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Plants being sessile are exposed to different environmental challenges and consequent stresses associated with them. With the prerequisite of minerals for growth and development, they coordinate their mobilization from the soil through their roots. Phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are macro- and micronutrient; P serves as an important component of biological macromolecules, besides driving major cellular processes, including photosynthesis and respiration, and Fe performs the function as a cofactor for enzymes of vital metabolic pathways. These minerals help in maintaining plant vigor via alterations in the pH, nutrient content, release of exudates at the root surface, changing dynamics of root microbial population, and modulation of the activity of redox enzymes. Despite this, their low solubility and relative immobilization in soil make them inaccessible for utilization by plants. Moreover, plants have evolved distinct mechanisms to cope with these stresses and coregulate the levels of minerals (Fe, P, etc.) toward the maintenance of homeostasis. The present study aims at examining the uptake mechanisms of Fe and P, and their translocation, storage, and role in executing different cellular processes in plants. It also summarizes the toxicological aspects of these minerals in terms of their effects on germination, nutrient uptake, plant-water relationship, and overall yield. Considered as an important and indispensable component of sustainable agriculture, a separate section covers the current knowledge on the cross-talk between Fe and P and integrates complete and balanced information of their effect on plant hormone levels.
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The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in clinical microbes has led to a search for novel antibiotics for combating bacterial infections. The treatment of bacterial infections becomes more challenging with the onset of biofilm formation. AMR is further accelerated by biofilm physiology and differential gene expression in bacteria with an inherent resistance to conventional antibiotics. In the search for innovative strategies to control the spread of AMR in clinical isolates, plant-derived therapeutic metabolites can be repurposed to control biofilm-associated drug resistance. Unlike antibiotics, designed to act on a single cellular process, phytochemicals can simultaneously target multiple cellular components. Furthermore, they can disrupt biofilm formation and inhibit quorum sensing, offering a comprehensive approach to combat bacterial infections. In bacterial biofilms, the first line of AMR is due to biofilms associated with the extracellular matrix, diffusion barriers, quorum sensing, and persister cells. These extracellular barriers can be overcome using phytochemical-based antibiotic adjuvants to increase the efficacy of antibiotic treatment and restrict the spread of AMR. Furthermore, phytochemicals can be used to target bacterial intracellular machinery such as DNA replication, protein synthesis, efflux pumps, and degrading enzymes. In parallel with pristine phytochemicals, phyto-derived nanomaterials have emerged as an effective means of fighting bacterial biofilms. These nanomaterials can be formulated to cross the biofilm barriers and function on cellular targets. This review focuses on the synergistic effects of phytochemicals and phyto-derived nanomaterials in controlling the progression of biofilm-related AMR. IT provides comprehensive insights into recent advancements and the underlying mechanisms of the use of phyto-derived adjuvants and nanomaterials.
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Microbial xylanases are enzymes of great importance due to their wide industrial applications, especially in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. This study aimed to describe the production optimization and partial characterization of an ultra-thermostable, acidophilic, cellulase-free xylanase from an obligate thermophilic eubacterium Geobacillus thermoleovorans strain-AKNT10 (Ac.No. LT158229) isolated from a hot-spring of Puga Valley located at an altitude of 4419 m in Ladakh, India. The optimization of cultural conditions improved enzyme yield by 10.49-fold under submerged fermentation. The addition of 1% (w/v) xylose induced the enzyme synthesis by ~ 165 and 371% when supplemented in the fermentation medium containing wheat bran (WB) 1 and 3%, respectively. The supplementation of sucrose reduced the xylanase production by ~ 25%. Results of partial characterization exhibited that xylanase was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 100 °C. Enzyme retained > 75%, > 83%, and > 84% of activity at 4 °C for 28 days, 100 °C for 60 min, and pHs 3-8 for 60 min, respectively. An outstanding property of AKNT10-xylanase, was the retention of > 71% residual activity at extreme conditions (121 °C and 15 psi pressure) for 15 min. Enzymatic saccharification showed that enzyme was also capable to liberate maximum reducing sugars within 4-8 h under optimized conditions thus it could be a potential candidate for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass as well as other industrial purposes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on such an ultra-thermo-pressure-tolerant xylanase optimally active at pH 6 and 100 °C from the genus Geobacillus.
