RESUMO
CD8+ T cells are critical for elimination of cancer cells. Factors within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can drive these cells to a hypofunctional state known as exhaustion. The most terminally exhausted T (tTex) cells are resistant to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and might instead limit immunotherapeutic efficacy. Here we show that intratumoral CD8+ tTex cells possess transcriptional features of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and are similarly capable of directly suppressing T cell proliferation ex vivo. tTex cell suppression requires CD39, which generates immunosuppressive adenosine. Restricted deletion of CD39 in endogenous CD8+ T cells resulted in slowed tumor progression, improved immunotherapy responsiveness and enhanced infiltration of transferred tumor-specific T cells. CD39 is induced on tTex cells by tumor hypoxia, thus mitigation of hypoxia limits tTex suppression. Together, these data suggest tTex cells are an important regulatory population in cancer and strategies to limit their generation, reprogram their immunosuppressive state or remove them from the TME might potentiate immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Antígenos CD , Hipóxia , Neoplasias/terapia , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Cancer and chronic infections induce T cell exhaustion, a hypofunctional fate carrying distinct epigenetic, transcriptomic and metabolic characteristics. However, drivers of exhaustion remain poorly understood. As intratumoral exhausted T cells experience severe hypoxia, we hypothesized that metabolic stress alters their responses to other signals, specifically, persistent antigenic stimulation. In vitro, although CD8+ T cells experiencing continuous stimulation or hypoxia alone differentiated into functional effectors, the combination rapidly drove T cell dysfunction consistent with exhaustion. Continuous stimulation promoted Blimp-1-mediated repression of PGC-1α-dependent mitochondrial reprogramming, rendering cells poorly responsive to hypoxia. Loss of mitochondrial function generated intolerable levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sufficient to promote exhausted-like states, in part through phosphatase inhibition and the consequent activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells. Reducing T cell-intrinsic ROS and lowering tumor hypoxia limited T cell exhaustion, synergizing with immunotherapy. Thus, immunologic and metabolic signaling are intrinsically linked: through mitigation of metabolic stress, T cell differentiation can be altered to promote more functional cellular fates.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultura , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/genética , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mitocôndrias/imunologia , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Fator 1 de Ligação ao Domínio I Regulador Positivo/genética , Fator 1 de Ligação ao Domínio I Regulador Positivo/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Hipóxia TumoralRESUMO
Germinal center B cells (GCBCs) are critical for generating long-lived humoral immunity. How GCBCs meet the energetic challenge of rapid proliferation is poorly understood. Dividing lymphocytes typically rely on aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Here we report that GCBCs are exceptional among proliferating B and T cells, as they actively oxidize fatty acids (FAs) and conduct minimal glycolysis. In vitro, GCBCs had a very low glycolytic extracellular acidification rate but consumed oxygen in response to FAs. [13C6]-glucose feeding revealed that GCBCs generate significantly less phosphorylated glucose and little lactate. Further, GCBCs did not metabolize glucose into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. Conversely, [13C16]-palmitic acid labeling demonstrated that GCBCs generate most of their acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine from FAs. FA oxidation was functionally important, as drug-mediated and genetic dampening of FA oxidation resulted in a selective reduction of GCBCs. Hence, GCBCs appear to uncouple rapid proliferation from aerobic glycolysis.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Centro Germinativo/metabolismo , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Proliferação de Células , Metabolismo Energético , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Centro Germinativo/citologia , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Glicólise/genética , Técnicas In Vitro , Metaboloma , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Oxirredução , Fosforilação Oxidativa , Consumo de OxigênioRESUMO
Lymph-node (LN) stromal cell populations expand during the inflammation that accompanies T cell activation. Interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (TH17 cells) promote inflammation through the induction of cytokines and chemokines in peripheral tissues. We demonstrate a critical requirement for IL-17 in the proliferation of LN and splenic stromal cells, particularly fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and colitis. Without signaling via the IL-17 receptor, activated FRCs underwent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, accompanied by signs of nutrient stress in vivo. IL-17 signaling in FRCs was not required for the development of TH17 cells, but failed FRC proliferation impaired germinal center formation and antigen-specific antibody production. Induction of the transcriptional co-activator IκBζ via IL-17 signaling mediated increased glucose uptake and expression of the gene Cpt1a, encoding CPT1A, a rate-limiting enzyme of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Hence, IL-17 produced by locally differentiating TH17 cells is an important driver of the activation of inflamed LN stromal cells, through metabolic reprogramming required to support proliferation and survival.