Applying surface energy derived cohesive-adhesive balance model in predicting the mixing, flow and compaction behaviour of interactive mixtures.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the applicability of cohesive-adhesive balance (CAB) model to predict the interactive mixing behaviour of small excipient particles. Further, we also investigated the application of this CAB model to predict the flow and compactibility of resultant blends. METHODS: Excipients created by co-spraying polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, a model pharmaceutical binder) with various l-leucine concentrations were used for this study. Paracetamol was used as model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The surface energy was used to derive the work of cohesion (wco) and work of adhesion (wad) to predict the interactive mixing behaviour of the excipients with paracetamol. The blends were visualised under a scanning electron microscopy microscope to assess the interactive mixing behaviour. In addition, the flow performance and tabletting behaviour of various blends were characterised. RESULTS: The surface-energy derived work of adhesion (wad) between excipient and paracetamol particles increased, while the corresponding work of cohesion (wco) between excipient particles decreased, with increasing l-leucine concentrations. In blends for which the work of cohesion was higher than the work of adhesion (wco>wad), small excipient particles were apparent as agglomerates. For excipients with 5% and higher l-leucine concentrations, the work of adhesion between excipient and paracetamol particles was higher than or equivalent to the work of cohesion between excipient particles (wad⩾wco) and agglomerates were less apparent. This is an indicator of formation of homogeneous interactive mixtures. At 5% (w/w) excipient proportions, blends for which wad⩾wco demonstrated higher compactibility than other blends. Furthermore, at 10% (w/w) and higher excipient proportions, these blends also demonstrated better flow performance than other blends. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that surface-energy derived CAB data effectively predict the interactive mixing behaviour of small excipient particles. Furthermore, at certain proportions of small excipient particles the CAB model also predicts the flow and compaction behaviour of the API/excipient blends.

Nanoengineering of iron oxide and iron oxide/silica hollow spheres by sequential layering combined with a sol-gel process.

Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/SiO2 hollow spheres with tailored dimensions and compositions were created by consecutively coating polystyrene (PS) latices either with Fe3+ alternately adsorbed with Nafion or combining a sol-gel process based on the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and subsequently removing the cores upon pyrolysis.

Particle Engineering of Excipients for Direct Compression: Understanding the Role of Material Properties.

Tablets represent the preferred and most commonly dispensed pharmaceutical dosage form for administering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Minimizing the cost of goods and improving manufacturing output efficiency has motivated companies to use direct compression as a preferred method of tablet manufacturing. Excipients dictate the success of direct compression, notably by optimizing powder formulation compactability and flow, thus there has been a surge in creating excipients specifically designed to meet these needs for direct compression. Greater scientific understanding of tablet manufacturing coupled with effective application of the principles of material science and particle engineering has resulted in a number of improved direct compression excipients. Despite this, significant practical disadvantages of direct compression remain relative to granulation, and this is partly due to the limitations of direct compression excipients. For instance, in formulating high-dose APIs, a much higher level of excipient is required relative to wet or dry granulation and so tablets are much bigger. Creating excipients to enable direct compression of high-dose APIs requires the knowledge of the relationship between fundamental material properties and excipient functionalities. In this paper, we review the current understanding of the relationship between fundamental material properties and excipient functionality for direct compression.

The role of physico-chemical and bulk characteristics of co-spray dried L-leucine and polyvinylpyrrolidone on glidant and binder properties in interactive mixtures.

In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was spray dried with l-leucine (PVP-Leu) to create a prototype multifunctional interactive excipient. The physico-chemical and bulk properties such as particle size, surface composition, surface energy and bulk cohesion of PVP-Leu was measured and compared against pure spray dried PVP (PVP-SD). The mixing behaviour of these excipients and their effect on flow and binder activity of paracetamol was assessed. The mean particle sizes of PVP-Leu PVP-SD and PVP were 2.5, 2.1 and 21.9µm, respectively. Surface composition characterization indicated that l-leucine achieved higher concentrations on the surface compared to the bulk of the PVP-Leu particles. The surface energy of PVP-Leu was significantly lower compared to PVP-SD. In addition, PVP-Leu exhibited a significantly lower bulk cohesion compared PVP-SD. The excipients were blended with paracetamol and qualitative characterization indicated that PVP-Leu blended more homogeneously with paracetamol compared to PVP-SD. Both PVP-Leu and PVP-SD then exhibited a significantly improved binder activity compared to PVP. The flow of the paracetamol was markedly improved with PVP-Leu while PVP-SD and PVP had negligible effect on its flow. This study reveals how physico-chemical and bulk properties of such prototype interactive excipients can play a key role in determining multi-factorial excipient performance.

Relationship between surface concentration of L-leucine and bulk powder properties in spray dried formulations.

The amino acid L-leucine has been demonstrated to act as a lubricant and improve the dispersibility of otherwise cohesive fine particles. It was hypothesized that optimum surface L-leucine concentration is necessary to achieve optimal surface and bulk powder properties. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was spray dried with different concentration of L-leucine and the change in surface composition of the formulations was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The formulations were also subjected to powder X-ray diffraction analysis in order to understand the relationship between surface concentration and solid-state properties of L-leucine. In addition, the morphology, surface energy and bulk cohesion of spray dried formulations were also assessed to understand the relation between surface L-leucine concentration and surface and bulk properties. The surface concentration of L-leucine increased with higher feed concentrations and plateaued at about 10% L-leucine. Higher surface L-leucine concentration also resulted in the formation of larger L-leucine crystals and not much change in crystal size was noted above 10% L-leucine. A change in surface morphology of particles from spherical to increasingly corrugated was also observed with increasing surface l-leucine concentration. Specific collapsed/folded over particles were only seen in formulations with 10% or higher l-leucine feed concentration suggesting a change in particle surface formation process. In addition, bulk cohesion also reduced and approached a minimum with 10% L-leucine concentration. Thus, the surface concentration of L-leucine governs particle formation and optimum surface L-leucine concentration results in optimum surface and bulk powder properties.

Pulmonary delivery of an ultra-fine oxytocin dry powder formulation: potential for treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in developing countries.

Oxytocin is recommended by the World Health Organisation as the most effective uterotonic for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. The requirement for parenteral administration by trained healthcare providers and the need for the drug solution to be maintained under cold-chain storage limit the use of oxytocin in the developing world. In this study, a spray-dried ultrafine formulation of oxytocin was developed with an optimal particle size diameter (1-5 µm) to facilitate aerosolised delivery via the lungs. A powder formulation of oxytocin, using mannitol, glycine and leucine as carriers, was prepared with a volume-based median particle diameter of 1.9 µm. Oxytocin content in the formulation was assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and was found to be unchanged after spray-drying. Ex vivo contractility studies utilising human and ovine uterine tissue indicated no difference in the bioactivity of oxytocin before and after spray-drying. Uterine electromyographic (EMG) activity in postpartum ewes following pulmonary (in vivo) administration of oxytocin closely mimicked that observed immediately postpartum (0-12 h following normal vaginal delivery of the lamb). In comparison to the intramuscular injection, pulmonary administration of an oxytocin dry powder formulation to postpartum ewes resulted in generally similar EMG responses, however a more rapid onset of uterine EMG activity was observed following pulmonary administration (129 ± 18 s) than intramuscular injection (275 ± 22 s). This is the first study to demonstrate the potential for oxytocin to elicit uterine activity after systemic absorption as an aerosolised powder from the lungs. Aerosolised oxytocin has the potential to provide a stable and easy to administer delivery system for effective prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage in resource-poor settings in the developing world.