Characterization of a miRNA Signature with Enhanced Diagnostic and Prognostic Power for Patients with Bladder Carcinoma.

Bladder carcinoma is globally among the most prevalent cancers and is associated with a high mortality rate at advanced stages. Its detection relies on invasive diagnostic methods that are unpleasant for the patient. Non-invasive molecular biomarkers, such as miRNAs, could serve as alternatives for early detection and prognosis of this malignancy. We designed a computational approach that combines transcriptome profiling, survival analyses, and calculation of diagnostic power in order to isolate miRNA signatures with high diagnostic and prognostic utility. Our analysis of TCGA-BLCA data from 429 patients yielded one miRNA signature, consisting of five upregulated and three downregulated miRNAs with cumulative diagnostic power that outperforms current diagnostic methods. The same miRNAs have a strong prognostic significance since their expression is associated with the overall survival of bladder cancer patients. We evaluated the expression of this signature in 19 solid cancer types, supporting its unique diagnostic utility for bladder carcinoma. We provide computational evidence regarding the functional implications of this miRNA signature in cell cycle regulation, demonstrating its abundance in body fluids, including peripheral blood and urine. Our study characterized a novel miRNA signature with the potential to serve as a non-invasive method for bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Endothelin-1 overexpression: a potential biomarker of unfavorable prognosis in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a multifunctional peptide exerting its effects via receptors A and B. ET-1 and its receptors, endothelin axis (ET axis), play a promoting role in cancer biology. Alterations of proteins of ET axis have been detected in non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMMIBC). The objective of this study is to investigate the potential role of ET-1 tumor expression as a biomarker of prognosis, compared to other prognostic parameters (epidemiologic and pathologic), in NMMIBC. We prospectively included 40 consecutive, primary, high-grade NMMIBC patients. Tumor specimens after initial transurethral resection were stained immunohistochemically for ET-1. The ET-1 evaluation of expression was based on staining intensity (SI) of ET-1. SI was classified according to an arbitrary four-tiered scale (negative = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2, strong = 3). Epidemiologic and pathologic parameters were analyzed, using univariate and multivariate statistics, for disease progression, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). ET-1 overexpression (SI = 3) was the unique parameter which associated significantly, both in univariate (log-rank test, p = 0.033) and multivariate (Cox regression analysis, p = 0.045, HR = 4.849, 95 % CI: 1.039-22.624) analysis, with an increased hazard ratio of progression. ET-1 overexpression (SI = 3) was also the unique parameter which associated, marginally significantly in univariate analysis (log-rank test, p = 0.056) and highly significantly in multivariate analysis (Cox regression analysis, p = 0.005, HR = 7.001, 95 % CI: 1.782-27.501), with an increased hazard ratio of death. Overexpression of ET-1 may be a potential biomarker of unfavorable prognosis in NMMIBC patients.

Tumor size and T stage correlate independently with recurrence and progression in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with adjuvant BCG.

We conducted a retrospective study to determine the prognostic significance of age, gender, associated carcinoma in situ, stage, number of tumors, and tumor size for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Data were evaluated on 144 high-risk patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG immunotherapy after the initial treatment with transurethral resection. According to their response to BCG, patients were divided into groups, and the differences in factors, associated with recurrence and progression, were evaluated. Patients were categorized into two groups: group A, complete responders without recurrence and without progression, and group B, patients with recurrence and with progression. Furthermore, group B was divided into two subgroups: group B1, patients with recurrence, and group B2, patients with progression. Univariate analysis of group B showed that only tumor size of >3 cm diameter (hazard ratio (HR) 11.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) range 5.69-25.3; p < 0.001) is associated with recurrence. After multivariate analysis, the same factor appeared to be prognostic for recurrence as well. In addition, group B2 was statistically correlated with group B1. Univariate analysis proved that tumor stage (Ta or T1) is the unique factor associated with progression (HR 6.4; 95% CI 1.29-31.9; p = 0.02). Tumor stage seems to be associated with disease's progression after the multivariate analysis too. Tumor size and stage may serve as prognostic factors, because of its independent correlation with recurrence and progression for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors treated with BCG.

Evaluation of a Cytology-Molecular Co-Test in Liquid-Based Cytology-Processed Urine for Defining Indeterminate Categories of the Paris System.