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Fibras na Dieta , Endo-1,4-beta-Xilanases , Estabilidade Enzimática , Fermentação , Geobacillus , Geobacillus/enzimologia , Geobacillus/genética , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Endo-1,4-beta-Xilanases/metabolismo , Endo-1,4-beta-Xilanases/química , Fontes Termais/microbiologia , Temperatura , Índia , Xilose/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Meios de Cultura/químicaRESUMO
The prospective contribution of phyto-nanotechnology to the synthesis of silver nanomaterials for biomedical purposes is attracting increasing interest across the world. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) through plants has been extensively examined recently, and it is now seen to be a green and efficient path for future exploitation and development of practical nano-factories. Fabrication of Ag-NPs is the process involves use of plant extracts/phyto-compounds (e.g.alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds) to synthesise nanoparticles in more economical and feasible. Several findings concluded that in the field of medicine, Ag-NPs play a major role in pharmacotherapy (infection and cancer). Indeed, they exhibits novel properties but the reason is unclear (except some theoretical interpretation e.g. size, shape and morphology). But recent technological advancements help to address these questions by predicting the unique properties (composition and origin) by characterizing physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to increased list of publications and their application in the field of agriculture, industries and pharmaceuticals, issues relating to toxicity are unavoidable and question of debate. The present reviews aim to find out the role of plant extracts to synthesise Ag-NPs. It provides an overview of various phytocompounds and their role in the field of biomedicine (antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory etc.). In addition, this review also especially focused on various applications such as role in infection, oxidative stress, application in medical engineering, diagnosis and therapy, medical devices, orthopedics, wound healing and dressings. Additionally, the toxic effects of Ag-NPs in cell culture, tissue of different model organism, type of toxic reactions and regulation implemented to reduce associated risk are discussed critically. Addressing all above explanations, this review focus on the detailed properties of plant mediated Ag-NPs, its impact on biology, medicine and their commercial properties as well as toxicity.
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Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata , Prata/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Estudos Prospectivos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus is a complex illness in which the body does not create enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. Worldwide, this disease is life-threatening and requires low-cost, side-effect-free medicine. Due to adverse effects, many synthetic hypoglycemic medications for diabetes fail. Mushrooms are known to contain natural bioactive components that may be anti-diabetic; thus, scientists are now targeting them. Mushroom extracts, which improve immune function and fight cancer, are becoming more popular. Mushroom-derived functional foods and dietary supplements can delay the onset of potentially fatal diseases and help treat pre-existing conditions, which leads to the successful prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, which is restricted to the breakdown of complex polysaccharides by pancreatic-amylase and the suppression of intestinal-glucosidase. Many mushroom species are particularly helpful in lowering blood glucose levels and alleviating diabetes symptoms. Hypoglycaemic effects have been observed in investigations on Agaricussu brufescens, Agaricus bisporus, Cordyceps sinensis, Inonotus obliqus, Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Pleurotus spp., Poria cocos, and Sparassis crispa. For diabetics, edible mushrooms are high in protein, vitamins, and minerals and low in fat and cholesterol. The study found that bioactive metabolites isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, dietary fibers, and many pharmacologically active compounds, as well as solvent extracts of mushrooms with unknown metabolites, have anti-diabetic potential in vivo and in vitro, though few are in clinical trials.
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Agaricales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Pleurotus , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Glicemia , Suplementos Nutricionais , PolissacarídeosRESUMO
Pharmaceutical companies are investigating more source matrices for natural bioactive chemicals. Friedelin (friedelan-3-one) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from various plant species from different families as well as mosses and lichen. The fundamental compounds of these friedelane triterpenoids are abundantly found in cork tissues and leaf materials of diverse plant genera such as Celastraceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Myrtaceae. They possess many pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. Friedelin also has an anti-insect effect and the ability to alter the soil microbial ecology, making it vital to agriculture. Ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid, ionic liquid, and acid hydrolysis extract friedelin with reduced environmental impact. Recently, the high demand for friedelin has led to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 technology and gene overexpression plasmids to produce friedelin using genetically engineered yeast. Friedelin with low cytotoxicity to normal cells can be the best phytochemical for the drug of choice. The review summarizes the structural interpretation, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, quantification, and various forms of pharmacological significance.
