The Italian coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: recommendations from clinical practice.

Novel coronavirus 2019 is a single-stranded, ribonucleic acid virus that has led to an international pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical data from the Chinese outbreak have been reported, but experiences and recommendations from clinical practice during the Italian outbreak have not. We report the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak on regional and national healthcare infrastructure. We also report on recommendations based on clinical experiences of managing patients throughout Italy. In particular, we describe key elements of clinical management, including: safe oxygen therapy; airway management; personal protective equipment; and non-technical aspects of caring for patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019. Only through planning, training and team working will clinicians and healthcare systems be best placed to deal with the many complex implications of this new pandemic.

Kinesiophobia and depression affect total knee arthroplasty outcome in a multivariate analysis of psychological and physical factors on 200 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of kinesiophobia on the outcomes of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to investigate whether kinesiophobia represents an independent factor influencing the surgery success or whether the observed effects are driven by other physical or psychological aspects such as anxiety and depression. METHODS: Two hundred patients were evaluated prospectively (mean age 65.7 ± 9.1 years, 134 women and 66 men) at 12 months after TKA. Kinesiophobia was assessed with the Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia (TSK: Activity Avoidance-TSK1 and Harm-TSK2 subscales); anxiety and depression were assessed with STAI and BDI, respectively, and preoperative pain and function, sex, age, BMI, education level, number of painful joints and years of symptoms' duration before surgery were documented as well. Results were evaluated with pain and function on 0-10 numeric rating scales, while the overall clinical outcome was documented with WOMAC and SF-12 (Physical and Mental subscales) scores. RESULTS: TSK1 was correlated with WOMAC results at 12 months (p = 0.005, ρ = 0.197). STAI (p = 0.002, ρ = 0.222), BDI (p < 0.0005, ρ = 0.307), and sex (p = 0.004) also influenced the outcome after TKA, while other parameters, such as age, BMI, education level, and number of painful joints and years of symptoms' duration before surgery, did not correlate with the clinical outcome. The multivariate analysis confirmed the role of BDI (p = 0.006, partial η 2 = 0.038), TSK1 (p = 0.011, partial η 2 = 0.033), and sex (p = 0.048, partial η 2 = 0.020), and a synergic interaction of BDI and TSK1, which together presented an even stronger correlation (p < 0.0005, partial η 2 = 0.111) with WOMAC at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Kinesiophobia is a factor influencing the outcome after TKA independently from other psychological and physical variables. This risk factor may affect TKA results, especially in women, and shows a further synergic interaction with depression in terms of lower surgical outcome. These findings are of clinical relevance because they show the impact of psychological factors such as kinesiophobia, and suggest the possibility of adopting co-interventions to overcome the fear of physical activity, and in the end improve patient recovery and final outcome after TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Patients control preferences and results in knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: Patient engagement in a patient-physician decision-making process has been correlated with satisfaction and clinical outcomes. Aim of this study is to evaluate if patient control preference may also influence TKA results. METHODS: One hundred and seventy-six patients (120w-56m, age 66 ± 9 years, BMI 28 ± 4) underwent TKA and were prospectively evaluated, before surgery and at 6 and 12 months. The preoperative assessment included the Control Preference Scale (CPS) and other scales measuring psychological aspects (STAI, BDI, TSK), as well as SF12 (physical and mental subscales) and the assessment of pain and function. Pain, function, and SF12 subscales were then used to evaluate the improvement at 6- and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: Pain, function, and SF12 scores improved at 6 and 12 months. CPS correlated with the outcome: pain and functional improvement at 6 months (p = 0.014; p = 0.003, respectively), patient function at 6 months (p = 0.022), improvement of SF12 physical subscale at 6 and 12 months (p = 0.027; p = 0.037, respectively), and satisfaction at 6 months (p = 0.033). Moreover, the multivariate analysis confirmed the importance of CPS regardless of other demographic, physical or psychological characteristics. CONCLUSION: In contrast with previous literature findings, this study shows that patients with more propensity for control presented lower improvements of pain and function than those more prone to rely on the physician making the decision. Physicians should be aware that the patient control preference may influence the treatment outcome and undertake measurements to optimize patient participation in the shared process to optimize the chances of TKA success. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Patient kinesiophobia affects both recovery time and final outcome after total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of kinesiophobia on both phases immediately after surgery and the final results after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: This study evaluated prospectively 101 patients (mean age 66 ± 8.0 years, 70 women and 31 men), 5 days after surgery, at 1, 6, 12 months, and at a mean final follow-up of 3.2 ± 0.7 years (2.0-4.2 years). Kinesiophobia was assessed with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK: Activity Avoidance-TSK1 and Harm-TSK2 subscales), and results were evaluated with range of motion, pain and function on 0-10 numeric rating scales, WOMAC and SF-12 (Physical and Mental subscales) scores. RESULTS: TSK1 was correlated with the acute postoperative pain measured at 5 days (p = 0.031), pain measured at 12 months (p = 0.018), patient perceived function at 12 months (p = 0.025), SF-12P at 6 months (p < 0.001), SF-12P and SF-12M at 12 months (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively), and WOMAC at both 6 and 12 months of follow-up (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001). The effect of TSK 1 on the final WOMAC score was significant when corrected by age and sex (p = 0.049, η 2 = 0.041): the youngest female patients were affected even by moderate kinesiophobia levels. CONCLUSIONS: Fear of pain and even more avoidance of movement are strongly correlated both with the acute postoperative pain perception and recovery after surgery up to 1 year, thus presenting a relevant clinical impact on the outcome after TKA. Moreover, this study showed that even though at longer follow-up its impact decreases, patients with higher levels of kinesiophobia may present a poorer final outcome, especially women. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Implications of new anticoagulants in primary practice.