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Células Estromais/imunologia , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos/genética , Formação de Anticorpos/imunologia , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Sobrevivência Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Colite/genética , Colite/imunologia , Colite/metabolismo , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/genética , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/genética , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Linfonodos/citologia , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Receptores de Interleucina-17/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-17/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/metabolismoRESUMO
Immunotherapy can reinvigorate dormant responses to cancer, but response rates remain low. Oncolytic viruses, which replicate in cancer cells, induce tumor lysis and immune priming, but their immune consequences are unclear. We profiled the infiltrate of aggressive melanomas induced by oncolytic Vaccinia virus using RNA sequencing and found substantial remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, dominated by effector T cell influx. However, responses to oncolytic viruses were incomplete due to metabolic insufficiencies induced by the tumor microenvironment. We identified the adipokine leptin as a potent metabolic reprogramming agent that supported antitumor responses. Leptin metabolically reprogrammed T cells in vitro, and melanoma cells expressing leptin were immunologically controlled in mice. Engineering oncolytic viruses to express leptin in tumor cells induced complete responses in tumor-bearing mice and supported memory development in the tumor infiltrate. Thus, leptin can provide metabolic support to tumor immunity, and oncolytic viruses represent a platform to deliver metabolic therapy.
Assuntos
Leptina/imunologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Vírus Oncolíticos/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Imunoterapia/métodos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Vaccinia virus/imunologiaRESUMO
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for immune homeostasis, but they also contribute to tumor immune evasion by promoting a suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Mice with Treg cell-restricted Neuropilin-1 deficiency show tumor resistance while maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis, thereby providing a controlled system to interrogate the impact of intratumoral Treg cells on the TME. Using this and other genetic models, we showed that Treg cells shaped the transcriptional landscape across multiple tumor-infiltrating immune cell types. Treg cells suppressed CD8+ T cell secretion of interferon-γ (IFNγ), which would otherwise block the activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1)-mediated fatty acid synthesis in immunosuppressive (M2-like) tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Thus, Treg cells indirectly but selectively sustained M2-like TAM metabolic fitness, mitochondrial integrity, and survival. SREBP1 inhibition augmented the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, suggesting that targeting Treg cells or their modulation of lipid metabolism in M2-like TAMs could improve cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Melanoma/imunologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/imunologia , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Animais , Carcinogênese , Diferenciação Celular , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Macrófagos/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Neuropilina-1/genética , Células Th2/imunologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the recruitment, differentiation and activity of these cells1,2. Tumour cells show deregulated metabolism, leading to a metabolite-depleted, hypoxic and acidic TME3, which places infiltrating effector T cells in competition with the tumour for metabolites and impairs their function4-6. At the same time, Treg cells maintain a strong suppression of effector T cells within the TME7,8. As previous studies suggested that Treg cells possess a distinct metabolic profile from effector T cells9-11, we hypothesized that the altered metabolic landscape of the TME and increased activity of intratumoral Treg cells are linked. Here we show that Treg cells display broad heterogeneity in their metabolism of glucose within normal and transformed tissues, and can engage an alternative metabolic pathway to maintain suppressive function and proliferation. Glucose uptake correlates with poorer suppressive function and long-term instability, and high-glucose conditions impair the function and stability of Treg cells in vitro. Treg cells instead upregulate pathways involved in the metabolism of the glycolytic by-product lactic acid. Treg cells withstand high-lactate conditions, and treatment with lactate prevents the destabilizing effects of high-glucose conditions, generating intermediates necessary for proliferation. Deletion of MCT1-a lactate transporter-in Treg cells reveals that lactate uptake is dispensable for the function of peripheral Treg cells but required intratumorally, resulting in slowed tumour growth and an increased response to immunotherapy. Thus, Treg cells are metabolically flexible: they can use 'alternative' metabolites in the TME to maintain their suppressive identity. Further, our results suggest that tumours avoid destruction by not only depriving effector T cells of nutrients, but also metabolically supporting regulatory populations.