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Triterpenos , Humanos , Triterpenos/química , Anti-Inflamatórios , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
N-linked protein glycosylation is an essential co-and posttranslational protein modification that occurs in all three domains of life; the assembly of N-glycans follows a complex sequence of events spanning the (Endoplasmic Reticulum) ER and the Golgi apparatus. It has a significant impact on both physicochemical properties and biological functions. It plays a significant role in protein folding and quality control, glycoprotein interaction, signal transduction, viral attachment, and immune response to infection. Glycoengineering of protein employed for improving protein properties and plays a vital role in the production of recombinant glycoproteins and struggles to humanize recombinant therapeutic proteins. It considers an alternative platform for biopharmaceuticals production. Many immune proteins and antibodies are glycosylated. Pathogen's glycoproteins play vital roles during the infection cycle and their expression of specific oligosaccharides via the N-glycosylation pathway to evade detection by the host immune system. This review focuses on the aspects of N-glycosylation processing, glycoengineering approaches, their role in viral attachment, and immune responses to infection.
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Complexo de Golgi , Viroses , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Glicosilação , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Humanos , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
At present, the potential role of the AgNPs/endo-fullerene molecule metal nano-composite has been evaluated over the biosystems in-vitro. The intra-atomic configuration of the fullerene molecule (C60) has been studied in-vitro for the anti-proliferative activity of human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cell lines and antimicrobial activity against a few human pathogens that have been augmented with the pristine surface plasmonic electrons and antibiotic activity of AgNPs. Furthermore, FTIR revealed the basic vibrational signatures at ~3300 cm-1, 1023 cm-1, 1400 cm-1 for O-H, C-O, and C-H groups, respectively, for the carbon and oxygen atoms of the C60 molecule. NMR studies exhibited the different footprints and magnetic moments at ~7.285 ppm, explaining the unique underlying electrochemical attributes of the fullerene molecule. Such unique electronic and physico-chemical properties of the caged carbon structure raise hope for applications into the drug delivery domain. The in-vitro dose-dependent application of C60 elicits a toxic response against both the breast adenocarcinoma cell lines and pathogenic microbes. That enables the use of AgNPs decorated C60 endo fullerene molecules to design an effective anti-cancerous drug delivery and antimicrobial agent in the future, bringing a revolutionary change in the perspective of a treatment regime.
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Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Fulerenos/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Prata/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/ultraestrutura , Nanocompostos/química , Análise EspectralRESUMO
Green nanotechnology is currently a very crucial and indispensable technology for handling diverse problems regarding the living planet. The concoction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has opened new insights in cancer therapy. The current investigation caters to the concept of the involvement of a novel eco-friendly avenue to produce AgNPs employing the wild endolichenic fungus Talaromyces funiculosus. The synthesized Talaromyces funiculosus-AgNPs were evaluated with the aid of UV visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized Talaromyces funiculosus-AgNPs (TF-AgNPs) exhibited hemo-compatibility as evidenced by a hemolytic assay. Further, they were evaluated for their efficacy against foodborne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Micrococcus luteus and nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains. The synthesized TF-AgNPs displayed cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner against MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells and eventually condensed the chromatin material observed through the Hoechst 33342 stain. Subsequent analysis using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy provided the inference of a possible role of intracellular ROS (OH-, O-, H2O2, and O2-) radicals in the destruction of mitochondria, DNA machinery, the nucleus, and overall damage of the cellular machinery of breast cancerous cells. The combined effect of predation by the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis and TF-AgNPS for the larval management of dengue vectors were provided. A promising larval control was evident after the conjunction of both predatory organisms and bio-fabricated nanoparticles. Thus, this study provides a novel, cost-effective, extracellular approach of TF-AgNPs production with hemo-compatible, antioxidant, and antimicrobial efficacy against both human and foodborne pathogens with cytotoxicity (dose dependent) towards MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Neoplasias da Mama , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Talaromyces , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cromatina , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/farmacologia , Prata/química , Prata/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study employed a bottom-up technique to synthesize copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles over hydrophilic graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. The CuO/GO nanocomposite has been prepared using two selected precursors of copper nitrate and citric acid with an intermittent mixing of GO solutions. The synthesized Nanocomposites were characterized using different biophysical techniques like FT-IR, NMR, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM analyses. FT-IR analyses confirm the nanocomposites' successful formation, which is evident from the functional groups of C=C, C-O, and Cu-C stretching vibrations. Morphological analyses reveal the depositions of CuO nanoparticles over the planar rough GO sheets, which has been elucidated from the FE-SEM and HR-TEM analyses supported by respective EDAX analyses. The antimicrobial activities have been evident from the surface roughness and damages seen from the FE-SEM analyses. The CuO/GO sheets were tested against Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). It is evident that the intrinsic antibacterial activity of CuO/GO sheets, when combined in equal proportions, elicited a robust antibacterial activity when tested over Gram -ve representative bacteria Escherichia coli. The antioxidant behaviour of synthesized CuO/GO nanocomposite was evaluated by scavenging the free radicals of DPPH and ABTS. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity was also studied against epidermoid carcinoma cell line A-431. A brief mathematical formulation has been proposed in this study to uncover the possibilities of using the nanocomposites as potential drug candidates in theranostic applications in disease treatment and diagnosis. This study would help uncover the electronic properties that play in the nano-scaled system at the material-bio interface, which would aid in designing a sensitive nano-electromechanical device bearing both the therapeutic and diagnostic attributes heralding a new horizon in the health care systems.
