RESUMO
We examined adults with untreated Burkitt lymphoma (BL) from 2009 to 2018 across 30 US cancer centers. Factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated in univariate and multivariate Cox models. Among 641 BL patients, baseline features included the following: median age, 47 years; HIV+, 22%; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 2 to 4, 23%; >1 extranodal site, 43%; advanced stage, 78%; and central nervous system (CNS) involvement, 19%. Treatment-related mortality was 10%, with most common causes being sepsis, gastrointestinal bleed/perforation, and respiratory failure. With 45-month median follow-up, 3-year PFS and OS rates were 64% and 70%, respectively, without differences by HIV status. Survival was better for patients who received rituximab vs not (3-year PFS, 67% vs 38%; OS, 72% vs 44%; P < .001) and without difference based on setting of administration (ie, inpatient vs outpatient). Outcomes were also improved at an academic vs community cancer center (3-year PFS, 67% vs 46%, P = .006; OS, 72% vs 53%, P = .01). In multivariate models, age ≥ 40 years (PFS, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.70, P = .001; OS, HR = 2.09, P < .001), ECOG PS 2 to 4 (PFS, HR = 1.60, P < .001; OS, HR = 1.74, P = .003), lactate dehydrogenase > 3× normal (PFS, HR = 1.83, P < .001; OS, HR = 1.63, P = .009), and CNS involvement (PFS, HR = 1.52, P = .017; OS, HR = 1.67, P = .014) predicted inferior survival. Furthermore, survival varied based on number of factors present (0, 1, 2 to 4 factors) yielding 3-year PFS rates of 91%, 73%, and 50%, respectively; and 3-year OS rates of 95%, 77%, and 56%, respectively. Collectively, outcomes for adult BL in this real-world analysis appeared more modest compared with results of clinical trials and smaller series. In addition, clinical prognostic factors at diagnosis identified patients with divergent survival rates.
Assuntos
Linfoma de Burkitt/sangue , Linfoma de Burkitt/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Linfoma de Burkitt/genética , Feminino , Rearranjo Gênico/genética , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
With improvement in survival after chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) diagnosis, the real-world burden of second hematological malignancies (SHM) has not been comprehensively assessed in recent era. We analyzed risk, incidence, and outcomes of SHM in CLL patients between 2000 and 2019 using SEER database. CLL patients had greater risk for hematological malignancies than general population [SIR, standardized incidence ratio (95% CI):2.58 (2.46-2.70); p < 0.05]. The risk for subsequent lymphoma increased by 1.75 folds in 2015-2019 compared to 2000-2004. The duration, after CLL diagnosis, of maximum risk for SHM decreased as 60-119 months for time-period 2000-2004, 6-11 months for 2005-2009 to 2-5 months for 2010-2014 and 2015-2019. Incidence of SHM was 2.5% in CLL survivors (1736/70,346) with lymphoid SHM being more common than myeloid SHM, and DLBCL being the most common pathology (n = 610, 35% of all SHM). Male sex, age ≤65 years at CLL diagnosis, and chemotherapy treatment were associated with higher risk for SHM. The median gap between CLL and SHM diagnoses was 46 months. The median survival for de-novo-AML, t-MN, CML, and aggressive NHL was 63, 86, 95, and 96 months respectively. Although SHM remains rare, there is increased risk in recent era, likely due to improved survival in CLL patients, necessitating active surveillance strategies.
