Long-term results after proactive management for locoregional control in patients with colonic cancer at high risk of peritoneal metastases.

PURPOSE: A major problem in treating patients with peritoneal spread from colorectal cancer is that at diagnosis wide peritoneal involvement often precludes all curative attempts. A possible solution is to identify those patients at risk for peritoneal metastases and intervene early to prevent locoregional disease spread before it develops and, thus, to improve outcome. METHODS: We analyzed long-term results from a previous study and compared outcomes in 25 patients with advanced colon cancer considered at high risk for peritoneal spread (pT3/pT4 and mucinous or signet ring cell histology) prospectively included and managed with a proactive surgical approach including target organ resection for peritoneal spread plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and in 50 retrospectively well-matched controls who underwent standard surgical resection during the same period and in the same hospital by different surgical teams. RESULTS: At 48 months after the study closed, peritoneal metastases and local recurrence developed significantly less often in proactively managed patients than in controls (4 vs 28%) (p < 0.03). Patients in the proactive group also survived longer than control patients (median overall survival 59.5 vs 52 months). Despite similar morbidity, Kaplan-Meier survival curves disclosed significantly longer disease-free and overall survival in the proactive than in the control group (p < 0.05 and <0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced colon cancer at risk for peritoneal recurrence, the proactive surgical approach plus HIPEC seems to achieve good locoregional control preventing peritoneal spread thus improving outcome without increasing morbidity. These advantages merit investigation in a multicentric randomized trial.

Ectopic liver nodules: a rare finding during cholecystectomy.

The ectopic liver (or choristoma) is a rare condition found during autopsy or abdominal exploration for various indications. The authors report two cases of ectopic liver found during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholestytis. The ectopic liver tissue has been reported to develop in several sites as thoracic cavity, gastrohepatic ligament, adrenal glands, pancreas, esophagus and, above all, gallbladder. The Authors review the literature and report their experience as a contribution to the knowledge of this rare pathological entity.

Cystic duplication of transverse colon: an unusual case of abdominal pain and bowel obstruction.

Gatrointestinal duplications are rare congenital anomalies, usually detected prenatally or in the first two years of life, although they can be diagnosed even in older age. Within the abdomen, a small bowel location is the most frequent (more than 50% of cases), while colonic site accounts for 17% of patients; transverse colonic location is very rare. These lesions can vary in shape, being cystic or tubular, and typically show the same structure of the adjacent normal bowel, with which they can have direct communication. The most of case of intestinal duplication in adults present with acute abdomen and bowel obstruction, and are more common in the ileum than in the colon. When diagnosed these lesions should be surgically resected to avoid future possible complications. The Authors present a case of cystic duplication of transverse colon in a young adult male, cause of acute abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction, thus requiring urgent surgery.

No evidence of involvement of Chlamydia pneumoniae in lung cancer by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Chlamydia pneumoniae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, is well-known as etiological agent of acute respiratory infections; the repeated or prolonged exposure to chlamydial antigens may promote the persistence of C. pneumoniae in the respiratory tract leading to chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The predilection of C. pneumoniae to cause respiratory tract infections combined with its persistent nature suggest that it might play a role in lung cancer. The aim of our study is to evaluate the involvement of C. pneumoniae in pathogenesis of lung cancer. We therefore investigated the presence of C. pneumoniae DNA in tumor lung tissues by using real-time PCR assay. Simultaneously, tumor and healthy tissues from the same patient with primary carcinoma lung were analyzed. C. pneumoniae DNA was not detected in a single lung tumor tissue by means of an highly sensitive, and specific real-time PCR assay based on FRET hybridization probes. In conclusion, this study does not support the involvement of C. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, suggesting that further investigations are needed to clarify other potential causative factors for the development of this malignancy.

Giant GIST of the mesocolon: report of a case.

UNLABELLED: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are rare neoplasms arising from mesenchymal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, that strongly express a class III receptor tyrosine kinase, called KIT, due to some mutations in the KIT proto-oncogene. Two thirds of GISTs are found in the stomach, 20% to 50% in the small bowel (one third in the duodenum), and 5% to 15% in colon and rectum; GISTs, however, may rarely be found also in the oesophagus, omentum, mesentery or the retroperitoneum. Their treatment is strictly surgical, and only R0 resection can achieve good RESULTS: Treatment with Imatinib seems to be promising in case of unresectable or metastatic GIST, even if some trials are studying its effects after curative resection. GIST of the mesocolon are rare, and as in the other locations, require extensive surgery. The Autohrs report a case of giant malignant GIST arising from transverse mesocolon, treated by en-bloc resection of the tumor with a segment of transverse colon and great omentum.