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Antibacterianos , Antineoplásicos , Cobre/química , Grafite/química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cobre/farmacologia , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nanocompostos/química , Nanocompostos/microbiologia , Nanocompostos/uso terapêutico , Nanoestruturas/química , Nanoestruturas/microbiologia , Nanoestruturas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Marijuana, or Cannabis sativa L., is a common psychoactive plant used for both recreational and medicinal purposes. In many countries, cannabis-based medicines have been legalized under certain conditions because of their immense prospects in medicinal applications. With a comprehensive insight into the prospects and challenges associated with the pharmacological use and global trade of C. sativa, this mini-review focuses on the medicinal importance of the plant and its legal status worldwide; the pharmacological compounds and its therapeutic potential along with the underlying public health concerns and future perspective are herein discussed. The existence of major compounds including Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC), cannabidiol, cannabinol, and cannabichromene contributes to the medicinal effects of the cannabis plant. These compounds are also involved in the treatment of various types of cancer, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease displaying several mechanisms of action. Cannabis sativa is a plant with significant pharmacological potential. However, several aspects of the plant need an in-depth understanding of the drug mechanism and its interaction with other drugs. Only after addressing these health concerns, legalization of cannabis could be utilized to its full potential as a future medicine.
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Canabidiol , Cannabis , Canabidiol/farmacologia , DronabinolRESUMO
The genome is the most functional part of a cell, and genomic contents are organized in a compact three-dimensional (3D) structure. The genome contains millions of nucleotide bases organized in its proper frame. Rapid development in genome sequencing and advanced microscopy techniques have enabled us to understand the 3D spatial organization of the genome. Chromosome capture methods using a ligation approach and the visualization tool of a 3D genome browser have facilitated detailed exploration of the genome. Topologically associated domains (TADs), lamin-associated domains, CCCTC-binding factor domains, cohesin, and chromatin structures are the prominent identified components that encode the 3D structure of the genome. Although TADs are the major contributors to 3D genome organization, they are absent in Arabidopsis. However, a few research groups have reported the presence of TAD-like structures in the plant kingdom.
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Genoma/genética , Animais , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Cromatina/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Cromossomos/genética , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Laminas/genética , Plantas/genética , CoesinasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The tRNAs act as a bridge between the coding mRNA and incoming amino acids during protein translation. The anti-codon of tRNA recognizes the codon of the mRNA and deliver the amino acid into the protein translation chain. However, we did not know about the exact abundance of anti-codons in the genome and whether the frequency of abundance remains same across the plant lineage or not. RESULTS: Therefore, we analysed the tRNAnome of 128 plant species and reported an anti-codon table of the plant kingdom. We found that CAU anti-codon of tRNAMet has highest (5.039%) whereas GCG anti-codon of tRNAArg has lowest (0.004%) abundance. However, when we compared the anti-codon frequencies according to the tRNA isotypes, we found tRNALeu (7.808%) has highest abundance followed by tRNASer (7.668%) and tRNAGly (7.523%). Similarly, suppressor tRNA (0.036%) has lowest abundance followed by tRNASec (0.066%) and tRNAHis (2.109). The genome of Ipomoea nil, Papaver somniferum, and Zea mays encoded the highest number of anti-codons (isoacceptor) at 59 each whereas the genome of Ostreococcus tauri was found to encode only 18 isoacceptors. The tRNASec genes undergone losses more frequently than duplication and we found that tRNASec showed anti-codon switch during the course of evolution. CONCLUSION: The anti-codon table of the plant tRNA will enable us to understand the synonymous codon usage of the plant kingdom and can be very helpful to understand which codon is preferred over other during the translation.