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Neoplasias Hematológicas , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Linfoma não Hodgkin , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/epidemiologia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/complicações , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicações , SobreviventesRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To report the epidemiology, treatments, and outcomes of adult patients admitted to the ICU after cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Nine centers across the U.S. part of the chimeric antigen receptor-ICU initiative. PATIENTS: Adult patients treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy who required ICU admission between November 2017 and May 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Demographics, toxicities, specific interventions, and outcomes were collected. RESULTS: One-hundred five patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel required ICU admission for cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome during the study period. At the time of ICU admission, the majority of patients had grade 3-4 toxicities (66.7%); 15.2% had grade 3-4 cytokine release syndrome and 64% grade 3-4 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. During ICU stay, cytokine release syndrome was observed in 77.1% patients and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome in 84.8% of patients; 61.9% patients experienced both toxicities. Seventy-nine percent of patients developed greater than or equal to grade 3 toxicities during ICU stay, however, need for vasopressors (18.1%), mechanical ventilation (10.5%), and dialysis (2.9%) was uncommon. Immune Effector Cell-Associated Encephalopathy score less than 3 (69.7%), seizures (20.2%), status epilepticus (5.7%), motor deficits (12.4%), and cerebral edema (7.9%) were more prevalent. ICU mortality was 8.6%, with only three deaths related to cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Median overall survival time was 10.4 months (95% CI, 6.64-not available mo). Toxicity grade or organ support had no impact on overall survival; higher cumulative corticosteroid doses were associated to decreased overall and progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to describe a multicenter cohort of patients requiring ICU admission with cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Despite severe toxicities, organ support and in-hospital mortality were low in this patient population.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos/toxicidade , Estado Terminal , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/induzido quimicamente , Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/etiologia , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Adulto , Idoso , Comorbidade , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/mortalidade , Síndrome da Liberação de Citocina/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/mortalidade , Síndromes Neurotóxicas/terapia , Gravidade do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Sociodemográficos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Frontline treatment of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) with a single course of the purine nucleoside analog (PNA) produces a high rate of complete remission (CR) with prolonged durations. At the time of relapse, although treatment guidelines recommend re-treatment with a PNA alone or in combination with rituximab (R), practice patterns vary and data supporting each approach are limited. METHODS: We conducted a multisite outcomes analysis of patients treated for HCL between 1995 and 2018 at six US medical centers. All patients were treated with frontline PNA and subsequently required treatment with a PNA alone (PNA) or with R (+R). RESULTS: Of the 88 patients analyzed, 56 (63.6%) received second-line PNA and 22 (36.4%) received a PNA + R. Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. There was no difference in median PFS [67 months (95% CI 43.8 non-reached (NR)) vs. 65 months (95% CI 60-NR)] or 5-year OS [98% (95% CI 0.94-1) vs. 94% (95% CI 0.83-1), p = .104] in the PNA versus PNA + R cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the largest study evaluating the role of R in treatment of relapsed HCL and suggests that there is no advantage to the addition of R to PNA therapy at the time of first re-treatment.
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Leucemia de Células Pilosas , Nucleosídeos , Humanos , Leucemia de Células Pilosas/tratamento farmacológico , Nucleosídeos de Purina , Purinas , Recidiva , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a life-threatening infection of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients, with an established predilection in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and stem cell transplant recipients. In the era of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR T-cell), the occurrence of new-onset neurological symptoms and encephalopathy in this patient population can be attributed to a variety of factors, including therapy-related neurotoxicity or disease progression. PML has not been implicated as a common cause of encephalopathy in CAR T-cell therapy recipients, and the identification of such rare infections is important to guide prognosis and treatment decisions. We hereby report the first case of late occurrence of PML, over one year after CAR T-cell therapy, for a patient with relapsed large B-cell lymphoma.
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Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/diagnóstico , Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva/etiologia , Antígenos CD19/imunologia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuroimagem , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/imunologiaAssuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Linfoma de Células T Periférico , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante , Transplante Autólogo , Humanos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Linfoma de Células T Periférico/terapia , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/métodos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacocinética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Citarabina/administração & dosagem , Citarabina/farmacocinética , Citarabina/uso terapêutico , Carmustina/administração & dosagem , Carmustina/farmacocinética , Carmustina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Melfalan/administração & dosagem , Melfalan/uso terapêutico , Melfalan/farmacocinética , IdosoRESUMO
A 21-year old female, recently diagnosed with osteosarcoma of right humerus, presented to the emergency with history of fever, productive cough, chest pain and progressive respiratory distress for six days. Initial investigations suggested pneumonia but she did not respond to parenteral antibiotics. CT pulmonary angiogram revealed bilateral pulmonary artery embolism. Thrombolysis was performed using alteplase, which failed to improve the clinical condition. In view of underlying malignancy, a possibility of tumour-embolism was considered and she was started on chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. There was dramatic improvement in her respiratory symptoms after the first chemotherapy cycle, along with radiological resolution of the embolism. This case highlights the importance of suspecting tumour embolism in a known case of malignancy with respiratory distress.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico , Osteossarcoma/diagnóstico , Embolia Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Adulto , Angiografia , Neoplasias Ósseas/complicações , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Osteossarcoma/complicações , Osteossarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia , Embolia Pulmonar/complicações , Embolia Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A 35-year-old male presented with repeated episodes of fever and abdominal pain of 3-month duration. He had been hospitalized twice with similar complaints in the past 3-month. He was diagnosed as pyelonephritis and managed with intravenous antibiotics. However, fever recurred after ten days of discharge from the hospital. With these complaints, he was referred to the Department of Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi. After evaluation, he was diagnosed as pyelonephritis with right sided consolidation and was started on broad spectrum antibiotics. After a transient initial improvement, his dyspnea worsened, fever recurred and he developed a tender submandibular abscess. Further evaluation for the actual focus of infection, revealed a small mass attached to the right coronary aortic cusp on transthoracic ECHO. Diagnosis of native Aortic valve endocarditis was made and suitably treated. The patient became afebrile on the 8th day of therapy and was discharged after 20-day. He is doing well on subsequent follow-up.
