RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To report on the results of a project following term and near term newborn infants who were jaundiced during the neonatal period. METHODS: Neonates were referred to the follow-up clinic with weight >/= 2,000 g and/or gestational age >/= 35 weeks, and jaundice at discharge was initially assessed with an Ingram icterometer or Bilicheck and, if indicated, with a Unistat bilirubinometer (Leica). These newborn infants had bilirubinemia at or above the 40th percentile on the nomogram developed by Bhutani. All infants treated with phototherapy while in hospital were reassessed by laboratory methods 24 hours after withdrawal of treatment. Patients were rehospitalized for intensive phototherapy if their level was greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL. RESULTS: From a total sample of 11,259 neonates, 2,452 (21.8%) were referred to the follow-up clinic, 87.2% (2,140) of whom did return. Eighty returned neonates were readmitted. Return appointments were set for 2,452 patients, 180 (7.3%) of whom had bilirubinemia >/= 15 mg/dL at discharge. Of these 180, 151 returned for follow-up. Twenty (13.2%) were readmitted for treatment. Of the total number of readmitted patients, two newborn infants had levels >/= 25 mg/dL and none >/= 30 mg/dL. All responded rapidly to intensive phototherapy, and there was no need for exchange transfusions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the regime adopted is effective for detecting and preventing hyperbilirubinemia at risk of causing bilirubin-induced encephalopathy in term and near term newborn infants.
Assuntos
Bilirrubina/sangue , Icterícia Neonatal/diagnóstico , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Seguimentos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Icterícia Neonatal/sangue , Icterícia Neonatal/terapia , Readmissão do Paciente , Fototerapia , Valores de Referência , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to assess the prevalence, spirometry findings and risk factors for asthma in schoolchildren who were very low birth weight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional study. The parents and/or tutors answered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. The schoolchildren were submitted to the skin prick test and spirometry assessment. RESULTS: 54 schoolchildren who were very low birth weight infants were assessed and 43 met the criteria for spirometry. Age at the assessment (bronchopulmonary dysplasia=9.5±0.85; without bronchopulmonary dysplasia=10.1±0.86 years) and birth weight (bronchopulmonary dysplasia=916.7±251.2; without bronchopulmonary dysplasia=1,171.3±190.5g) were lower in the group with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p<0.05). The prevalence of asthma among very low birth weight infants was 17/54 (31.5%), being 6/18 (33.3%) in the group with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There was an association between wool blanket use in the first year of life (p=0.026) with the presence of asthma at school age. The skin prick test was positive in 13/17 (76.5%) and 23/37 (62.2%) of patients with and without asthma, respectively. The schoolchildren with asthma had lower z-score values of forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (n=16; -1.04±1.19) when compared to the group of patients without asthma (n=27; -0.38±0.93) (p=0.049). There was no difference between the spirometry variables in the groups regarding the presence or absence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Very low birth weight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia showed a high prevalence of asthma (33.3% and 30.6%, respectively). Pulmonary flow in the small airways was lower in children with asthma.