INTRODUCTION: Urine cytology using the Paris system (TPS) classification is useful for the detection and monitoring of bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC). However, the categories "atypical urothelial cells" (AUCs) and "suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma" (SHGUC) do not establish a clear diagnosis. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether the presence of mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) genes, in urine processed with liquid-based cytology (LBC) could enhance the diagnostic performance of cytology, particularly in defining the indeterminate categories of AUC and SHGUC. METHODS: Urine samples from 82 UC patients with primary tumors or under surveillance and 10 healthy individuals were examined. The ThinPrep method was used for cytology followed by DNA isolation from urine sediments. Targeted molecular analysis was achieved in 70 cases (63 patients and 7 controls) for exons 7 and 10 of the FGFR3 gene and the TERT gene promoter (pTERT), using PCR and Sanger sequencing. Molecular results were correlated with TPS cytology categories and validated by histopathological findings following cystoscopy. RESULTS: In healthy subjects, cytology was negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) and no mutations were found. No mutations were found in patients with NHGUC cytology, except for one case with equivocal cystoscopy that carried a pTERT mutation. In high-grade urothelial carcinoma cytology (HGUC) (15/20, 75%) of the cases with histologically confirmed UC, molecular analysis revealed the presence of pTERT without FGFR3 mutations. In SHGUC and AUC cytology, FGFR3 and/or pTERT mutations were detected in 3/4 (75%) and 4/4 (100%) histologically confirmed UC cases, respectively. Cytology sensitivity was 85.7% increasing to 100% with the combined cytology-molecular test, whereas specificity remained unchanged at 86.3%. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that the incorporation of FGFR3/pTERT molecular testing in urine LBC could enhance the diagnostic value of cytology by diagnosing bladder urothelial carcinoma in indeterminate cytology categories.

Radiofrequency-assisted, laparoscopic, clampless partial nephrectomy in patients with low-complexity small renal tumors: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: This single-center, retrospective study was performed to investigate the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency-assisted (RF), laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN) with zero ischemia in patients with low-complexity small renal tumors. Materials and Methods: Patients with small renal masses (SRMs) who underwent laparoscopic, clampless laparoscopic partial nephrectomy - radiofrequency assisted (LPN-RFA) between January 2016 and June 2020 were studied. Demographics, clinical and pathological characteristics, recurrence-free survival, and overall survival were recorded. Results: Fifty-two SRMs were excised from corresponding patients using RFA-LPN. The median tumor size was 2.5 cm and all specimens involved low-complexity masses according to the renal nephrometry score. No conversions to radical nephrectomy were recorded. Postoperatively, there were one patient with fever, one with hematuria, and two with urinary leakage treated endoscopically. The majority of tumors (48/52, 86.2%) were clear-cell carcinomas. According to the glomerular filtration rate postoperatively and 12 months' posttreatment, adequate renal function was preserved in all patients. There were no positive surgical margins identified postoperatively and no recurrences during a median follow-up 24 months. All patients were alive at the last follow-up. Conclusions: This study suggests that RFA laparoscopic clampless PN represents an effective method for managing patients with low-complexity SRMs. It offers adequate intraoperative safety and excellent mid-term oncological control and functional preservation.

Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Rare Malignancy with Distinct Immuno-Genomic Features in the Era of Precision-Based Therapies.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy, occurring in 5-10% of patients diagnosed with UC, and involves the renal pelvis, calyces, or ureters. UTUC can be sporadic or hereditary as a clinical manifestation of Lynch syndrome. Therapeutic management of these patients is challenging. Following risk stratification of localized disease, patients with low-grade UTUC may undergo kidney-sparing surgery or radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and/or chemoablation with mitomycin-c instillation to reduce recurrence. In high-grade disease, RNU followed by adjuvant chemotherapy remains the standard of care. For decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has been the cornerstone of treatment for locally advanced and metastatic disease. The aim of the present review is to summarize recent advances in UTUC's therapeutic management through the lens of its genomic and immune landscape. Accumulating knowledge on the genetic and immune aspects of UTUC tumors has increased our understanding of their underlying biology, supporting a luminal papillary, T-cell depleted contexture and enrichment in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) expression. These advances have fueled successful clinical testing of several precision-based therapeutic approaches, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) enfortumab vedotin and sacituzumab govitecan, and agents targeting the FGFR axis such as erdafitinib and other kinase inhibitors, allowing their entry into the therapeutic armamentarium and improving the prognosis of these patients. Not all patients respond to these precision-based targeted therapies; thus, validating and expanding the toolkit of potential biomarkers of response or resistance, including molecular subtypes, FGFR pathway gene alterations, DNA repair gene defects, tumor mutational burden (TMB), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), nectin-4, TROP2, and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), are key to maximizing the benefit to these particular subgroups of patients.