BACKGROUND: Effective prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders remain suboptimal in many healthcare systems, partly owing to limitations of traditional anticoagulants. New oral anticoagulants have been developed and among these, rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran etexilate are in the most advanced stage of clinical development. METHOD: A literature search using the PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed to identify English-language publications. The search was performed up to 31 December 2011 with the terms rivaroxaban OR Xarelto, apixaban OR Eliquis and dabigatran OR Pradaxa. Ongoing, completed and published phase III randomised controlled trials were selected as the primary source of information for the clinical development programme of each drug. RESULTS: The new oral agents demonstrate several advantages over traditional anticoagulants, including administration at fixed doses and no requirement for routine coagulation monitoring On the basis of phase III clinical trials, rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran etexilate have been approved in many countries for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip and knee replacement surgery. Dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban have also been approved for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in Europe and the US. In addition, rivaroxaban has been approved in Europe for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis and prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Approval of these agents and postapproval monitoring of their safety and efficacy will have implications for primary care. CONCLUSION: Rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran etexilate offer the possibility of simplified prevention and treatment strategies for thromboembolic disorders in the outpatient setting.

Real-world practices to prevent venous thromboembolism with pharmacological prophylaxis in US orthopedic surgery patients: an analysis of an integrated healthcare database.

Major orthopedic surgery patients are at high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in-hospital and post-discharge. This study assessed real-world inpatient and outpatient thromboprophylaxis practices following knee or hip arthroplasty. Patients from the Henry Ford Health System aged ≥18 years undergoing knee and hip arthroplasty (January 1997-June 2007) were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes from administrative databases. Patients with <18 months of continuous enrollment in the system's health maintenance organization or with a current diagnosis of atrial fibrillation were excluded. Both inpatient and outpatient pharmacological prophylaxis was assessed. The analysis included 1393 (58.5%) patients following knee arthroplasty and 989 (41.5%) following hip arthroplasty. Average length of hospitalization was 4.9 days over the study period, although the median stay decreased from 5 days in 1997 to 3 days in 2007. Of patients included, 72.7% received pharmacological prophylaxis only in the inpatient setting following knee arthroplasty and 73.9% following hip arthroplasty. Both inpatient and outpatient pharmacological prophylaxis was received by 12.5% of knee and 12.3% of hip arthroplasty patients. Total length of pharmacological prophylaxis fluctuated between 2 to 4 days between 1997 and 2005, but increased to 11.5 ± 9.0 days in 2007. Although the duration of prophylaxis has recently increased, considerable numbers of hip and knee arthroplasty patients only receive prophylaxis for part of the time period recommended by guidelines. Further efforts are required to ensure the recommended duration of thromboprophylaxis is prescribed to all patients and continued outpatient VTE prophylaxis is provided.