Assuntos
Asma/complicações , Asma/diagnóstico , Displasia Broncopulmonar/complicações , Asma/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Masculino , Prevalência , EspirometriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, to identify maternal and neonatal factors associated with the disease, and to determine the correlation between bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the progress of newborns. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected on 153 infants born in Campinas (state of São Paulo, Brazil) from September 2000 to April 2002 weighing less than 1,500 g and treated at the University Hospital. The ratio of incidence rates with 95% CI, Breslow-Cox regression, Student's t test, linear regression and the Fishers exact test were utilized. RESULTS: Among the 124 babies who survived until 28 days of age, 33 (26.6%) developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Birthweight < or = 1,000 g (5.6; 95% CI 3.0, 10.4) and gestational age < or = 30 weeks (4.0; 95% CI 2.1, 7.2) were correlated with increased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Breslow-Cox regression showed that other factors including gender, Apgar score, hyaline membrane disease, antenatal steroid therapy, pregnancy-induced hypertension, delivery route and maternal age were not associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Mean duration of hospitalization and ventilator therapy in newborns with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia was 78.8 days (SD = 26.67) vs. 43.0 days (SD = 14.49) (p < 0.01) and 27.2 days (SD = 21.26) vs. 3.7 days (SD = 3.02) (p < 0.01), respectively. Mean weight gain per day was lower in newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p < 0.01). Mortality in newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia was 21% (p < 0.00005). CONCLUSION: Gestational age and birthweight were inversely proportional to incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. After the onset of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, newborns with the disorder required longer periods of ventilator therapy and hospitalization, and presented inadequate weight gain and higher mortality rates than newborns without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Assuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Displasia Broncopulmonar/etiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Doença da Membrana Hialina/complicações , Recém-Nascido , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Idade Materna , Gravidez , Complicações Cardiovasculares na GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, spirometry findings and risk factors for asthma in schoolchildren who were very low birth weight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. METHODS: Observational and cross-sectional study. The parents and/or tutors answered the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. The schoolchildren were submitted to the skin prick test and spirometry assessment. RESULTS: 54 schoolchildren who were very low birth weight infants were assessed and 43 met the criteria for spirometry. Age at the assessment (bronchopulmonary dysplasia=9.5±0.85; without bronchopulmonary dysplasia=10.1±0.86 years) and birth weight (bronchopulmonary dysplasia=916.7±251.2; without bronchopulmonary dysplasia=1171.3±190.5g) were lower in the group with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p<0.05). The prevalence of asthma among very low birth weight infants was 17/54 (31.5%), being 6/18 (33.3%) in the group with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There was an association between wool blanket use in the first year of life (p=0.026) with the presence of asthma at school age. The skin prick test was positive in 13/17 (76.5%) and 23/37 (62.2%) of patients with and without asthma, respectively. The schoolchildren with asthma had lower z-score values of forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (n=16;−1.04±1.19) when compared to the group of patients without asthma (n=27;−0.380.93) (p=0.049). There was no difference between the spirometry variables in the groups regarding the presence or absence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Very low birth weight infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia showed a high prevalence of asthma (33.3% and 30.6%, respectively). Pulmonary flow in the small airways was lower in children with asthma.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar prevalência, espirometria e fatores de risco para asma em escolares que foram recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso com e sem displasia broncopulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e transversal. Aplicou-se aos pais e/ou responsáveis o questionário International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Foi feito teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata e espirometria nos escolares. RESULTADOS: Avaliados 54 escolares que foram recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso e 43 preencheram critérios para espirometria. A idade na avaliação (displasia broncopulmonar=9,5±0,85; sem displasia broncopulmonar=10,1±0,86 anos) e o peso de nascimento (displasia broncopulmonar=916,7±251,2; sem displasia broncopulmonar=1.171,3±190,5 g) foram menores no grupo com displasia broncopulmonar (p<0,05). A prevalência de asma entre os recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso foi de 17/54 (31,5%); no grupo com displasia broncopulmonar, de 6/18 (33,3%). Houve associação entre uso de cobertor de lã no primeiro ano de vida (p=0,026) com presença de asma na idade escolar. O teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata foi positivo em 13/17 (76,5%) e 23/37 (62,2%) nos grupos com e sem asma, respectivamente. Os escolares com asma apresentaram menores valores em z-score do fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25% e 75% da capacidade vital forçada (n=16; −1,04±1,19) comparados com os do grupo de pacientes sem asma (n=27; −0,38±0,93) (p=0,049). Não houve diferença entre as variáveis da espirometria no grupo com relação à presença ou não de displasia broncopulmonar. CONCLUSÕES: Os recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso, com e sem displasia broncopulmonar, apresentaram prevalência elevada de asma (33,3% e 30,6%, respectivamente). Os fluxos pulmonares das pequenas vias aéreas foram menores nos escolares com asma.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Asma/complicações , Displasia Broncopulmonar/complicações , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Nascimento Prematuro , Serviços de Saúde EscolarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how different ways of handling the neonatal self-inflating bag influences peak pressure and tidal volume. METHODS: This is an experimental study involving 141 different professionals (physicians, resident physicians, physiotherapists, nurses and nursing technicians), who ventilated an artificial lung, adjusted to simulate the lung of a term neonate, using a self-inflating bag. Each professional handled the ventilator in five different ways: a) using both hands (10 fingers); and, with only one hand, b) five fingers, c) four fingers, d) three fingers and e) two fingers. Peak pressure and tidal volume data were recorded by the artificial lung equipment. RESULTS: Both variables showed high variability, from 2.5 to 106.3 cmH2O (mean = 39.73 cmH2O; 95%CI 37.32-42.13) for peak pressure, and from to 4 to 88 mL (mean = 39.56 mL; 95%CI 36.86-42.25) for tidal volume. There was no significant influence of the profession on any of the variables (p > 0.05). However, bag handling significantly influenced both peak pressure and tidal volume (p < 0.0001), which were higher when the operator used both hands. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that most professionals delivered excessively high peak pressures and tidal volumes, which could increase the risk of barotrauma and volutrauma, especially when both hands were used to ventilate. On the other hand, a small number of professionals delivered insufficient pressure and volume for adequate lung expansion and ventilation. The delivery of inadequate ventilation was not dependent on profession.
