virtual work and burnout 18 months apart (T1n = 274, response rate = 66.8%; T2n = 227, response rate = 36.7%). A subset completed the burnout subscale of the Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index (T1n = 145; T2n = 127). Results: Respondents were well satisfied with videoconferencing at both time points and satisfaction was higher at T2. Videoconferencing was not perceived to contribute to feelings of fatigue at either time point and burnout levels decreased from T1 to T2. Conclusions: Videoconferencing is well received by the mental health workforce and is not widely perceived to contribute to feelings of fatigue. Longer use of videoconferencing coincided with decreased levels of burnout. There are likely benefits to virtual work for the mental health workforce and virtual work may be protective from burnout.

Generality of Evaporative Crystal Liftoff on Heated Hydrophobic Substrates.

Scaling or mineral fouling occurs due to the presence of dissolved minerals in water. Scaling is problematic in numerous industrial and household plumbing applications where water is used. The current methods of scale removal often utilize harsh chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. The evaporation of a saline droplet provides a platform to study the role of the substrate in the dynamics of crystallization during scaling. In the present work, we show out-of-plane growth of crystal deposits during the evaporation of saline droplets of aqueous potassium chloride on a heated smooth and microtextured hydrophobic substrate. These out-of-plane deposits, termed as "crystal legs", are in minimal contact with the substrate and can be easily removed from the substrate. The out-of-plane evaporative crystallization of saline droplets of different initial volumes and concentrations is observed irrespective of the chemistry of the hydrophobic coating and the crystal habits investigated. We attribute this general behavior of crystal legs to the growth and stacking of smaller crystals (size ∼10 µm) between the primary crystals toward the end of evaporation. We show that the rate at which the crystal legs grow increases with an increase in the substrate temperature. A mass conservation model is applied to predict the leg growth rate, which agrees well with the experiments.

Membrane Distillation-Crystallization for Sustainable Carbon Utilization and Storage.

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from power plants can be limited using postcombustion carbon dioxide capture by amine-based solvents. However, sustainable strategies for the simultaneous utilization and storage of carbon dioxide are limited. In this study, membrane distillation-crystallization is used to facilitate the controllable production of carbonate minerals directly from carbon dioxide-loaded amine solutions and waste materials such as fly ash residues and waste brines from desalination. To identify the most suitable conditions for carbon mineralization, we vary the membrane type, operating conditions, and system configuration. Feed solutions with 30 wt % monoethanolamine are loaded with 5-15% CO2 and heated to 40-50 °C before being dosed with 0.18 M Ca2+ and Mg2+. Membranes with lower surface energy and greater roughness are found to more rapidly promote mineralization due to up to 20% greater vapor flux. Lower operating temperature improves membrane wetting tolerance by 96.2% but simultaneously reduces crystal growth rate by 48.3%. Sweeping gas membrane distillation demonstrates a 71.6% reduction in the mineralization rate and a marginal improvement (37.5%) on membrane wetting tolerance. Mineral identity and growth characteristics are presented, and the analysis is extended to explore the potential improvements for carbon mineralization as well as the feasibility of future implementation.

Self-ejection of salts and other foulants from superhydrophobic surfaces to enable sustainable anti-fouling.

A recently discovered phenomenon in which crystalline structures grown from evaporating drops of saline water self-eject from superhydrophobic materials has introduced new possibilities for the design of anti-fouling materials and sustainable processes. Some of these possibilities include evaporative heat exchange systems using drops of saline water and new strategies for handling/processing waste brines. However, the practical limits of this effect using realistic, non-ideal source waters have yet to be explored. Here, we explore how the presence of various model aquatic contaminants (colloids, surfactants, and calcium salt) influences the self-ejection phenomena. Counterintuitively, we find that the addition of "contaminant" chemistries can enable ejection under conditions where ejection was not observed for waters containing only sodium chloride salt (e.g., from smooth hydrophobic surfaces), and that increased concentrations of both surfactants and colloids lead to longer ejection lengths. This result can be attributed to decreased crystallization nucleation time caused by the presence of other species in water.