Cultures of a human synovial cell line to evaluate platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid effects.

Synovial inflammation plays an important role in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Different biological compounds have been tested mainly on chondrocytes, to treat early stages of OA. However, because OA has been recently defined as "an organ" pathology, investigation on synoviocytes is also needed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to validate a human fibroblast-like synoviocytes cell line (K4IM) to test the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronan (HA) on anabolic and catabolic gene expression and on HA secretion from cell cultures. In order to determine the effect of PRP and HA, K4IM cells were maintained in culture with or without TNF-α stimulation. In the presence of PRP, unstimulated K4IM cells presented the same expression of IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, VEGF, TIMP1, and hyaluronic synthase isoform HAS3 as primary human synoviocytes, while HA addition did not change their expression pattern, which was similar to control cells. Stimulated cells expressed significantly higher values of IL1B, CXCL8, and VEGF compared with unstimulated ones. PRP did not show any modification, except for VEGF, while HA addition modulated IL1B expression. PRP did not modulate HA release of both stimulated and unstimulated cells. Our study showed the possibility to use K4IM synoviocytes as an in vitro model to test biological compounds useful for the treatment of early OA. Primary cells reflect the phenotype of cells in vivo, but limited recovery from biopsies and restricted lifespan makes experimental manipulation challenging. Therefore, despite cell lines present some limitations, they could be used as an alternative for preliminary experiments.

Results of a pilot study involving the use of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor in malignant astrocytomas.

PURPOSE: Preclinical animal experiments support the use of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor (IGF-IR/AS ODN) as an effective potential antitumor agent. We performed a human pilot safety and feasibility study using an IGF-IR/AS ODN strategy in patients with malignant astrocytoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Autologous glioma cells collected at surgery were treated ex vivo with an IGF-IR/AS ODN, encapsulated in diffusion chambers, reimplanted in the rectus sheath within 24 hours of craniotomy, and retrieved after a 24-hour in situ incubation. Serial posttreatment assessments included clinical examination, laboratory studies, and magnetic resonance imaging scans. RESULTS: Other than deep venous thrombosis noted in some patients, no other treatment-related side effects were observed. IGF-IR/AS ODN-treated cells, when retrieved and assessed, were < or = 2% intact by trypan blue exclusion, and none of the intact cells were viable in culture thereafter. Parallel Western blots disclosed IGF-IR downregulation to < or = 10% after ex vivo antisense treatment. At follow-up, clinical and radiographic improvements were observed in eight of 12 patients, including three cases of distal recurrence with unexpected spontaneous or postsurgical regression at either the primary or the distant intracranial site. CONCLUSION: Ex vivo IGF-IR/AS ODN treatment of autologous glioma cells induces apoptosis and a host response in vivo without unusual side effects. Subsequent transient and sustained radiographic and clinical improvements warrant further clinical investigations.

Cardiac dysrhythmias associated with ophthalmic atropine.