Characterization of tumoral lesions of the breast: preliminary experience with multislice spiral CT.

The aim of the present study was to validate low dose Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of breast lesions. Fourteen patients with mammographic and ultrasound findings suspect of malignant neoplasm underwent dynamic MSCT of the breast under basal conditions and 1, 3, and 6 minutes after intravenous injection of iodinated contrast medium. Both enhancement of the lesion >100% without further increase after 6 minutes, and irregular margins of the lesion were considered signs of malignancy. All lesions were examined cytologically and/or histologically. A correct diagnosis was achieved by MSCT in 7/8 malignant lesions, and in 6/6 benign lesions. The only malignant lesion missed by MSCT was histologically a ductal carcinoma in situ (false negative). In one case the MSCT showed the multifocality of an infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and in another it defined the bilaterality of the malignant lesions. Sensitivity and specificity of MSCT in the diagnosis of malignancy of a lesion were 88% and 100%, respectively. Our results suggest that MSCT is an effective diagnostic method to define suspicious breast lesions, and a valid alternative to Magnetic Resonance Imaging, especially when the latter is not feasible.

Intestinal anisakiasis in Italy: a case treated by emergency surgery.

Anisakiasis is a fish-borne zoonotic disease. A case of intestinal anisakiasis in a woman who had consumed raw marinated anchovies was reported. The intestinal localization resulted in occlusive acute abdomen which required an emergency surgical treatment. The histological examination of the eosinophilic granuloma removed from the resected colon revealed the presence of larval nematodes of the genus Anisakis as causative agents.

Cell proliferation in the atherosclerotic plaques of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Part 3. Histological and radioautographic observations on glucocorticoids-treated rabbits.

Tritiated thymidine radioautography was employed to study the effect of cortisol and other glucocorticoids on cellular proliferation in the aorta and pulmonary artery of rabbits with cholesterol atherosclerosis. Labelled cell counts showed that glucocorticoids, even after one day and at a relatively low dose, decrease sharply the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the intimal plaques. The hormonal influence on [3H]thymidine uptake seems to be a dose-dependent process. The relative potency of these steroids in inhibiting DNA synthesis in the plaques parallels closely their anti-inflammatory effectiveness. Conversely mineralocorticoids, including aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone, increase the rate of DNA synthesis in the plaques. It is concluded that the antiatherogenic effect of glucocorticoids on cholesterol-fed rabbits may be due, at least partly, to the inhibitory effect of these steroids on the DNA synthesis of the cellular components of the intimal plaques.

Sequential evaluation of gastric intraluminal prostaglandin E2 release, acid secretion and DNA-flow cytometry in N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine gastric carcinogenesis in the rat.

The study was initiated to evaluate the sequential changes of gastric intraluminal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), gastric acid secretion and of the DNA-flowcytometric patterns during gastric carcinogenesis induced by 45-week N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) administration in the rat. Twenty male chronic gastric fistula Sprague-Dawley rats received NG solution (120 mg/l) for 45 weeks and 20 were used as controls. Samples of gastric juice (1 h) were obtained from all animals under basal conditions and every 5 weeks until the end of the experiment. Aliquots of gastric juice were titrated with 0.1 N NaOH. Other aliquots were extracted with ethylacetate and processed for specific PGE2 RIA. On the day following gastric juice collection a gastric lavage and gastric biopsies (n = 4) were obtained through the fistula and processed for flowcytometry. All surviving animals were killed after 45 weeks and histology was obtained. The incidence of cancer in NG treated chronic gastric fistula rats was 66%. Flowcytometry segregated at an early stage (30-35 weeks) those animals which were to develop gastric carcinoma from those which were not. Administration of NG decreased gastric secretion volume, acid and intraluminal PGE2 concentration both in animals developing and not developing cancer. During the last 10 weeks a sharp rise in gastric intraluminal PGE2 concentration was observed in tumor-bearing animals only probably due to production by tumor cells. Prostaglandin deficiency may contribute to the NG-induced mucosal damage and may be involved in gastric carcinogenesis.