Experiences of Mental Health Clinicians and Staff in Rapidly Converting to Full-Time Telemental Health and Work from Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The mitigation strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic pushed much of the mental health workforce to rapidly convert to full-time telemental health (TMH). For many people, this occurred in the context of working from makeshift home offices with novel distractions. We describe the results of an online survey of mental health clinicians and staff regarding their experiences in rapidly converting to full-time TMH and work from home (WFH) during COVID-19. Methods: Fourteen clinicians and 11 administrative staff from two outpatient mental health clinics in a large academic medical center completed the survey in May 2020. Results: More than 85% of participants rated the experience of providing or supporting full-time TMH care as "somewhat better" or "much better than expected." Clinicians and administrative staff reported perceptions that most clients were satisfied with TMH services. Identified TMH challenges included difficulty providing clinical forms and difficulties with technology. Identified benefits of WFH included lack of commute, time with loved ones, opportunities for self-care, and increased flexibility. Maintaining team cohesion and communication while working remotely, and setting boundaries between work and nonwork hours were identified as challenges. Nearly all respondents indicated a preference to continue some TMH from home in the future. Conclusions: Findings suggest that rapidly adopting TMH and WFH during a pandemic were well accepted. Should the progression of the pandemic require agile movement in and out of TMH and WFH, overcommunication and extra attention to supporting employee connection and morale are especially important.

Differences between Colloidal and Crystalline Evaporative Deposits.

Evaporative deposits from drops are widely studied due to their numerous applications in low-effort self-assembly, including for inkjet printing, microscale separations, and sensing/diagnostics. This phenomenon has been broadly explored for drops containing suspended colloidal particles but has been less quantified for drops with dissolved solutes. When a drop of solute/solvent mixture is evaporated on a substrate, nonvolatile solutes become supersaturated as the solvent evaporates, which then leads to crystal nucleation at the substrate-drop contact line. Emerging crystals alter the local wettability and fundamentally alter the dynamics of evaporation, which, in turn, influences the resultant evaporative deposit. Here we investigate the role of interactions between the substrate, crystals, and solution by comparing the evaporative deposition of three different salts as solutes against an evaporating colloidal solution. We show that nucleation effects can cause crystalline deposits to have a temperature relationship that is opposite to that of colloidal deposits and demonstrate how a balance between the contact-line pinning force and nucleation controls the deposit size.

Evaporative Crystallization of Spirals.

Spiral motifs are pervasive in nature, art, and technology due to their functional property of providing compact length. Nature is particularly adept at spiral patterning, and yet, the spirals observed in seashells, hurricanes, rams' horns, flower petals, etc. all evolve via disparate physical mechanisms. Here, we present a mechanism for the self-guided formation of spirals from evaporating saline drops via a coupling of crystallization and contact line dynamics. These patterns are in contrast to commonly observed patterns from evaporation of colloidal drops, which are discrete (rings, concentric rings) or continuous (clumps, uniform deposits) depending on the particle shape, contact line dynamics, and evaporation rate. Unlike the typical process of drop evaporation where the contact line moves radially inward, here, a thin film pinned by a ring of crystals ruptures radially outward. This motion is accompanied by a nonuniform pinning of the contact line due to crystallization, which generates a continuous propagation of pinning and depinning events to form a spiral. By comparing the relevant timescales of evaporation and diffusion, we show that a single dimensionless number can predict the occurrence of these patterns. These insights on self-guided crystallization of spirals could be used to create compact length templates.

Evaporative Crystallization in Drops on Superhydrophobic and Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces.

Mineral-fouling induced corrosion and deterioration of marine vessels, aircraft, and coastal structures is due in part from structural intrusion of crystals grown from ocean-generated saline drops. As such, much work has explored surface treatments that induce hydrophobicity or introduce barriers for antifouling and corrosion prevention; however, the efficacy of these strategies will be altered by the underlying substrate texture. Here, we study the behavior of evaporating saline drops on superhydrophobic and liquid-impregnated surfaces as a function of surface texture. On superhydrophobic surfaces, four disparate regimes (which are not observed for particle-laden drops) emerge as a function of the substrate solid fraction: Cassie-pinning, Cassie-gliding, Cassie-Wenzel transition, and Wenzel. These regimes control the morphology of the resultant crystal deposits. In contrast to the superhydrophobic surfaces, spreading liquid-impregnated surfaces demonstrate minimal influence of solid fraction on evaporative crystallization. The area, area localization, timescale of evaporation, and deposit morphology are all normalized by the presence of the lubricating layer, thus introducing an efficient method of eliminating crystal "coffee rings" as well as reducing the potential for fouling and corrosion.

Design of a spaceflight biofilm experiment.