Atropine sulfate, a mydriatic and cycloplegic agent, is frequently used in patients undergoing glaucoma surgery. Trabeculectomy with peripheral iridectomy is the most common glaucoma surgery performed to decrease intraocular pressure and preserve vision. Systemic absorption of ophthalmic atropine does occur and may result in toxic and adverse side effects. Cardiac dysrhythmias are one of the major adverse reactions. This case study reviews three patients who had a trabeculectomy for glaucoma and received ophthalmic atropine. One patient received both systemic and ocular atropine. Two patients developed atrial fibrillation and one a supraventricular tachycardia. Two patients required admission to a cardiac intensive care unit for management of the dysrhythmia and a third reverted to normal sinus rhythm spontaneously. The cardiac effects of ophthalmic atropine should be considered in the preoperative and postoperative assessment of patients with dysrhythmias.

Immobilization hypercalcemia in acute spinal cord injury treated with etidronate.

Hypercalcemia developed in a 30-year-old C5 quadriplegic six months after he received a gunshot wound in the cervical spine. Short-term treatment consisted of fluids and diuretics, but conventional drug therapy for long-term maintenance of normocalcemia was not effective. A regimen of etidronate disodium was then instituted, which resulted in normocalcemia. When use of this drug was discontinued at intervals during the therapy, the hypercalcemia recurred. The patient's condition was maintained on the etidronate regimen until full mobilization occurred, at which time the drug therapy was discontinued and normocalcemia persisted. This case represents, to our knowledge, the first reported success with the use of etidronate in the treatment of hypercalcemia in the immobilized patient with acute spinal injury.

Maxillofacial trauma in the emergency department: pearls and pitfalls in airway management.

Maxillofacial trauma poses a challenge for the anesthesiologist because injuries can often compromise the patient's airways. Airway maintenance is the first step in the American College of Surgeons Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS®) protocol. However, clinical dilemmas may arise about the best way to manage a potentially life-threatening injury. There are no recommendations about the best time to intubate, the warning signs for deciding to intubate, or which device should be used when difficulty is expected. In this context the ATLS® approach is important but not sufficient. It is also necessary to recognize and be able to manage specific problems in this scenario where clinical priorities may be conflicting, may suddenly change or may be hidden. This clinical review discusses the complexity of this scenario, providing an overview of the conditions at greatest risk for airway obstruction and the options for airway management, on the basis of the recent literature. Clinicians must recognize the milestones and pitfalls of this topic in order to adopt a systematic approach for airway management, to identify specific characteristics associated with it, and to establish the utility of different instruments for airway management.

Chordoid glioma of the third ventricle: an ultrastructural study of three cases with a histogenetic hypothesis.

Chordoid glioma is a rare neoplasm occurring in the third ventricle and, as the name implies, having a chordoid appearance. It is currently considered a glial neoplasm of uncertain histogenesis with distinct clinicopathologic features. We report three cases of chordoid glioma with a focus on the ultrastructural appearance. The patients were two men and one woman aged, respectively, 34, 40, and 43 years. Immunohistochemically, all tumors showed strong and diffuse reactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, whereas immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin was focal. Ultrastructurally, they showed features of ependymal differentiation for the presence of an apical pole with microvilli and a basal pole characterized, as in normal ependyma, by many hemidesmosomelike structures connecting cell membranes to the underlying basal lamina. Constant features were a submicroscopic cell body zonation (i.e., perinuclear, intermediate, subapical, and apical regions) and the presence of secretory granules. These findings were similar to those described for the secretory ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ, a small structure located in a dorsocaudal region of the third ventricle that undergoes regression after birth in humans. Our observations suggest that chordoid glioma may represent a subtype of ependymoma whose cells resemble the highly specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ.

Use of enoxaparin for the chronically anticoagulated patient before and after procedures.

Patients who require chronic anticoagulation and a procedure have been traditionally managed either by stopping warfarin and starting intravenous standard heparin or by adjusted dose subcutaneous standard heparin or taken off all anticoagulation for a week before the procedure. Enoxaparin may be useful as an alternative method of anticoagulation, avoiding hospitalization and the need for frequent monitoring.

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis in joint replacement surgery.