Mutational profile of primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma predicts recurrence and potential candidacy for adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition.

Background: The risk of recurrence after nephrectomy for primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is estimated in daily practice solely based on clinical criteria. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic relevance of common somatic mutations with respect to tumor aggressiveness and outcomes of ccRCC patients after definitive treatment. Methods: Primary tumors from 37 patients with ccRCC who underwent radical nephrectomy were analyzed for presence of somatic mutations using a 15-gene targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. Associations to histopathologic characteristics and outcomes were investigated in the study cohort (n=37) and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ccRCC cohort (n=451). Results: VHL was the most frequently mutated gene (51%), followed by PBRM1 (27%), BAP1 (13%), SETD2 (13%), KDM5C (5%), ATM (5%), MTOR (5%), and PTEN (3%). One-third of patients did not have any somatic mutations within the 15-gene panel. The vast majority of tumors harboring no mutations at all or VHL-only mutations (51%) were more frequently of smaller size (pT1-2) and earlier stage (I/II), whereas presence of any other gene mutations in various combinations with or without VHL was enriched in larger (pT3) and higher stage tumors (III) (p=0.02). No recurrences were noted in patients with unmutated tumors or VHL-only mutations as opposed to three relapses in patients with non- VHL somatic mutations (p=0.06). Presence of somatic mutations in PBRM1, BAP1, SETD2, KDM5C, ATM, MTOR, or PTEN genes in 451 TCGA ccRCC patients was associated with a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) compared to those with unaltered tumors (q=0.01). Conclusions: Preliminary findings from this ongoing study support the prognostic value of non- VHL mutations including PBRM1, BAP1, SETD2, KDM5C, ATM, MTOR, and PTEN in primary ccRCC tumors as surrogates of earlier recurrence and potential selection for adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition.

Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma single urinary bladder metastasis: a case report and review of the literature.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most frequent solid lesion accounting for ~90% of all kidney malignancies. Clear-cell RCC (ccRCC) represents the most frequent subtype. Urinary bladder is a rare metastatic site either synchronous or metachronous. Hereby, we report the case of an 85-year-old male patient with a single urinary bladder metastasis due to ccRCC and we present a review of the literature.

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor-adult cystic nephroma of the kidney: a case report with immunohistochemical analysis.

The mixed epithelial and stromal tumor family of kidney contain neoplasms with biphasic epithelial and stromal component. According to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification, they encompasses a spectrum of tumors ranging from predominantly cystic tumors (adult cystic nephroma) to tumors that are variably solid (Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor-MESTs). We present the case of a 20-year-old woman with an adult cystic nephroma which was verified by immunohistochemical examination.

Poorly differentiated muscle-invasive giant cell tumor of the bladder leads to unfavorable clinical outcome.

Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a common clinical entity. Recently, researchers focused on the emerging clinical significance of histologic variants, because they may need special therapy and their prognosis differs. Hereby, we describe a case of a giant cell osteoclast-like urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2-Altered Urothelial Carcinoma: Clinical and Genomic Features.

Background: Hypoxia is recognized as a key feature of cancer growth and is involved in various cellular processes, including proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune surveillance. Besides hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), which is the main mediator of hypoxia effects and can also be activated under normoxic conditions, little is known about its counterpart, HIF-2. This study focused on investigating the clinical and molecular landscape of HIF-2-altered urothelial carcinoma (UC). Methods: Publicly available next-generation sequencing (NGS) data from muscle-invasive UC cell lines and patient tumor samples from the MSK/TCGA 2020 cohort (n = 476) were interrogated for the level of expression (mRNA, protein) and presence of mutations, copy number variations, structural variants in the EPAS1 gene encoding HIF-2, and findings among various clinical (stage, grade, progression-free and overall survival) and molecular (tumor mutational burden, enriched gene expression) parameters were compared between altered and unaltered tumors. Results: 19% (7/37) of UC cell lines and 7% (27/380) of patients with muscle-invasive UC display high EPAS1 mRNA and protein expression or/and EPAS1 alterations. EPAS1-altered tumors are associated with higher stage, grade, and lymph node metastasis as well as with shorter PFS (14 vs. 51 months, q = 0.01) and OS (15 vs. 55 months, q = 0.01). EPAS1 mRNA expression is directly correlated with that of its target-genes, including VEGF, FLT1, KDR, DLL4, CDH5, ANGPT1 (q < 0.001). While there is a slightly higher tumor mutational burden in EPAS1-altered tumors (9.9 vs. 4.9 mut/Mb), they are enriched in and associated with genes promoting immune evasion, including ARID5B, SPINT1, AAK1, CLIC3, SORT1, SASH1, and FGFR3, respectively (q < 0.001). Conclusions: HIF-2-altered UC has an aggressive clinical and a distinct genomic and immunogenomic profile enriched in angiogenesis- and immune evasion-promoting genes.