Assuntos
Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Glucose/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Fatores Supressores Imunológicos/imunologia , Fatores Supressores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologiaRESUMO
Although tumor-specific T cells recognize cancer cells, they are often rendered dysfunctional due to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here we showed that T cells demonstrated persistent loss of mitochondrial function and mass when infiltrating murine and human tumors, an effect specific to the tumor microenvironment and not merely caused by activation. Tumor-infiltrating T cells showed a progressive loss of PPAR-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α), which programs mitochondrial biogenesis, induced by chronic Akt signaling in tumor-specific T cells. Reprogramming tumor-specific T cells through enforced expression of PGC1α resulted in superior intratumoral metabolic and effector function. Our data support a model in which signals in the tumor microenvironment repress T cell oxidative metabolism, resulting in effector cells with metabolic needs that cannot be met. Our studies also suggest that modulation or reprogramming of the altered metabolism of tumor-infiltrating T cells might represent a potential strategy to reinvigorate dysfunctional T cells for cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Reprogramação Celular , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias Experimentais , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , PPAR gama/metabolismo , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Access to nutrients is critical for an effective T cell immune response to infection. Although transporters for sugars and amino acids have previously been described in the context of the CD8+ T cell immune response, the active transport of exogenous fatty acids has remained enigmatic. In this study, we discovered that the sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) transporter major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2A (MFSD2A) is upregulated on activated CD8+ T cells and is required for memory T cell maintenance. MFSD2A deficiency in mice resulted in decreased import of LPC esterified to long chain fatty acids into activated CD8+ T cells, and MFSD2A-deficient cells are at a competitive disadvantage resulting in reduced memory T cell formation and maintenance and reduced response to secondary infection. Mechanistically, import of LPCs was required to maintain T cell homeostatic turnover, which when lost resulted in a decreased memory T cell pool and thus a reduced secondary response to repeat infection.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Listeria/fisiologia , Listeriose/imunologia , Simportadores/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Homeostase , Memória Imunológica , Listeria/genética , Ativação Linfocitária , Lisofosfatidilcolinas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Simportadores/genética , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
There is growing appreciation that cellular metabolic and bioenergetic pathways do not play merely passive roles in activated leukocytes. Rather, metabolism has important roles in controlling cellular activation, differentiation, survival, and effector function. Much of this work has been performed in T cells; however, there is still very little information regarding mast cell metabolic reprogramming and its effect on cellular function. Mast cells perform important barrier functions and help control type 2 immune responses. In this study we show that murine bone marrow-derived mast cells rapidly alter their metabolism in response to stimulation through the FcεRI. We also demonstrate that specific metabolic pathways appear to be differentially required for the control of mast cell function. Manipulation of metabolic pathways may represent a novel point for the manipulation of mast cell activation.