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RNA de Transferência Aminoácido-Específico , Selenocisteína , Anticódon/genética , Códon/genética , RNA de Transferência/genéticaRESUMO
Armadillo repeat family is well-characterized in several plant species for their involvement in multiple regulatory processes including growth, development, and stress response. We have previously shown a three-fold higher expression of ARM protein-encoding in tomato cultivar tolerant to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) compared to susceptible cultivar upon virus infection. This suggests the putative involvement of ARM proteins in defense response against virus infection; however, no comprehensive investigation has been performed to address this inference. In the present study, we have identified a total of 46 ARM-repeat proteins (SlARMs), and 41 U-box-containing proteins (SlPUBs) in tomato. These proteins and their corresponding genes were studied for their physicochemical properties, gene structure, domain architecture, chromosomal localization, phylogeny, and cis-regulatory elements in the upstream promoter region. Expression profiling of candidate genes in response to ToLCNDV infection in contrasting tomato cultivars showed significant upregulation of SlARM18 in the tolerant cultivar. Virus-induced gene silencing of SlARM18 in the tolerant tomato cultivar conferred susceptibility, which suggests the involvement of this gene in resistance mechanism. Further studies are underway to functionally characterize SlARM18 to delineate its precise role in defense mechanism.
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Proteínas do Domínio Armadillo/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Inativação Gênica , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Proteínas do Domínio Armadillo/metabolismo , Begomovirus/patogenicidade , Solanum lycopersicum/virologia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Due to the increasing emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms, there is a world-wide quest to develop new-generation antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptides with a broad spectrum of antibiotic activities against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and sometimes exhibit cytotoxic activity toward cancer cells. As a part of the native host defense system, most AMPs target the membrane integrity of the microorganism, leading to cell death by lysis. These membrane lytic effects are often toxic to mammalian cells and restrict their systemic application. However, AMPs containing predominantly either tryptophan or proline can kill microorganisms by targeting intracellular pathways and are therefore a promising source of next-generation antibiotics. A minimum length of six amino acids is required for high antimicrobial activity in tryptophan-rich AMPs and the position of these residues also affects their antimicrobial activity. The aromatic side chain of tryptophan is able to rapidly form hydrogen bonds with membrane bilayer components. Proline-rich AMPs interact with the 70S ribosome and disrupt protein synthesis. In addition, they can also target the heat shock protein in target pathogens, and consequently lead to protein misfolding. In this review, we will focus on describing the structures, sources, and mechanisms of action of the aforementioned AMPs.
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Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Prolina/química , Triptofano/química , Animais , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
Cyclodipeptides (CDP) represent a diverse family of small, highly stable, cyclic peptides that are produced as secondary functional metabolites or side products of protein metabolism by bacteria, fungi, and animals. They are widespread in nature, and exhibit a broad variety of biological and pharmacological activities. CDP synthases (CDPSs) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) catalyze the biosynthesis of the CDP core structure, which is further modified by tailoring enzymes often associated with CDP biosynthetic gene clusters. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of CDP biosynthetic pathways and modifying enzymes. We also discuss the biological properties of some known CDPs and their possible applications in metabolic engineering.
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Vias Biossintéticas , Dipeptídeos/biossíntese , Dipeptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/biossíntese , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
C2H2 type of zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in plant stress response and hormone signal transduction. Hence considering its importance, genome-wide investigation and characterization of C2H2 zinc finger proteins were performed in Arabidopsis, rice and poplar but no such study was conducted in foxtail millet which is a C4 Panicoid model crop well known for its abiotic stress tolerance. The present study identified 124 C2H2-type zinc finger TFs in foxtail millet (SiC2H2) and physically mapped them onto the genome. The gene duplication analysis revealed that SiC2H2s primarily expanded in the genome through tandem duplication. The phylogenetic tree classified these TFs into five groups (I-V). Further, miRNAs targeting SiC2H2 transcripts in foxtail millet were identified. Heat map demonstrated differential and tissue-specific expression patterns of these SiC2H2 genes. Comparative physical mapping between foxtail millet SiC2H2 genes and its orthologs of sorghum, maize and rice revealed the evolutionary relationships of C2H2 type of zinc finger TFs. The duplication and divergence data provided novel insight into the evolutionary aspects of these TFs in foxtail millet and related grass species. Expression profiling of candidate SiC2H2 genes in response to salinity, dehydration and cold stress showed differential expression pattern of these genes at different time points of stresses.