Time-related interference of misoprostol with experimental gastric cancer formation induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term misoprostol administration, at non-antisecretory doses, on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis. The incidence of gastric carcinomas and precancerous lesions was evaluated in 50 male 250-g Sprague-Dawley rats after 52 weeks of continuous oral administration of MNNG (120 mg/l; n = 20), MNNG plus misoprostol (2 mg kg-1 day-1; n = 20) or tap water (n = 10) (experiment 1), and in 30 rats treated with MNNG for 30 weeks followed by tap water (n = 15) or by misoprostol (n = 15) for 22 weeks; a third group (n = 10) received tap water only for 52 weeks (experiment 2). After sacrifice, gastric mucosal lesions were macroscopically evaluated and their histology obtained. MNNG consumption was comparable in all groups (6.5 +/- 1.1 mg rat-1 day-1). Misoprostol consumption was 180 +/- 0.25 mg kg-1 day-1 rat-1. In experiment 1 the incidence of gastric carcinomas was 60% in the MNNG group and 25% in the group treated with MNNG plus misoprostol (P less than 0.05). Cytotoxic and hyperplastic gastric mucosal lesions were also significantly reduced by misoprostol. In experiment 2 the incidence of carcinomas was 31% and 38.6% respectively. Misoprostol significantly decreased the incidence of gastric cancer formation when given from the beginning of the experiment. By contrast, when administered after 30 weeks of MNNG treatment it did not interfere with experimental gastric cancer formation. Exogenous prostaglandins are able to prevent the early MNNG-induced gastric mucosal lesions, thus interfering with gastric carcinogenesis.

Role of prostaglandins in the early phases of experimental gastric carcinogenesis in the rat.

The study was initiated to evaluate the effect of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) on gastric intraluminal prostaglandin release during a 30-day treatment period and to investigate the effect of a stable prostaglandin E1 analogue (misoprostol) on NG-induced gastric mucosal damage during the same time period. Samples of gastric juice (1 h) were obtained from 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic gastric fistulas, in basal conditions and after 5, 15 and 30 days of continuous oral administration of NG (120 mg/l) or tap water. Aliquots of gastric juice were titrated with 0.1 M NaOH. Other aliquots were extracted with ethyl acetate and subjected to specific radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin E2. The severity of gastric mucosal lesions was evaluated in 60 rats after 5 days and 30 days of continuous oral administration of NG (120 mg/l) or NG plus misoprostol (200 micrograms/kg-1/day-1) or tap water, and a histological study was carried out. Administration of NG induced a significant decrease of gastric intraluminal prostaglandin E2 concentration at 15 and 30 days. Oral administration of misoprostol, at non-antisecretory doses, protected the rats against NG-induced gastric mucosal damage. Prostaglandins may be involved in the early phases of experimental gastric carcinogenesis.

Trans anal full thickness tru-cut needle biopsies in anal canal tumors after conservative treatment.

After conservative treatment anal mucosal biopsies enable exclusion of neoplastic cells only on the endoluminal surface. We used transanal full thickness tru-cut needle biopsies in the follow-up of 11 anal tumors. Full thickness tru-cut needle biopsies showed malignant cells in the fibrous tissue in 3 patients and few cells with atypical nuclear features in another 2. All diagnostic exams resulted negative. Therefore, needle biopsies were helpful to diagnose neoplastic remainder. Multiple samples are necessary to reduce the false negative number. This method is simple, relatively inexpensive, easily repeatable and not burdened with complications.

Plasma and tissue prolactin detection in colon carcinoma.

Serum concentrations of prolactin, a trophic hormone produced by the pituitary gland, have been shown to be raised in certain group of patients with cancer. Prolactin was detected in 0-20% of the colon cancer by immunohistochemistry and in plasma in 6-53% of the patients. These conflicting results do not support the hypothesis of an ectopic prolactin production by colon carcinoma. The aim of this study was to confirm the reported incidence of hyper-prolactinemia in colorectal cancer and to find further evidence for an ectopic prolactin production by the tumor. Thirty consecutive patients with colon carcinoma were studied. Before surgery all the patients underwent blood sample collection to assay plasma prolactin levels. All patients underwent colectomy. All the neoplastic specimens were tested with antiprolactin antibody. In none of the patients were significantly high preoperative levels of plasma prolactin found. Prolactin immunostaining was not identified in any of the tumor specimens. We could not confirm previous reports of frequent hyperprolactinemia in patients with cancer. This is the first report in which the incidence of both hyperprolactinemia and prolactin positive immunostaining was 0%. Our study was unable to demonstrate the synthesis of prolactin by colorectal cancers. The tumor is unlikely to be the source of hormone production. Our results suggest that circulating prolactin levels cannot be used as prognostic marker in patients with colon cancer.