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Valva Aórtica/microbiologia , Endocardite Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Pielonefrite/microbiologia , Adulto , Endocardite Bacteriana/microbiologia , Enterococcus faecalis/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , RecidivaRESUMO
We describe an interesting case of severe asthma who was not showing satisfactory response to standard treatment. Investigations revealed him to be suffering from allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). After starting systemic steroids he showed marked improvement initially only to have recurrent symptoms within a year. He was investigated further and found to have chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in the form of chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) and aspergilloma as also the presence of selective IgA deficiency.
Assuntos
Aspergilose Broncopulmonar Alérgica/tratamento farmacológico , Asma/complicações , Aspergilose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Aspergilose Broncopulmonar Alérgica/complicações , Humanos , Masculino , Pneumonia/complicações , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Aspergilose Pulmonar/complicaçõesRESUMO
Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a highly effective treatment option for patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma. However, widespread use is deterred by the development of clinically significant acute inflammatory toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), that induce significant morbidity and require close monitoring. Identification of host biochemical signatures that predict the severity and time-to-onset of CRS and ICANS may assist patient stratification to enable timely mitigation strategies. Here, we report pretreatment host metabolites that are associated with CRS and ICANS induced by axicabtagene ciloleucel or tisagenlecleucel therapy. Both untargeted metabolomics analysis and validation using targeted assays revealed a significant association between the abundance of specific pretreatment biochemical entities and an increased risk and/or onset of clinically significant CRS (q < .1) and ICANS (q < .25). Higher pretreatment levels of plasma glucose and lower levels of cholesterol and glutamate were associated with a faster onset of CRS. In contrast, low baseline levels of the amino acids proline and glycine and the secondary bile acid isoursodeoxycholate were significantly correlated with clinically significant CRS. Lower concentration of the amino acid hydroxyproline was associated with higher grade and faster onset of ICANS, whereas low glutamine was negatively correlated with faster development of ICANS. Overall, our data indicate that the pretreatment host metabolome has biomarker potential in determining the risk of clinically significant CRS and ICANS, and may be useful in risk stratification of patients before anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia Adotiva , Metaboloma , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Metabolômica , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal , Antígenos CD19 , Síndrome da Liberação de CitocinaRESUMO
Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly used for treating newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory (r/r) multiple myeloma (MM). However, concerns have been raised about the occurrence of second primary malignancies (SPMs) in patients receiving anti-CD38 mAbs. Assessing the safety data for rare adverse events like SPMs is challenging because individual clinical trials are typically focused on the primary endpoint. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between January 2005 and April 2022, including patients with newly diagnosed or r/r MM. Our aim was to compare SPM rate with the use of anti-CD38 mAb-based regimens with other anti-myeloma regimens. After a median follow-up of 35.3 months (range: 8.2-56.2), we found that exposure to anti-CD38 mAbs was associated with an increased risk of developing SPMs compared to the control group (6.8% vs. 5.2%; Peto odds ratio [OR]: 1.53 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.95]; I2= 0%, p-value for heterogeneity= 0.44). This increased risk was primarily driven by non-melanoma cutaneous cancers (92 vs. 47; Peto OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.25-2.51]; I2 = 0%, p-value for heterogeneity = 0.54). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of solid tumors (including malignant melanoma) (OR: 1.28 [95% CI: 0.85-1.95]) or hematologic SPMs (OR: 1.86; [95% CI: 0.81-4.27]). In conclusion, the use of anti-CD38 mAb-based combination regimens is associated with a higher risk of non-invasive cutaneous SPMs, but not solid tumors or hematologic SPMs. The increased occurrence of non-invasive cutaneous SPMs may be due to enhanced monitoring resulting from longer treatment duration with anti-CD38 mAbs.
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Antineoplásicos , Mieloma Múltiplo , Segunda Neoplasia Primária , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiplo/epidemiologia , Mieloma Múltiplo/patologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/epidemiologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/tratamento farmacológico , Incidência , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CART) has extended survival of patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, limited durability of response and prevalent toxicities remain problematic. Identifying patients who are at high risk of disease progression, toxicity, and death would inform treatment decisions. Although the cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) has been shown to correlate with survival in B-cell malignancies, no prognostic score has been independently validated in CART recipients. We retrospectively identified 577 patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL indicated for CART at 9 academic centers to form a learning cohort (LC). Random survival forest modeling of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was performed to determine the most influential CIRS organ systems and severity grades. The presence of a severe comorbidity (CIRS score ≥ 3) in the respiratory, upper gastrointestinal, hepatic, or renal system, herein termed "Severe4," had the greatest impact on post-CART survival. Controlling for other prognostic factors (number of prior therapies, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, BCL6 translocation, and molecular subtype), Severe4 was strongly associated with shorter PFS and OS in the LC and in an independent single-center validation cohort (VC). Severe4 was also a significant predictor of grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome in the LC, while maintaining this trend in the VC. Thus, our results indicate that adverse outcomes for patients with DLBCL meant to receive CART can be predicted using a simplified CIRS-derived comorbidity index.