Current Options for Second-Line Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Standard systemic therapy of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) involves targeting angiogenesis, mainly through tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) pathway and targeting the immune checkpoints, namely, programmed death-1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4). With current strategies of combining these two approaches in the front-line setting, less is known about optimal selection of therapy upon development of resistance in the second and later lines of treatment for progressive disease. This review discusses currently available therapeutic options in patients who have progressive RCC after prior treatment with double immune check-point inhibitors (ICIs) or ICI-TKI combinations.

Immune-based treatment re-challenge in renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as a front-line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has significantly improved patient' outcome. However, little is known about the efficacy or lack thereof of immunotherapy after prior use of anti-PD1/PD-L1 or/and anti-CTLA monoclonal antibodies. Methods: Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, were comprehensively searched from inception to July 2022. Objective response rates (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and ≥ grade 3 adverse events (AEs) were assessed in the meta-analysis, along with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and publication bias. Results: Ten studies which contained a total of 500 patients were included. The pooled ORR was 19% (95% CI: 10, 31), and PFS was 5.6 months (95% CI: 4.1, 7.8). There were ≥ grade 3 AEs noted in 25% of patients (95% CI: 14, 37). Conclusion: This meta-analysis on different second-line ICI-containing therapies in ICI-pretreated mRCC patients supports a modest efficacy and tolerable toxicity.

DNA Repair Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Urothelial Carcinoma in a Southeastern European Population.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA repair genes may predispose to urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). This study focused on three specific SNPs in a population with high exposure to environmental carcinogens including tobacco and alcohol. A case-control study design was used to assess for presence of XPC PAT +/-, XRCC3 Thr241Met, and ERCC2 Lys751Gln DNA repair gene SNPs in peripheral blood from patients with UCB and healthy individuals. One hundred patients and equal number of healthy subjects were enrolled. The XPC PAT +/+ genotype was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of UCB (OR = 2.16; 95%CI: 1.14-4; p = 0.01). The -/+ and +/+ XPC PAT genotypes were more frequently present in patients with multiple versus single tumors (p = 0.01). No association was detected between ERCC2 Lys751Gln genotypes/alleles, and risk for developing UCB. Presence of the XRCC3 TT genotype (OR = 0.14; 95%CI:0.07-0.25; p < 0.01) and of the T allele overall (OR = 0.26; 95%CI:0.16-0.41; p < 0.01) conferred a protective effect against developing UCB. The XPC PAT -/+ and XRCC3 Thr241Met SNPs are associated with predisposition to UCB. The XPC PAT -/+ SNP is also an indicator of bladder tumor multiplicity, which might require a more individualized surveillance and treatment.

Endothelin-1 indicates unfavorable prognosis in primary high-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a prospective study of the potential prognostic role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in a cohort of primary high-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer patients, who were treated with adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with primary high-grade nonmuscle- invasive urothelial bladder cancer, who received postoperatively induction and maintenance BCG therapy, were prospectively included. Recurrence and progression were histologically proven. Immunohistochemical staining for ET-1 was assessed. Epidemiological, pathological and clinical parameters as well as the expression of ET-1 in tumor specimens were statistically analyzed for recurrence, progression, recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: ET-1 associates significantly with recurrence (p = 0.000), progression (p = 0.000), RFS (p = 0.000) and PFS (p = 0.000). The patient's age is also significant for recurrence (p = 0.003, OR = 1.273 95% CI: 1.086-1.492) and RFS (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: ET-1 seems to deteriorate prognosis in patients suffering from primary high-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer, who are treated with adjuvant BCG instillations. Furthermore, the patient's age associates with an increased likelihood for recurrence.