A case of recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

The authors report a case of DFSP with one true and one successive false recurrence. The characteristics of this tumour are reviewed together with the current trends of therapy.

Two cases of "multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma": description and critical review of the literature.

Two cases of multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) are reported. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques confirmed the mesothelial nature of the lesion. The biologic and clinical behaviour, pathogenesis and differential diagnoses of this rare pathology are discussed. Although regarded as a neoplasm, many analogies seem to link MPM to fibromatoses and other non-neoplastic lesions, suggesting a reactive hyperplastic process. The relationships between mesothelium and the secondary Müllerian system, to date not fully investigated, are stressed and a classification of the coelomatic reactive and neoplastic processes, both metaplastic (müllerian metaplasia) and non-metaplastic, is suggested.

An unusual case of spontaneous rupture of a clinically "silent" phaeochromocytoma.

A case of an adrenal mass which presented as spontaneous rupture contained by its own capsule is described. Clinical symptoms were aspecific and endocrinological examinations were within normal range. CT scan missed the presence of the adrenal tumor and interpreted the mass as a large haematoma arising from the left kidney. The pathological diagnosis was phaeochromocytoma. The management of "silent" phaeochromocytoma and its atypical presentation are discussed. A review of the international literature was also made collecting 29 cases of spontaneous rupture of an adrenal phaeochromocytoma.

Renal carcinoma with a solitary synchronous contralateral adrenal metastasis: a case report.

A case of synchronous contralateral adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma occurring in a 64-year-old male is reported herein. The patient underwent a left transperitoneal nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma and right adrenalectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. To our knowledge this is the 14th case of contralateral adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in the international literature.

Primary lymphoma of the breast: a case report.

The clinical features of a patient with a primary lymphoma of the breast are herein reported. The diagnosis was reached by histological examination after outpatient surgery. Surgical resection was followed by cytostatic treatment and locoregional radiotherapy. This case report is an example where the integration of physical and mammographic examination together with ultrasonography (and cytology), in the context of diagnostic procedures, induced us to perform a surgical excision on an outpatient basis. This line of action allowed us, in one step, to arrive at both the definitive diagnosis and the appropriate choice of therapy. Thus we believe that this diagnostic procedure should be carried out whenever a breast lesion, thought to be "probably benign", is found by physical or mammographic exam in a peri-postmenopausal woman.

Genetic instability, p53 and nm23 mutation and clinicopathological features in rectal carcinoma.

Defective DNA mismatch repair proteins fail to correct replication errors (RERs). These defects may lead to secondary, mutation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Microsatellite instability might be a marker of such replication errors. Eighteen rectal tumors were examined to evaluate genetic instability, in sporadic rectal cancer by PCR. RERs were observed in 27.8% of the cases. No significant difference was noticed between RER+ and RER- patients as far as prognosis, clinicopathological features and p53 gene mutation are concerned. The incidence of nm23 gene mutation was the only statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. Three patients with only one altered microsatellite showed advanced tumor and nm23 gene mutation. Two cases with 5 altered microsatellites and nm23 gene mutated are disease-free: in one of them the p53 gene was also mutated. Probably more than one altered microsatellite is necessary to protect from the effects of secondary mutations.

Modifications of interphasic NORs as a diagnostic parameter of atypical lesions of the female breast.

Seventy-five breast samples including normal tissue, hyperplastic, metaplastic, atypical and neoplastic lesions were employed for the determination of interphasic Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) modifications and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. Interphase NORs were quantitatively and qualitatively modified in atypical lesions and breast carcinomas, whereas only modifications in the Ag-NORs count were found in benign samples. Our results investigated the nature of interphase NORs in the hope of finding a use for their evaluation in the diagnosis and biological clarification of breast epithelial atypia.