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Imunoterapia Adotiva , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Humanos , Prognóstico , Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/tratamento farmacológico , ComorbidadeRESUMO
Introduction: The therapeutic options for mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) include traditional chemo-immunotherapy for newly diagnosed cases, and targeted treatments including the bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease setting. The advent of commercially available chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in the last three years has dramatically improved the outcomes of patients with R/R large B-cell lymphoma.Areas covered: This review is an in-depth evaluation and appraisal of brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel), the first anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy to be approved for patients with R/R MCL, after the results of a Phase II (ZUMA-2) trial.Expert opinion: In the absence of head-to-head comparison studies with Btk inhibitors, up-front use of brexu-cel in patients with high-risk MCL and poor prognostic features may be advantageous, possibly even before exposure to Btk inhibitor, and further study of this approach is warranted. While data on long-term outcomes of CAR T-cell therapy in MCL patients are needed, brexu-cel has shown remarkable clinical activity and its regulatory approval has immediate practice-changing implications in this highly aggressive malignancy.
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Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Linfoma de Célula do Manto , Adulto , Antígenos CD19 , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Linfoma de Célula do Manto/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversosRESUMO
AIM: To determine if D-dimers are elevated in individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection who have adverse clinical outcomes including all-cause mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases through April 9, 2020 for studies evaluating D-dimer levels in SARS-COV-2 infected patients with and without a composite clinical endpoint, defined as the presence of all-cause of mortality, Intensive care unit (ICU) admission or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). A total of six studies were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: D-dimers were significantly increased in patients with the composite clinical end point than in those without (SMD, 1.67 ug/ml (95% CI, 0.72-2.62 ug/ml). The SMD of the studies (Tang et al, Zhou et al, Chen et al), which used only mortality as an outcome measure was 2.5 ug/mL (95% CI, 0.62-4.41 ug/ml). CONCLUSION: We conclude that SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with elevated D-dimers have worse clinical outcomes (all-cause mortality, ICU admission or ARDS) and thus measurement of D-dimers can guide in clinical decision making.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Produtos de Degradação da Fibrina e do Fibrinogênio , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/mortalidade , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Produtos de Degradação da Fibrina e do Fibrinogênio/análise , Humanos , Pacientes Internados , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Prognóstico , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is approved for treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here we evaluate whether comorbidities, calculated using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS), predict survival for these patients. A retrospective chart review was performed at 4 academic institutions. All patients who underwent leukapheresis for commercial CAR-T therapy for R/R DLBCL were included. CIRS scores were calculated at the time of leukapheresis. High comorbidity was defined as either CIRS ≥7 or the presence of severe impairment (CIRS 3/4 in ≥1 system; CIRS-3+). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in curves were detected by the log-rank test. A total of 130 patients were analyzed, 56.9% with CIRS ≥7 and 56.2% with CIRS-3+. After a median follow-up of 13 months, the median PFS was 6.7 months, and the median OS was not reached. On univariable analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was associated with inferior PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.05; P = .03) and OS (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.17-2.64; P = .007). Higher CIRS (CIRS ≥7 or CIRS-3+) was associated with inferior OS (HR, 2.12; 95%, CI, 1.06-4.22; P = .03) and a nonsignificant trend in worse PFS (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, .87-2.44; P = .16). In multivariable analyses, CIRS ≥7 or CIRS-3+ and ECOG PS maintained independent prognostic significance. Comorbidities as determined by CIRS and ECOG PS predict inferior survival in patients receiving CAR-T therapy for R/R DLBCL.
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Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Comorbidade , Humanos , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/terapia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Data on real-world outcomes of axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) therapy for relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL) are limited. In this intent to treat (ITT) analysis, we reviewed records of 38 consecutive patients with R/R LBCL for whom axi-cel was intended. Twenty-seven (71%) patients received axi-cel and 11 (29%) did not. Patients in the non-axi-cel group had a higher hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) (median 4 vs. 2, p = .04). Median overall survival for the ITT, axi-cel and non-axi-cel group was 10 (95% CI, 3.7 to 13), 13 (95% CI, 7.7 to N.R.) and 1 (95% CI, 0.4 to 3.7) month(s) respectively. Factors limiting axi-cel use were disease progression, sepsis, manufacturing failure and socioeconomic barrier in 6 (55%), 3 (27%), 1 (9%) and 1 (9%) patient(s) respectively. Additional strategies are needed to ensure all LBCL patients for whom chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is prescribed can receive this treatment.