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Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Setaria (Planta)/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência Consenso , Duplicação Gênica , Expressão Gênica , Ontologia Genética , Genes de Plantas , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Setaria (Planta)/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico , Sintenia , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Dedos de ZincoRESUMO
Phytomedicines are potential immunity-boosting components with effective anticystic properties, minimal side effects, and biomedical applications, making them valuable for combating various diseases. India is renowned globally for Ayurveda, an ancient treatment methodology known for its holistic approach in identifying the root cause of diseases. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is a common household medicine in India. While essential oils from plants like Tulsi have long been recognized for their medicinal properties, there is a gap in understanding their potential in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and their efficacy against breast carcinoma, particularly in the context of immunosuppressive conditions. We investigated the potential application of essential oils isolated from O. sanctum in the synthesis of AuNPs and their efficacy against MCF-7 breast carcinoma. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy identified compounds with potential anticancer effects against breast cancer cells. Synthesised AuNPs displayed high hemocompatibility and antimicrobial activity against nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus subtilis strains. Os-AuNPs induced chromosomal instability and mitotic arrest in the G2/M cell cycle phase. Subsequent fluorescence and cell cytometry studies demonstrated the systemic release of ROS, depolarisation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and production of apoptotic bodies. DNA damage and comet assays confirmed the anticancer potential of synthesised AuNPs. This study illuminates the potential of O. sanctum-derived AuNPs in breast carcinoma treatment, paving the way for future AuNP-based therapies in biomedicine.
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This study investigates the efficacy of rosemary extract (RE) in stabilizing structured lipids (SL) developed using perilla seed oil (PSO) and palmolein (PO) under accelerated storage conditions. The oil samples, comprising PSO, Blend, and SL formulations with and without RE (1500 ppm) and BHT (200 ppm), were studied for their storage stability during a 30 day storage period at 65 °C, with the analysis carried out at 6 day intervals. Oxidative properties were comprehensively assessed, including both physical attributes (color, viscosity, and refractive index) and chemical parameters (peroxide value, free fatty acid (FFA), p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, conjugated dienes, and trienes). The results demonstrated that RE-enriched oil samples exhibited significantly higher oxidative stability (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. SL added with 1500 ppm of RE exhibited notable enhancements in quality parameters, showcasing reductions in FFA, TOTOX value, conjugated diene, and triene value by 44.01%, 35.42, 39.03, and 47.36, respectively, when compared to SL without any antioxidant. The RE at 1500 ppm concentration showed a similar effect as the synthetic antioxidant BHT at 200 ppm. Also, the RE demonstrated potent inhibition of the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby contributing to the improved oxidative stability of the SLs. Furthermore, SL with RE also exhibited reduced degradation of the tocopherol content and total phenolic content during the storage period. Principal component analysis demonstrated that SL and blend followed similar oxidative characteristics as they fell within the same quadrant. These findings underscore RE as a potent source of antioxidants capable of scavenging free radicals and enhancing the oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acid-rich SLs.
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Artificial intelligence has the potential to alter the agricultural and food processing industries, with significant ramifications for sustainability and global food security. The integration of artificial intelligence in agriculture has witnessed a significant uptick in recent years. Therefore, comprehensive understanding of these techniques is needed to broaden its application in agri-food supply chain. In this review, we explored cutting-edge artificial intelligence methodologies with a focus on machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning. The application of artificial intelligence in agri-food industry and their quality assurance throughout the production process is thoroughly discussed with an emphasis on the current scientific knowledge and future perspective. Artificial intelligence has played a significant role in transforming agri-food systems by enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and productivity. Many food industries are implementing the artificial intelligence in modelling, prediction, control tool, sensory evaluation, quality control, and tackling complicated challenges in food processing. Similarly, artificial intelligence applied in agriculture to improve the entire farming process, such as crop yield optimization, use of herbicides, weeds identification, and harvesting of fruits. In summary, the integration of artificial intelligence in agri-food systems offers the potential to address key challenges in agriculture, enhance sustainability, and contribute to global food security.