Biofilm growth has been observed in Soviet/Russian (Salyuts and Mir), American (Skylab), and International (ISS) Space Stations, sometimes jeopardizing key equipment like spacesuits, water recycling units, radiators, and navigation windows. Biofilm formation also increases the risk of human illnesses and therefore needs to be well understood to enable safe, long-duration, human space missions. Here, the design of a NASA-supported biofilm in space project is reported. This new project aims to characterize biofilm inside the International Space Station in a controlled fashion, assessing changes in mass, thickness, and morphology. The space-based experiment also aims at elucidating the biomechanical and transcriptomic mechanisms involved in the formation of a "column-and-canopy" biofilm architecture that has previously been observed in space. To search for potential solutions, different materials and surface topologies will be used as the substrata for microbial growth. The adhesion of bacteria to surfaces and therefore the initial biofilm formation is strongly governed by topographical surface features of about the bacterial scale. Thus, using Direct Laser-Interference Patterning, some material coupons will have surface patterns with periodicities equal, above or below the size of bacteria. Additionally, a novel lubricant-impregnated surface will be assessed for potential Earth and spaceflight anti-biofilm applications. This paper describes the current experiment design including microbial strains and substrata materials and nanotopographies being considered, constraints and limitations that arise from performing experiments in space, and the next steps needed to mature the design to be spaceflight-ready.

Surface shear viscosity as a macroscopic probe of amyloid fibril formation at a fluid interface.

Amyloidogenesis of proteins is of wide interest because amyloid structures are associated with many diseases, including Alzheimer's and type II diabetes. Dozens of different proteins of various sizes are known to form amyloid fibrils. While there are numerous studies on the fibrillization of insulin induced by various perturbations, shearing at fluid interfaces has not received as much attention. Here, we present a study of human insulin fibrillization at room temperature using a deep-channel surface viscometer. The hydrodynamics of the bulk flow equilibrates in just over a minute, but the proteins at the air-water interface exhibit a very slow development during which the surface (excess) shear viscosity deduced from a Newtonian surface model increases slightly over a period of a day and a half. Then, there is a very rapid increase in the surface shear viscosity to effectively unbounded levels as the interface becomes immobilized. Atomic force microscopy shows that fibrils appear at the interface after it becomes immobilized. Fibrillization in the bulk does not occur until much later. This has been verified by concurrent atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy of samples from the bulk. The immobilized interface has zero in-plane shear rate, however due to the bulk flow, there is an increase in the strength of the normal component of the shear rate at the interface, implicating this component of shear in the fibrillization process ultimately resulting in a thick weave of fibrils on the interface. Real-time detection of fibrillization via interfacial rheology may find utility in other studies of proteins at sheared interfaces.

Shear-induced amyloid fibrillization: the role of inertia.

Agitation of protein is known to induce deleterious effects on protein stability and structure, with extreme agitation sometimes resulting in complete aggregation into amyloid fibrils. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain how protein becomes unstable when subjected to flow, including alignment of protein species, shear-induced unfolding, simple mixing, or fragmentation of existing fibrils to create new seeds. Here a shearing flow was imposed on a solution of monomeric human insulin via a rotating Couette device with a small hydrophobic fluid interface. The results indicate that even very low levels of shear are capable of accelerating amyloid fibril formation. Simulations of the flow suggest that the shear enhances fibrillization kinetics when flow inertia is non-negligible and the resulting meridional circulation allows for advection of bulk protein to the hydrophobic interface.

Crystal Patterning from Aqueous Solutions via Solutal Instabilities.

Fluid instabilities can be harnessed for facile self-assembly of patterned structures on the nano- and microscale. Evaporative self-assembly from drops is one simple technique that enables a range of patterning behaviors due to the multitude of fluid instabilities that arise due to the simultaneous existence of temperature and solutal gradients. However, the method suffers from limited controllability over patterns that can arise and their morphology. Here, we demonstrate that a range of distinct crystalline patterns including hexagonal arrays, branches, and sawtooth structures emerge from evaporation of water drops containing calcium sulfate on hydrophilic and superhydrophilic substrates. Different pattern regimes emerge as a function of contact line dynamics and evaporation rates, which dictate which fluid instabilities are most likely to emerge. The underlying physical mechanisms behind instability for controlled self-assembly involve Marangoni flows and forced wetting/dewetting. We also demonstrate that these patterns composed of water-soluble inorganic crystals can serve as sustainable and easily removable masks for applications in microscale fabrication.

Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in spaceflight is minimized on lubricant impregnated surfaces.

The undesirable, yet inevitable, presence of bacterial biofilms in spacecraft poses a risk to the proper functioning of systems and to astronauts' health. To mitigate the risks that arise from them, it is important to understand biofilms' behavior in microgravity. As part of the Space Biofilms project, biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were grown in spaceflight over material surfaces. Stainless Steel 316 (SS316) and passivated SS316 were tested for their relevance as spaceflight hardware components, while a lubricant impregnated surface (LIS) was tested as potential biofilm control strategy. The morphology and gene expression of biofilms were characterized. Biofilms in microgravity are less robust than on Earth. LIS strongly inhibits biofilm formation compared to SS. Furthermore, this effect is even greater in spaceflight than on Earth, making LIS a promising option for spacecraft use. Transcriptomic profiles for the different conditions are presented, and potential mechanisms of biofilm reduction on LIS are discussed.