Assuntos
Mastócitos/imunologia , Mastócitos/metabolismo , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Signaling via the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway influences CD4(+) T cell differentiation; low levels favor regulatory T cell induction and high levels favor Th induction. Although the lipid phosphatase phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) suppresses Akt activity, the control of PTEN activity is poorly studied in T cells. In this study, we identify multiple mechanisms that regulate PTEN expression. During Th induction, PTEN function is suppressed via lower mRNA levels, lower protein levels, and an increase in C-terminal phosphorylation. Conversely, during regulatory T cell induction, PTEN function is maintained through the stabilization of PTEN mRNA transcription and sustained protein levels. We demonstrate that differential Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling regulates PTEN transcription via the FoxO1 transcription factor. A mathematical model that includes multiple modes of PTEN regulation recapitulates our experimental findings and demonstrates how several feedback loops determine differentiation outcomes. Collectively, this work provides novel mechanistic insights into how differential regulation of PTEN controls alternate CD4(+) T cell fate outcomes.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/imunologia , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Linhagem da Célula , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , Citometria de Fluxo , Proteína Forkhead Box O1 , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Teóricos , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
T cell Receptor (TCR) Fusion Construct (TRuC®) T cells harness all signaling subunits of the TCR to activate T cells and eliminate tumor cells, with minimal release of cytokines. While adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has shown unprecedented clinical efficacy against B-cell malignancies, monotherapy with CAR-T cells has suboptimal clinical efficacy against solid tumors, probably because of the artificial signaling properties of the CAR. TRuC-T cells may address the suboptimal efficacy of existing CAR-T therapies for solid tumors. Here, we report that mesothelin (MSLN)-specific TRuC-T cells (referred to as TC-210 T cells) potently kill MSLN+ tumor cells in vitro and efficiently eradicate MSLN+ mesothelioma, lung, and ovarian cancers in xenograft mouse tumor models. When benchmarked against MSLN-targeted BBζ CAR-T cells (MSLN-BBζ CAR-T cells), TC-210 T cells show an overall comparable level of efficacy; however, TC-210 T cells consistently show faster tumor rejection kinetics that are associated with earlier intratumoral accumulation and earlier signs of activation. Furthermore, in vitro and ex vivo metabolic profiling suggests TC-210 T cells have lower glycolytic activity and higher mitochondrial metabolism than MSLN-BBζ CAR-T cells. These data highlight TC-210 T cells as a promising cell therapy for treating MSLN-expressing cancers. The differentiated profile from CAR-T cells may translate into better efficacy and safety of TRuC-T cells for solid tumors.
Assuntos
Mesotelioma Maligno , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Feminino , Linfócitos T , Mesotelina , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) causes severe pain and opioids, the mainstay of pain management, may have immunomodulatory effects. We evaluated the effect of opioids on immunotherapy efficacy in recurrent/metastatic (R/M) HNSCC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study of 66 R/M HNSCC patients from 2015 to 2020, opioid dosage, calculated as mean morphine milligram equivalent per day, was assessed on the day of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment and most recent prior visit. Intratumoral T cells were evaluated by single cell RNAseq and immunohistochemistry prior to treatment. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between opioid usage, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), disease control rate. RESULTS: Patients were 79% male, 35% oropharynx, 35% oral cavity, 40% locoregional recurrence, and 56% platinum failure. Higher opioid dosage by continuous variable was significantly associated with lower PFS (p = 0.016) and OS (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, including platinum failure status and PD-L1, higher opioids were associated with lower OS. Opioid usage by categorical variable was associated with significantly lower intratumoral CD8+ T cells. Opioid receptor, OPRM1, expression was identified in intratumoral and circulating T cells. CONCLUSIONS: In our study cohort of anti-PD-1 mAb treatment in R/M HNSCC patients, higher opioids were associated with significantly lower PFS and OS and lower CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis in R/M HNSCC patients and further research into the clinical and biologic effect of opioids is warranted.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/etiologia , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Platina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/etiologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/etiologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/efeitos adversos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cellular immunotherapies for cancer represent a means by which a patient's immune system can be augmented with high numbers of tumor-specific T cells. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy involves genetic engineering to 'redirect' peripheral T cells to tumor targets, showing remarkable potency in blood cancers. However, due to several resistance mechanisms, CAR-T cell therapies remain ineffective in solid tumors. We and others have shown the tumor microenvironment harbors a distinct metabolic landscape that produces a barrier to immune cell function. Further, altered differentiation of T cells within tumors induces defects in mitochondrial biogenesis, resulting in severe cell-intrinsic metabolic deficiencies. While we and others have shown murine T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic cells can be improved through enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, we sought to determine whether human CAR-T cells could be enabled through a metabolic reprogramming approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-EGFR CAR-T cells were infused in NSG mice which bore A549 tumors. The tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were analyzed for exhaustion and metabolic deficiencies. Lentiviruses carrying PPAR-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), PGC-1αS571A and NT-PGC-1α constructs were used to co-transduce T cells with anti-EGFR CAR lentiviruses. We performed metabolic analysis via flow cytometry and Seahorse analysis in vitro as well as RNA sequencing. Finally, we treated therapeutically A549-carrying NSG mice with either PGC-1α or NT-PGC-1α anti-EGFR CAR-T cells. We also analyzed the differences in the tumor-infiltrating CAR-T cells when PGC-1α is co-expressed. RESULTS: Here, in this study, we show that an inhibition resistant, engineered version of PGC-1α, can metabolically reprogram human CAR-T cells. Transcriptomic profiling of PGC-1α-transduced CAR-T cells showed this approach effectively induced mitochondrial biogenesis, but also upregulated programs associated with effector functions. Treatment of immunodeficient animals bearing human solid tumors with these cells resulted in substantially improved in vivo efficacy. In contrast, a truncated version of PGC-1α, NT-PGC-1α, did not improve the in vivo outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data further support a role for metabolic reprogramming in immunomodulatory treatments and highlight the utility of genes like PGC-1α as attractive candidates to include in cargo along with chimeric receptors or TCRs for cell therapy of solid tumors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T , Linfócitos T , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The colonic epithelium requires continuous renewal by crypt resident intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and transit-amplifying (TA) cells to maintain barrier integrity, especially after inflammatory damage. The diet of high-income countries contains increasing amounts of sugar, such as sucrose. ISCs and TA cells are sensitive to dietary metabolites, but whether excess sugar affects their function directly is unknown. METHODS: Here, we used a combination of 3-dimensional colonoids and a mouse model of colon damage/repair (dextran sodium sulfate colitis) to show the direct effect of sugar on the transcriptional, metabolic, and regenerative functions of crypt ISCs and TA cells. RESULTS: We show that high-sugar conditions directly limit murine and human colonoid development, which is associated with a reduction in the expression of proliferative genes, adenosine triphosphate levels, and the accumulation of pyruvate. Treatment of colonoids with dichloroacetate, which forces pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle, restored their growth. In concert, dextran sodium sulfate treatment of mice fed a high-sugar diet led to massive irreparable damage that was independent of the colonic microbiota and its metabolites. Analyses on crypt cells from high-sucrose-fed mice showed a reduction in the expression of ISC genes, impeded proliferative potential, and increased glycolytic potential without a commensurate increase in aerobic respiration. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results indicate that short-term, excess dietary sucrose can directly modulate intestinal crypt cell metabolism and inhibit ISC/TA cell regenerative proliferation. This knowledge may inform diets that better support the treatment of acute intestinal injury.
Assuntos
Colite , Açúcares da Dieta , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Dextranos , Colite/metabolismo , PiruvatosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Overweight/obese (OW/OB) patients with metastatic melanoma unexpectedly have improved outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and BRAF-targeted therapies. The mechanism(s) underlying this association remain unclear, thus we assessed the integrated molecular, metabolic, and immune profile of tumors, as well as gut microbiome features, for associations with patient body mass index (BMI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Associations between BMI [normal (NL < 25) or OW/OB (BMI ≥ 25)] and tumor or microbiome characteristics were examined in specimens from 782 patients with metastatic melanoma across 7 cohorts. DNA associations were evaluated in The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. RNA sequencing from 4 cohorts (n = 357) was batch corrected and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) by BMI category was performed. Metabolic profiling was conducted in a subset of patients (x = 36) by LC/MS, and in flow-sorted melanoma tumor cells (x = 37) and patient-derived melanoma cell lines (x = 17) using the Seahorse XF assay. Gut microbiome features were examined in an independent cohort (n = 371). RESULTS: DNA mutations and copy number variations were not associated with BMI. GSEA demonstrated that tumors from OW/OB patients were metabolically quiescent, with downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and multiple other metabolic pathways. Direct metabolite analysis and functional metabolic profiling confirmed decreased central carbon metabolism in OW/OB metastatic melanoma tumors and patient-derived cell lines. The overall structure, diversity, and taxonomy of the fecal microbiome did not differ by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the host metabolic phenotype influences melanoma metabolism and provide insight into the improved outcomes observed in OW/OB patients with metastatic melanoma treated with ICIs and targeted therapies. See related commentary by Smalley, p. 5.