Assuntos
Órgãos Artificiais , Pulmão/fisiologia , Pressão , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Mãos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Capacidade Inspiratória/fisiologia , Respiração Artificial/instrumentação , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Nascimento a Termo , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar/fisiologia , Ventiladores MecânicosRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in a population of very low birth weight (BW) newborns treated with mechanical ventilation in the first week of life who survived the 28 days. The effects of antenatal steroids, sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), fluid management and ventilator support strategies were investigated. This was a prospective study of a cohort of 86 newborns with BW below 1500 g who were born alive between the period of September 2000 to November 2002, treated at the University Hospital of Medical School Campinas, Brazil. The BPD was defined as the oxygen dependence in the 28 days, with consistent radiology findings. A logistic regression analysis was realized to identify the risk factors associated to BPD. Among the very low BW newborns, 45 developed BPD. The univariate analysis showed that besides BW and gestational age (GA), other factors such as FiO(2) > or = 0.60 (RR : 2.03; 95% CI: 1.4-2.94), PIP > or = 21 cm H(2)O (RR : 1.73; 95% CI: 1.12-2.65), surfactant therapy (RR : 1.68; 95% CI: 1.14-2.48), fluid volume on day 7 >131 ml/kg/day (RR : 1.81; 95% CI: 1.18-2.78), presence of PDA (RR : 1.95; 95% CI: 1.36-2.8) and pneumothorax (RR : 1.71; 95% CI: 1.18-2.45) were associated to an increase in the risk of BPD. When the variables were analysed concomitantly, using the multivariate logistic regression model, the most important risk factors for the development of BPD were GA < or = 30 weeks (RR : 2.76; 95% CI: 1.23-6.19), PIP > or = 21 cm H(2)O (RR : 1.92; 95% CI: 1.04-3.54), fluid volume on day 7 >131 ml/kg/day (RR : 2.09; 95% CI: 1.14-3.85) and presence of PDA (RR : 1.94; 95% CI : 1.03-3.65). The risk for BPD due to the association of these four factors was 96.4%. Finally, it was observed that the most important risk factors for BPD were prematurity, PDA and elevated levels of PIP as well as fluid volume.
Assuntos
Displasia Broncopulmonar/etiologia , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Índice de Apgar , Brasil/epidemiologia , Displasia Broncopulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Displasia Broncopulmonar/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Pneumotórax/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Surfactantes Pulmonares/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Sepse/complicaçõesRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do manuseio do ventilador pulmonar manual neonatal com bolsa autoinflável sobre pico de pressão e volume corrente. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental com 141 profissionais de saúde (médicos, médicos residentes, fisioterapeutas, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem) que ventilaram um pulmão artificial ajustado para reproduzir o pulmão de um recém-nascido a termo, utilizando ventilador pulmonar manual autoinflável com cinco diferentes modos de manuseio: com as duas mãos (10 dedos) e com uma mão, utilizando cinco, quatro, três e dois dedos. Valores de pico de pressão e volume corrente foram registrados pelo pulmão artificial. RESULTADOS: Observou-se alta variabilidade nos valores das variáveis estudadas. A média do pico de pressão foi 39,73 cmH2O (IC95 por cento 37,32-42,13), variando de 2,5 a 106,3 cmH2O, e do volume foi 39,56 mL (IC95 por cento 36,86-42,25), variando de 4 a 88 mL. Não foi detectada influência significativa da profissão sobre as variáveis estudadas (p > 0,05). Observou-se que o modo de manuseio do ventilador pulmonar manual influenciou significativamente o pico de pressão e o volume corrente (p < 0,0001), que foram maiores quando o ventilador foi manuseado com as duas mãos. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos profissionais gerou pico de pressão e volume corrente muito elevados, principalmente quando foram empregadas as duas mãos para ventilar, aumentando o risco de barotrauma e volutrauma. Por outro lado, parte dos profissionais forneceu pressões e volumes tão baixos que seriam insuficientes para a adequada expansão pulmonar, podendo levar a hipoventilação. Tais riscos não dependeram da formação profissional.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how different ways of handling the neonatal self-inflating bag influence peak pressure and tidal volume. METHODS: This is an experimental study involving 141 different professionals (physicians, resident physicians, physiotherapists, nurses, and nursing technicians), who ventilated an artificial lung, adjusted to simulate the lung of a term neonate, using a self-inflating bag. Each professional handled the ventilator in five different ways: a) using both hands (10 fingers); and, with only one hand, b) five fingers, c) four fingers, d) three fingers, and e) two fingers. Peak pressure and tidal volume data were recorded by the artificial lung equipment. RESULTS: Both variables showed high variability, from 2.5 to 106.3 cmH2O (mean = 39.73 cmH2O; 95 percentCI 37.32-42.13) for peak pressure, and from to 4 to 88 mL (mean = 39.56 mL; 95 percentCI 36.86-42.25) for tidal volume. There was no significant influence of the profession on any of the variables (p > 0.05). However, bag handling significantly influenced both peak pressure and tidal volume (p < 0.0001), which were higher when the operator used both hands. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that most professionals delivered excessively high peak pressures and tidal volumes, which could increase the risk of barotrauma and volutrauma, especially when both hands were used to ventilate. On the other hand, a small number of professionals delivered insufficient pressure and volume for adequate lung expansion and ventilation. The delivery of inadequate ventilation was not dependent on profession.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Órgãos Artificiais , Pulmão/fisiologia , Pressão , Respiração Artificial/métodos , Mãos , Capacidade Inspiratória/fisiologia , Respiração Artificial/instrumentação , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Nascimento a Termo , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar/fisiologia , Ventiladores MecânicosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados de um projeto de acompanhamento de recém-nascidos de termo e próximos ao termo ictéricos no período neonatal. MÉTODOS: Foram encaminhados a ambulatório especializado neonatos com peso > 2.000 g e/ou idade gestacional > 35 semanas, cuja icterícia na alta foi avaliada inicialmente com o icterômetro de Ingram, Bilicheck® e, se indicado, com bilirrubinômetro Unistat (Leica). A bilirrubinemia destes recém-nascidos situava-se no ou acima do percentil 40 do nomograma elaborado por Bhutani. Todos recém-nascidos tratados com fototerapia durante internação foram reavaliados laboratorialmente 24 horas após suspensão do tratamento. A indicação de reinternação para tratamento fototerápico intensivo foi para paciente com nível > 20 mg/dL. RESULTADOS: De um total de 11.259 neonatos, 2.452 (21,8 por cento) foram encaminhados para acompanhamento, dos quais 87,2 por cento (2.140) retornaram. Oitenta neonatos retornados foram reinternados. Dos 2.452 encaminhados para retorno, 180 (7,3 por cento) tinham bilirrubinemia > 15 mg/dL na alta. Destes, 151 retornaram para acompanhamento. Vinte (13,2 por cento) foram reinternados para tratamento. Do total de reinternados, dois recém-nascidos apresentaram nível > 25 mg/dL e nenhum > 30 mg/dL. Todos responderam rapidamente à fototerapia intensiva, e não houve necessidade de utilizar exsangüinotransfusões. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que o esquema adotado é eficiente na detecção e prevenção de hiperbilirrubinemias de risco para produzir encefalopatia bilirrubínica em recém-nascidos de termo e próximos ao termo.