Patient Experiences With Telemental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Telemental health (TMH) was an effective and relatively well-accepted way of delivering mental health care prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and has become widely adopted through the pandemic. Although recent findings show telehealth remains relatively well accepted across health care broadly, little is known about how patient experiences of TMH may have changed through the pandemic as many sectors were virtualized. These findings describe patient experiences with TMH at an outpatient mental health clinic approximately 1 year after the clinic rapidly transitioned to full TMH due to COVID-19. Respondents are 137 adult patients. Most patients reported TMH to be extremely or very effective (85.0%) and better than anticipated (76.8%). Most patients (74.6%) were interested in continuing at least some visits by TMH after the pandemic. A small subset of patients who rated their relationship with their provider as better in-person than by TMH also reported a preference for most or all visits in-person. Results provide preliminary support that TMH remains a well-accepted option for many patients. Mental health clinics may best serve patients by offering a hybrid model of care that includes both TMH and in-person services.

Crystal critters: Self-ejection of crystals from heated, superhydrophobic surfaces.

Mineral or crystal fouling (the accumulation of precipitants on a material and damage associated with the same) is a pervasive problem in water treatment, thermoelectric power production, and numerous industrial processes. Growing efforts have focused on materials engineering strategies (e.g., superhydrophobicity) to prevent fouling. Here, we present a curious phenomenon in which crystals self-eject from heated, nanotextured superhydrophobic materials during evaporation of saline water drops. These crystal structures (crystal critters) have exceedingly minimal contact with the substrate and thus pre-empt crystal fouling. This unusual phenomenon is caused by cooperative effects of crystallization, evaporative flows, and nanoscale effects. The temperature dependence of the critter effect can be predicted using principles of mass conservation, and we demonstrate that self-propulsion can be generated via temperature gradients, which promote asymmetric growth. The insights on confinement-driven evaporative crystallization can be applied for antifouling by self-ejection of mineral foulants, for drop-based fluidic machines, or even for self-propulsion.

Comparison of Human and Bovine Insulin Amyloidogenesis under Uniform Shear.

A diverse range of proteins can assemble into amyloid fibrils, a process that generally results in a loss of function and an increase in toxicity. The occurrence and rate of conversion is strongly dependent on several factors including molecular structure and exposure to hydrodynamic forces. To investigate the origins of shear-induced enhancement in the rate of fibrillization, a stable rotating Couette flow was used to evaluate the kinetics of amyloid formation under uniform shear for two similar insulin species (human and bovine) that demonstrate unique fibrillization kinetics. The presence of shear-induced nuclei predicted by previous studies is supported by observations of a lag between the consumption of soluble insulin and the precipitation of amyloid aggregates. The apparent fibrillization rate generally increases with shear. However, a two-parameter kinetic model revealed that the nucleation rate has a maximum value at intermediate shear rates. The fibril elongation rate increases monotonically with shear and is similar for both insulin variants, suggesting that increased elongation rates are related to mixing. Differences between human and bovine insulin kinetics under shear are attributable to the nucleation step.

Rates and product identification for trenbolone acetate metabolite biotransformation under aerobic conditions.

Trenbolone acetate metabolites are endocrine-active contaminants discharged into the aquatic environment in runoff from agricultural fields, rangelands, and concentrated animal feeding operations. To investigate the environmental fate of these compounds and their biotransformation mechanisms, the authors used inocula from a variety of different water sources and dosed biologically active microcosms with approximately 1400 ng/L of trenbolone acetate metabolites, including 17ß-trenbolone, trendione, and 17α-trenbolone. To investigate aerobic biotransformation rates and interconversions between known trenbolone acetate metabolites, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure concentrations and assess product distributions as a function of time. High-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to characterize novel transformation products and potential transformation pathways. Kinetic analysis yields observed half-lives of approximately 0.9 d, 1.3 d, and 2.2 d for 17ß-trenbolone, trendione, and 17α-trenbolone, respectively, at 20 °C, although colder conditions increased half-lives to 8.5 d and biphasic transformation was observed. Relative to reported faster attenuation rates in soils, trenbolone acetate metabolites are likely more persistent in aqueous systems. Product distributions indicate an enzymatic preference for biotransformation between trendione and 17ß-trenbolone. The LC-MS/MS characterization indicates dehydrogenation products as the major detectable products and demonstrates that major structural elements responsible for bioactivity in steroids are likely retained during biotransformation.