Assessing the mediating role of emotion regulation and experiential avoidance within a posttraumatic stress disorder and racial trauma framework.

OBJECTIVE: Theoretical and empirical evidence has begun to delineate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and racial trauma, but the degree to which individual psychological processes differ in the development of these two outcomes remains limited. Despite key distinctions in etiology and phenotypic presentations, prominent PTSD risk factors such as difficulties in emotion regulation and experiential avoidance (EA) may also contribute to the development of racial trauma. The goal of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate how difficulties in emotion regulation and EA differ in their associations with PTSD and racial trauma. METHOD: For this study, racial and ethnic minority undergraduate students completed a battery of questionnaires including the Everyday Discrimination Scale, Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale, and the PTSD checklist for DSM-5. RESULTS: A path model suggested emotion regulation difficulties and EA significantly mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and PTSD symptoms. However, only emotion regulation difficulties mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and racial trauma symptoms. Compared to racial trauma, pairwise comparisons suggested that emotion regulation difficulties and EA indirect effects were significantly greater when predicting PTSD symptoms. Additionally, the effects of emotion regulation difficulties were greater than EA when predicting PTSD symptoms and racial trauma. CONCLUSION: Findings of the present study suggest individual psychological factors may play a lesser role in the development of racial trauma compared to PTSD symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The dynamic relationship of negative emotional content in the context of trauma-focused writing interventions on improvements in cognitive reappraisal: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Writing about traumatic experiences is beneficial for the reduction of posttraumatic stress symptoms, yet little research has examined the linguistic content of trauma-focused writing interventions. The current pilot study had two aims (a) characterize changes in linguistic features in two trauma-focused writing interventions; and (b) examine how changes in linguistic content may be associated with proposed mechanisms of change in trauma treatment (i.e., emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, and experiential avoidance). METHOD: Data were a secondary analysis of a proof-of-concept trial of written exposure therapy (WET) compared to trauma-focused expressive writing. Participants (N = 33, 76% female) completed five virtual sessions and measures of emotion regulation, posttraumatic cognitions, and experiential avoidance. Reliable change was calculated for each mechanism pre/postintervention. Linguistic inquiry and word count (Boyd et al., 2022) was used to analyze linguistic content (i.e., negative emotion words, past tense, cognitive processing, and death-related content). RESULTS: Group differences emerged in slopes of narrative content across time for negative emotion words (b = 0.3, p = .008), past tense (b = -1.45, p < .01), and causal language (b = 0.39, p = .002). Contrary to expectations, only the slope of change in negative emotion words was associated with reliable changes in posttraumatic cognitions (b = -0.59, p = .023). CONCLUSIONS: Findings contribute evidence to support the use of negative emotion words early in treatment as a potentially influential target for improving posttraumatic cognitions in WET. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).