OBJECTIVE: To report on the results of a project following term and near term newborn infants who were jaundiced during the neonatal period. METHODS: Neonates were referred to the follow-up clinic with weight > 2,000 g and/or gestational age > 35 weeks, and jaundice at discharge was initially assessed with an Ingram icterometer or Bilicheck and, if indicated, with a Unistat bilirubinometer (Leica). These newborn infants had bilirubinemia at or above the 40th percentile on the nomogram developed by Bhutani. All infants treated with phototherapy while in hospital were reassessed by laboratory methods 24 hours after withdrawal of treatment. Patients were rehospitalized for intensive phototherapy if their level was greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL. RESULTS: From a total sample of 11,259 neonates, 2,452 (21.8 percent) were referred to the follow-up clinic, 87.2 percent (2,140) of whom did return. Eighty returned neonates were readmitted. Return appointments were set for 2,452 patients, 180 (7.3 percent) of whom had bilirubinemia > 15 mg/dL at discharge. Of these 180, 151 returned for follow-up. Twenty (13.2 percent) were readmitted for treatment. Of the total number of readmitted patients, two newborn infants had levels > 25 mg/dL and none > 30 mg/dL. All responded rapidly to intensive phototherapy, and there was no need for exchange transfusions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the regime adopted is effective for detecting and preventing hyperbilirubinemia at risk of causing bilirubin-induced encephalopathy in term and near term newborn infants.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Bilirrubina/sangue , Icterícia Neonatal/diagnóstico , Triagem Neonatal/métodos , Seguimentos , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Icterícia Neonatal/sangue , Icterícia Neonatal/terapia , Readmissão do Paciente , Fototerapia , Valores de Referência , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Obter a incidência de displasia broncopulmonar (DBP); avaliar os fatores maternos e neonatais associados com a doença; determinar a correlaçäo entre DBP e a evoluçäo dos recém-nascidos. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente de 153 recém-nascidos com peso de nascimento inferior a 1.500 g, nascidos em Campinas de setembro de 2000 a abril de 2002 e tratados no Hospital Universitário. Foram utilizados razäo de taxas de incidências com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento (IC 95 por cento), regressäo Breslow-Cox, teste t de Student, regressäo linear e teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Entre os 124 recém-nascidos que sobreviveram aos 28 dias de vida, 33 (26,6 por cento) apresentavam DBP. Peso de nascimento < 1.000 g (5,6; IC 95 por cento 3,0; 10,4) e idade gestacional < 30 semanas (4,0; IC 95 por cento 2,1; 7,2) foram correlacionados com um aumento na incidência de DBP. A regressäo de Breslow-Cox mostrou que outros fatores, incluindo sexo, índice de Apgar, doença da membrana hialina (DMH), uso de corticóide pré-natal, doença hipertensiva específica da gravidez (DHEG), tipo de parto e idade materna näo foram associados com DBP. As médias dos dias de internaçäo e de ventilaçäo mecânica nos recém-nascidos com e sem DBP foram, respectivamente, 78,8 dias (DP = 26,67) contra 43,0 dias (DP = 14,49) (p < 0,01) e 27,2 dias (DP = 21,26) contra 3,7 dias (DP = 3,02) (p < 0,01). A média de ganho de peso por dia foi menor nos recém-nascidos com DBP (p < 0,01). A mortalidade para recém-nascidos com DBP foi de 21 por cento (p < 0,00005). CONCLUSÕES: A idade gestacional e o peso de nascimento foram fatores inversamente proporcionais à incidência de DBP. Uma vez desenvolvida a doença, os recém-nascidos necessitam maiores tempos de suporte ventilatório e de internaçäo, apresentando inadequado ganho de peso e maior mortalidade quando comparados aos recém-nascidos sem DBP
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Displasia Broncopulmonar/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido de muito Baixo Peso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Displasia Broncopulmonar/etiologia , Intervalos de Confiança , Idade Gestacional , Doença da Membrana Hialina/complicações , Incidência , Tempo de Internação , Modelos Lineares , Idade Materna , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A incidência de hiperbilirrubinemia relatada na literatura é elevada, com importante morbidade associada. Säo apresentados os resultados um protocolo de fototerapia profilática em 188 RNs com peso de nascimento inferior a 2000g 56% dos RNs permaneceram anictéricos e em 73% o pico máximo de bilirrubina total foi inferior a 11 mg/dl. Conclue-se que a fototerapia iniciada nas primeiras 12-24 horas de vida e com duraçäo total de 96 horas é uma medida eficaz na prevençäo de hiperbilirrubinemia em RNs com peso de nascimento menor que 2000g