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1.
Eur J Pediatr ; 2024 Aug 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39143347

RESUMO

Globalisation and population movement have led to an increasing number of migrant children residing in areas non-endemic for schistosomiasis. However, diagnosing and managing schistosomiasis in children remain controversial. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in migrant children and to describe the diagnostic approach and management strategies, including long-term follow-up, to explore the potential role of serological tests in evaluating treatment response. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study spanning from January 2014-July 2021 at a referral unit for Paediatric Tropical Diseases in Madrid (Spain). The study included patients under 18 years diagnosed with schistosomiasis. Of 679 children screened for schistosomiasis, 73 (10.8%) tested positive. The median age was 16.3 years [IQR 9-17.6], 74% male. The majority originated from Sub-Saharan Africa (47%) and Asia (47%). Only 40% presented with symptoms, with gastrointestinal (18%) and cutaneous (17%) manifestations being the most common. Eosinophilia was observed in 43% (median [IQR]: 1103/mm3 [671-1536]), and ova were visualised in the urine of 2/50 (4.0%). Praziquantel treatment was administered to 92%, and 5 patients required retreatment. Follow-up data were available for 58 (80%) over a median period of 9 months [IQR 6-19.8], revealing a progressive decline in eosinophil count, IgE titres, and ELISA optical density.    Conclusion: In this series, the prevalence of schistosomiasis among migrant children was significant (10%), highlighting the importance of including serological tests in migrant health screening. The disease is largely asymptomatic, eosinophilia is often absent, and visualisation of ova in urine is exceedingly rare. Eosinophil count, IgE titres, and ELISA optical density could prove valuable as an initial approach for monitoring inflammation during follow-up assessments. What is Known: • The burden of disease related to schistosomiasis is significant, particulary in children, and it is advisable to screen this vulnerable population. What is New: • Eosinophilia may not be present in parasitic infections, so serological tests are crucial for screening migrant children. • Serological monitoring facilitates long-term management of migrant children with schistosomiasis.

6.
Prog. obstet. ginecol. (Ed. impr.) ; 61(5): 444-448, sept.-oct. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-175078

RESUMO

Objective: To study the prevalence of risk factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injury and its development in the short term. Material and methods: Observational retrospective study of grade III and IV tears over a period of 3 years. We evaluated maternal risk factors and factors related to childbirth. We also followed patients during the first year after delivery. Results: The incidence of anal sphincter tears was 2.03% (62.6% type IIIA). The principal modifiable risk factors were instrumental delivery (61%), with a relative risk of laceration of 9.1% for forceps, 4.4% for vacuum extraction, and 3.6% for spatulas, compared with 0.86% for normal deliveries. Prolonged labor (more than 3 hours) was recorded in nearly 50% of patients. The main nonmodifiable risk factor was primiparity (85.1% of cases). At the first check-up, 63.9% of patients were asymptomatic; at the second, 92.7% were asymptomatic, and perineal tone had improved. Conclusion: Health professionals must be trained to assess risk factors for perineal tears, as well as to make a correct diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. Patients should be followed up and receive instructions on pelvic floor muscle exercises


Objetivo: estudiar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo relacionados con los desgarros del esfínter anal y su evolución clínica a corto plazo. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo observacional de desgarros de III y IV grado durante 3 años. Hemos valorado factores de riesgo maternos y aquellos relacionados con el parto. Además hemos seguido a las pacientes durante el primer año postparto. Resultados: la incidencia de desgarros del esfínter anal ha sido del 2,03%, siendo el 62,6% de tipo IIIA. Como factores de riesgo modificables han destacado el parto instrumental (61%); con un riesgo relativo de desgarro para el fórceps del 9,1%, del 4,4% para las ventosas y del 3,6% para las espátulas, frente al 0,86% para los partos eutócicos. El expulsivo prolongado de más de 3 horas se ha dado en casi el 50% de pacientes. Dentro de los no modificables observamos la primiparidad en el 85,1% de casos. En el primer control clínico el 63,9% de las pacientes están asintomáticas y en el segundo el 92,7%, objetivando también una mejoría del tono perineal. Conclusión: la formación de los profesionales es fundamental para valorar los factores de riesgo y el correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas lesiones. Además es importante realizar un control evolutivo de estas pacientes y enseñarles a ejercitar la musculatura pélvica


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Períneo/lesões , Canal Anal/lesões , Distúrbios do Assoalho Pélvico/epidemiologia , Complicações do Trabalho de Parto/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Incontinência Urinária/epidemiologia , Incontinência Fecal/epidemiologia , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Cistocele/reabilitação , Retocele/reabilitação
7.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 30(3): 131-136, mar. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-97427