Assuntos
Melanoma , Segunda Neoplasia Primária , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Obesidade/complicações , Sobrepeso , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/complicações , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
Cancer cells have deregulated metabolism that can contribute to the unique metabolic makeup of the tumor microenvironment. This can be variable between patients, and it is important to understand these differences since they potentially can affect therapy response. Here we discuss a method of processing and assaying metabolism from direct ex vivo murine and human tumor samples using seahorse extracellular flux analysis. This provides real-time profiling of oxidative versus glycolytic metabolism and can help infer the metabolic status of the tumor microenvironment.
Assuntos
Melanoma/metabolismo , Análise do Fluxo Metabólico/métodos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxigênio , Animais , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Humanos , Análise do Fluxo Metabólico/instrumentação , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredução , Fosforilação Oxidativa/efeitos dos fármacos , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
The majority of patients with recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) (R/M) do not benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy. Hypoxia induced immunosuppression may be a barrier to immunotherapy. Therefore, we examined the metabolic effect of anti-PD-1 therapy in a murine MEER HNSCC model as well as intratumoral hypoxia in R/M patients. In order to characterize the tumor microenvironment in PD-1 resistance, a MEER cell line was created from the parental line that are completely resistant to anti-PD-1. These cell lines were then metabolically profiled using seahorse technology and injected into C57/BL6 mice. After tumor growth, mice were pulsed with pimonidazole and immunofluorescent imaging was performed to analyze hypoxia and T cell infiltration. To validate the preclinical results, we analyzed tissues from R/M patients (n=36) treated with anti-PD-1 mAb, via immunofluorescent imaging for number of CD8+ T cells (CD8), Tregs and the percent area (CAIX) and mean intensity (I) of carbonic anhydrase IX in tumor. We analyzed disease control rate (DCR), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) using proportional odds and proportional hazards (Cox) regression. We found that anti-PD-1 resistant MEER has significantly higher oxidative metabolism, while there was no difference in glycolytic metabolism. Intratumoral hypoxia was significantly increased and CD8+ T cells decreased in anti-PD-1 resistant tumors compared with parental tumors in the same mouse. In R/M patients, lower tumor hypoxia by CAIX/I was significantly associated with DCR (p=0.007), PFS, and OS, and independently associated with response (p=0.028) and PFS (p=0.04) in a multivariate model including other significant immune factors. During PD-1 resistance, tumor cells developed increased oxidative metabolism leading to increased intratumoral hypoxia and a decrease in CD8+ T cells. Lower tumor hypoxia was independently associated with increased efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with R/M HNSCC. To our knowledge this is the first analysis of the effect of hypoxia in this patient population and highlights its importance not only as a predictive biomarker but also as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/tratamento farmacológico , Hipóxia Tumoral , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/imunologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transdução de Sinais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Carga Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy has prolonged overall survival for cancer patients but the response rates are low. The resistance to ICB is likely due to compensatory upregulation of additional immune inhibitory molecules. In this study, we first systematically examined Tim-3 expression in immune cells in mouse tumors and found that Tim-3 was specifically up-regulated in a large number of Treg, conventional CD4+, CD8+ T cells, dendritic cell 1 (DC1), and macrophage 1 (M1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, Tim-3+ T cells in the TME were phenotypically effector but not "exhausted" T cells because Tim-3+ PD-1+ CD8+ T cells had a higher number of mitochondria, greater levels of glycolysis, and higher tumor-specific cytolytic activities compared to Tim-3- PD-1- CD8+ T cells. The combination treatment with Tim-3 and PD-1 mAbs resulted in a synergistic antitumor activity but also increased the expression of Lag-3 and GITR in TIL, demonstrating cross-regulation between multiple checkpoint molecules. Furthermore, we found that the antitumor efficacy with triple combination of Tim-3, PD-1, and Lag3 mAbs was much greater than any two antibodies. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that simultaneous targeting of Tim-3, PD-1, and Lag-3 cooperatively increased the levels of granzyme B and tumor-specific cytolytic activities of CD8+ TIL. Our data indicate that multiple checkpoint molecules are coordinately upregulated to inhibit the function of hyperactivated T cells in the TME and requirement for the simultaneous blockade of PD-1, Tim-3 and Lag3 for cancer treatment.