Renin-Angiotensin System Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Are Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), besides being a major regulator of blood pressure, is also involved in tumor angiogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests a correlation between the use of pharmacologic RAS inhibitors and a delay in urothelial bladder cancer (BC) progression. However, it is unknown whether RAS gene variants may predispose to the development of BC. This study examined the association of RAS single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including AT1R rs5186, AT2R rs11091046, REN rs12750834, ANG rs4762, and ANG rs699 with the risk of developing non-invasive BC. Peripheral blood samples from 73 patients with T1 urothelial BC (66 men, seven women) and an equal number of healthy subjects (control group) were collected. The TT genotype of the REN rs12750834 SNP (OR: 2.8 [1.3-6.05], p = 0.008) and to a lesser extent the presence of the T allele (OR: 2.3 [1.2-4.48], p = 0.01) conferred a higher risk of BC. The highest risk for BC within SNP carriers of the RAS system was associated with the presence of the CC genotype (OR: 17.6 [7.5-41.35], p < 0.001) and C allele (OR: 17.7 [8.8-35.9], p < 0.001) of the ANG rs699 SNP. The presence of the AT2R rs11091046 SNP, particularly the AA genotype, was associated with a protective effect against developing BC (OR: 0.268 [0.126-057], p < 0.001). In conclusion, these results support the clinical utility of RAS gene SNPs AT2R rs11091046, REN rs12750834, and ANG rs699 in the genetic cancer risk assessment of patients and families with BC.

Oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors alleviate recurrent priapism complicating thalassemia intermedia: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent ischemic priapism still remains a serious and difficult to treat complication of certain hematological disorders. Elucidation of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and application of new effective prophylactic treatments are needed. AIM: To present the efficacy of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) as a preventive measure against ischemic priapism recurrences complicating thalassemia intermedia. METHODS: We report on the case of a 19-year-old Caucasian man with thalassemia intermedia complicated by recurrent episodes of priapism following therapeutic splenectomy. After failure of conventional measures to control recurrences, a trial of long-term PDE5is use was initiated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PDE5is efficacy based on clinical patient history. RESULTS: Within 2 months of PDE5i preventive strategy, priapism recurrences nearly resolved. At 6 months, prophylaxis was discontinued. At 12 months, the patient reported clear improvement and satisfaction, experiencing rare episodes of priapism and a physiologic erectile function. CONCLUSIONS: PDE5 dysregulation seems to be an underline pathogenetic mechanism of thalassemia intermedia-associated priapism. It appears that PDE5is might have a role in the clinical management of such patients and their preventive efficacy warrants further testing in clinical trials.

Primary High-Grade Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: High NFκB Expression in Tumor Specimens Distinguishes Patients Who are at Risk for Disease Progression.

To investigate the potential prognostic role of NFκB expression in primary high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients with primary high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who received induction and maintenance BCG therapy were retrospectively included. Recurrence and progression were histologically proven. Intensity and extent of immunochemistry were assessed. The final evaluation of the NFκB staining was done by combining intensity and extent as ΄΄product΄΄ and expressing it as ΄΄low NFκΒ expression΄΄ or ΄΄high NFκB expression΄΄. Epidemiological, pathological, clinical parameters and NFκB expression were statistically analyzed for recurrence (REC), progression (PR), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS). NFκB is significantly associated with disease progression (p < 0,001 in univariate analysis and p = 0,001, Odds Ratio = 14,484, 95% Confidence Interval = 3187-65,821 in multivariate analysis), but not with recurrence. The median value of NFκB expression as ΄΄product΄΄ is significantly higher for the patients with progression in comparison to patients with recurrence only (p = 0,003) and patients without recurrence or progression (p = 0,001). Patients' age is significantly associated (p = 0,001 in univariate analysis and p = 0,003, Odds Ratio = 1273, 95% Confidence Interval = 1086-1492 in multivariate analysis) with disease recurrence. High NFκB expression in primary high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, treated with postoperative intravesical BCG immunotherapy, could represent an unfavorable prognostic factor.

Generalized Lymphadenopathy of Prostate Adenocarcinoma Origin. A Case Series.

Generalized lymphadenopathy is a rare manifestation of metastatic prostate cancer. We report on 2 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma, which clinically manifested as generalized lymphadenopathy. The origin of the primary tumor was confirmed by transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. We underline the fact that a suspicion of prostate cancer in men with adenocarcinoma of undetermined origin is important for an adequate and complete diagnostic and therapeutic approach.