Joint replacement surgery is one of the most frequently performed procedures in the United States. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism is very high in patients not receiving prophylaxis for the prevention of this postoperative complication. In this article, the current modalities for prophylaxis are reviewed with respect to their safety and efficacy. Recommendations that have been substantiated by evidence-based information are provided.

The influence of length of stay in the ICU on power of discrimination of a multipurpose severity score (SAPS). ARCHIDIA.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how the power of discrimination of a multipurpose severity score (Simplified Acute Physiology Score; SAPS) changes in relation to the length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN: In order to compute the SAPS probability, a model derived from logistic regression was developed in a cohort of 8059 patients. Measures of calibration (goodness-of-fit statistics) and discrimination [receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and relative area under the curve (AUC)] were adopted in a developmental set (5389 patients) and a validation set (2670 patients), both randomly selected. Once the logit was developed and the model validated, the whole database (8059 patients) was again assembled. To evaluate the accuracy of first-day SAPS probability over time, area under the ROC curve was computed for each of the initial 10 days of ICU care and for day 15. SETTING: 24 Italian ICUs. PATIENTS: A total of 8059 patients out of 10065 consecutive admissions over a period of 3 years (1990-1992) were included in this study. Patients whose SAPS was not correctly compiled (n = 687), patients younger than 18 years (n = 442), and patients whose LOS was less than 24 h (n = 877) were excluded from this analysis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The logistic model gave good results in terms of calibration and discrimination, both in the developmental set (goodness-of-fit: chi 2 = 9.24, p = 0.32; AUC = 0.79 +/- 0.01) and in the validation set (goodness-of-fit: chi 2 = 8.95, p = 0.537; AUC = 0.78 +/- 0.01). The AUC for the whole database showed a loss in discrimination closely related to LOS: 0.79 +/- 0.01 at a day 1 and 0.59 +/- 0.02 at day 15. CONCLUSION: The logistic model that we developed meets high standards for discrimination and calibration. However, SAPS loses its discriminative power over time; accuracy of prediction is maintained at an acceptable level only in patients who stay in the ICU no longer than 5 days. The stay in the ICU represents a complex variable, which is not predictable, that influences the performance of SAPS on the first day.

Update. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery.

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism continue to be controversial areas for prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery. This patient population continues to have the highest incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism when inappropriately or not prophylaxis for this complication. This article reviews the current modalities for prophylaxis with respect to their safety and efficacy. In addition, the new modalities of low molecular weight heparin and arteriovenous impulse system are presented.

Medical consultation in the patient with multiple trauma.

Medical consultation is frequently requested to assist the trauma team in the management of the patient with multiple traumatic injuries. Four areas are commonly encountered as problems for management in this patient population. In this article, myocardial contusion, stress ulceration, seizure prophylaxis, and deep vein thrombosis prevention are addressed with respect to incidence, assessment, and management.

Duration of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism prophylaxis after joint arthroplasty.

One of the most important complications after joint arthroplasty is the development of deep vein thrombosis. Despite effective prophylaxis modalities, studies have shown a significant incidence of thrombotic events after hospital discharge. This article reviews the literature on the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and provides recommendations for managing postoperative joint replacement patients.

The outpatient with unilateral leg swelling.

Approaching the patient with unilateral leg swelling presents a challenge to the physician in ambulatory practice. Contributing to the difficulty is the lack of studies that have assessed a population of patients presenting with unilateral leg swelling. The purpose of this article is to discuss unilateral leg swelling with respect to the chronicity of the presentation and the most common differential diagnoses based on a review of the current literature and personal clinical experience.

Prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the surgical patient.

This article reviews the pathophysiology for the development of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the surgical patient. Patients are stratified into risk groups based on predisposing criteria for the development of thrombosis. Seven modalities of prophylaxis are reviewed with respect to appropriate application. Five major types of surgery are described assessing incidence and prophylaxis of choice. The final section deals with the special consideration of patients with thrombotic disease undergoing surgery.