RESUMO

Introducción En la cohorte de niños infectados de la Comunidad de Madrid ha aumentado el número de niños de procedencia extranjera en los últimos años. Los objetivos fueron evaluar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas en los nuevos diagnósticos y describir los diferentes subtipos del VIH-1.Pacientes y métodos Se analizaron los nuevos diagnósticos desde el año 1997, dividiéndolos en 3 periodos: P1 (1997-2000), P2 (2001-2004), P3 (2005-2009). Se analizó la procedencia según regiones geográficas y país de procedencia, las diferencias clínicas e inmunovirológicas así como respuesta al tratamiento. Se evaluó el subtipo genético del VIH-1 mediante análisis filogenético de los genes de proteasa y de la retrotranscriptasa. Resultados Se identificaron 141 nuevos diagnósticos de infección VIH, siendo el porcentaje de procedencia extranjera en P1 (22,5%), P2 (50%) y P3 (68%). La procedencia ha cambiado de Latinoamérica en P1 a África subsahariana en P3. No hubo diferencias de la media de edad al diagnóstico entre autóctonos y extranjeros, el estadio clínico CDC A/B/C, carga viral, porcentaje de CD4 al diagnóstico y actuales. Había una tendencia de mejor respuesta virológica en extranjeros tras el primer ciclo de TARGA (terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad) independiente del tratamiento recibido. Se obtuvieron 66 subtipos, el 24% eran subtipos no-B (56% formas recombinantes). Todos los subtipos de los autóctonos (43) y latinoamericanos (5) eran subtipos B, sin embargo, todos los niños procedentes de África Subsahariana (14) eran subtipos no-B. Conclusión No se encontraron diferencias entre niños infectados por VIH extranjeros o autóctonos, salvo los diferentes subtipos de VIH-1 (AU)


Introduction The number of children of immigrant origin in the last few years has increased the cohort of HIV-infected children in the Community of Madrid. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the new diagnosed children and describe the different subtypes of HIV-1.Patients and methods The new diagnosed children were analysed from the year 1997, divided into 3 periods: P1 (1997-2000), P2 (2001-2004), P3 (2005-2009). The regions and countries of origin, the clinical, immune and viral characteristics, as well as the response to treatment were analysed. The subtypes of HIV-1 were evaluated by phylogenetic analysis of protease genes and reverse transcriptase. Results We identified 141 new diagnoses of HIV infection, the percentage of immigrant origin in P1 was (22.5%), P2 (50%) and P3 (68%). The origin had changed from Latin America in P1 to sub-Saharan Africa in P3. There were no differences between Spanish and immigrant children in the age at diagnosis, the CDC clinical stage A/B/C, viral load, percentage of CD4 at diagnosis and actual. Better viral response was more likely in immigrants after the first regimen of HAART (Highly active antiretroviral treatment) independently of the treatment received. A total of 66 subtypes were obtained, 24% were subtypes non-B (56% recombinants forms). All subtypes of Spanish children (43) and Latin American (5) were subtypes B, and all the children from sub-Saharan Africa (14) were subtypes non-B. Conclusion There were no differences between immigrants and Spanish children infected by HIV, except the different subtypes of HIV-1 (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV/patogenicidade , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Antígenos CD4/análise , Carga Viral , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos
8.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 28(5): 278-283, mayo 2010. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS (Espanha) | ID: ibc-84100

RESUMO

Introducción Los estudios farmacológicos realizados demuestran una relación entre la concentración plasmática de antirretrovirales (ARV) y su toxicidad y actividad antiviral. Sin embargo, en niños con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), los datos farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos son heterogéneos y limitados. Pretendemos analizar los niveles de fármacos ARV en la práctica clínica, en niños infectados por VIH y su influencia en la efectividad terapéutica. Métodos Estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico, que incluye niños con infeccion por VIH, controlados en 5 hospitales terciarios entre marzo de 2006 y junio de 2008. Se determinó la concentración plasmática de ARV en el momento predosis y se analizó la relación con diferentes variables clínicas y analíticas. Resultados Se incluyó un total de 129 pacientes. El 41,3% presentaba niveles plasmáticos fuera del rango establecido. No se hallaron diferencias analíticas en función del género. Los menores de un año presentaban concentraciones infraterapéuticas y carga viral elevada, de modo más frecuente que el resto de los niños. Conclusión Las concentraciones plasmáticas de ARV son infraterapéuticas con mayor frecuencia en los menores de un año. Este hallazgo se relaciona con mayor fallo viral y supone un reto importante en esta población, que requiere un tratamiento a muy largo plazo (AU)


Introduction Pharmacologic studies have shown a relationship between plasma antiretroviral levels and toxicity/viral activity. Nevertheless, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are inconsistent and limited in HIV-infected children. An analysis was performed of plasma antiretroviral concentrations in clinical practice and their influence on therapy efficacy in HIV-infected children. Methods Observational, prospective, multicenter study, including HIV-infected children followed up at 5 reference hospitals between March 2006 and June 2008. Pre-dose plasma antiretroviral levels were determined and the relationships with various clinical and analytical variables were investigated. Results A total of 129 patients were included, and 41.3% had antiretroviral plasma levels outside the established range. No differences were found between sexes. Children younger than 1 year had a higher rate of suboptimal levels and higher viral load than the remaining children. Conclusion Antiretroviral plasma concentrations are more frequently suboptimal in children younger than 1 year. This finding is related with greater viral failure and implies a considerable challenge in this population, which requires very long-term treatment (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Fatores Etários , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Sexuais
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