Men's Perceptions and Expectations of Fertility Clinics.

BACKGROUND: Most of the research and care in fertility focuses on women, whereas men's perspectives and expectations are often overlooked. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to explore the experiences and expectations of men with primary infertility regarding fertility clinics and to provide implications for personalized and inclusive care. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Iran between November 2022 and October 2023. Thirteen men with primary infertility were interviewed in-depth using a semistructured approach. Data were analyzed using the inductive content analysis method. RESULTS: The central theme, "Therapy Environment: Private and Interactive," was identified. The theme comprises four categories: Effective Interaction-A Key to Therapy Success; Infertility Treatment-A Joint Effort; Personal and Stress-Free Environment-Essential for Treatment; and Treatment Plan-Vital for Successful Outcome. DISCUSSIONS: Study findings underscore the importance of tailored approaches to male infertility care. Healthcare providers should prioritize personalized, stress-free environments for male infertility patients and encourage effective communication and joint participation with partners to achieve successful outcomes. Tailored approaches and therapeutic settings should be created to cater to male patients' unique needs.

Exploring men's struggles with infertility: A qualitative content analysis.

AIM: To investigate the experiences of men struggling with infertility. DESIGN: This is a qualitative study, and the report follows the COREQ checklist. METHODS: A team of nurse researchers conducted this research in Iran to examine the experiences of 11 men with primary infertility. The participants were selected through targeted sampling and underwent in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data collected was analysed using the conventional content analysis method outlined by Krippendorff. To ensure the study's accuracy, it followed the criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba. RESULTS: The central theme, "the threat to masculinity," was identified upon analysis. It comprises six categories: psychological pressure of confronting reality, frustration, discomfort with others, holding out against ridicule, tolerating unwanted opinions and advice and concealment of infertility and therapy. CONCLUSION: This study brings attention to the challenge to masculinity that men with primary infertility face as their central struggle. It highlights the importance of culturally sensitive care from healthcare professionals, emotional support, counselling services and public awareness to reduce the stigma surrounding male infertility. It can be valuable to evaluate and enhance infertility care in various settings. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND PATIENT CARE: To provide the best possible care for infertile men, it would be beneficial for nurses to pay more attention to sociocultural factors. Fertility care should be respectful of patients' beliefs and backgrounds. IMPACT: WHAT PROBLEM DID THE STUDY ADDRESS?: Infertility care has been the subject of recent research, focusing on the impact of sociocultural factors. Male-factor infertility is often overlooked in clinical care literature. There is a correlation between cultural background and men's acceptance of reproductive healthcare. WHAT WERE THE MAIN FINDINGS?: Male infertility is often avoided in discussions due to its perceived threat to masculinity. Multiple factors, including societal norms, cultural expectations and personal experiences, influence the nature of men's struggles with infertility. Providing emotional support and counselling services is crucial so that men can openly discuss their fertility challenges and seek treatment without feeling ashamed or judged. WHERE AND ON WHOM WILL THE RESEARCH HAVE AN IMPACT?: Raising public awareness and providing education about male infertility is crucial. Nurses must exhibit cultural sensitivity while caring for men experiencing infertility. Policymakers need to implement strategies to reduce the stigma surrounding male infertility. REPORTING METHOD: The study is reported using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No public or patient involvement.

Confrontation Process of Students with Hijab.

Hijab as an Islamic value and divine duty is emphasized, and it is necessary in university settings. The misveiling is a social phenomenon, and its social, political and cultural aspects must be studied for understanding its factors and causes. The aim of this study was to understand how the process of confronting students with hijab. A grounded theory design was used. The data were collected by semi-structured interviews from sixteen students who left their veiling, eleven students with veiling, three advisors, two Vice in Student and Cultural Affairs and three family members of students who left their veiling. The participants were selected through conventional and theoretical sampling method, and the data were analyzed simultaneously by continuous comparisons based on Strauss and Corbin (Basics of qualitative research: procedures and techniques for developing grounded theory, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1998) method. Sociocultural paradox of hijab was appeared as the main (core) variable affecting the process of confronting students with hijab. The main variable in this study includes six axial codes: sociocultural paradox, transformation of values, values selection, adherence to spiritual, doubt in beliefs and normative conflict. The process of acceptance/rejection of the hijab occurs because of sociocultural paradox after the transformation of values. In the meantime, person thinks about strategy. The person's strategy to accept/leave the hijab is based on her beliefs. By adherence to spiritual, veiling can be strengthened and weakened by doubts in beliefs. In order to promote hijab, it is necessary to pay attention to its underlying conditions and causes. Individual beliefs and values must be strengthened for promoting hijab.

Relationship between perceived organizational justice and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses.

BACKGROUND:: The nature of the nursing profession pays more attention to ethics of healthcare than its therapeutic dimension. One of the prevalent moral issues in this profession is moral distress. Moral distress appears more in intensive care units due to the widespread need for moral decision-making regarding treatment and care in emergency situations. In this connection, organizational justice is of high importance and, as a significant motivational tool, leaves important impacts upon attitude and behavior of personnel. AIM/OBJECTIVE:: This study aimed at investigation of the relationship between perceived organizational justice and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. RESEARCH DESIGN:: This is a descriptive-correlational research which examined the relationship between perceived organizational justice and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT:: A total of 284 intensive care unit nurses were selected via census sampling. The data were collected through questionnaires and then were analyzed via SPSS-20 using Pearson and Spearman correlation tests. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:: This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Medical Research. Completion of informed consent form, guarantee of the confidentiality of information, explanation on purposes of the research, and voluntary participation in the study were moral considerations observed in this study. FINDINGS:: There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the total perceived organizational justice and the total moral distress (p = 0.024, r = -0.137) and also between "procedural and interactional justice and errors" and "not respecting the ethics principles." Meanwhile, no relationship was found by the findings between distributive justice and dimensions of moral distress. CONCLUSION:: According to the results of the study, there was a reverse significant relationship between moral distress and perceived organizational justice; therefore, the head nurses are expected to contribute to reduce moral distress and to increase perceived organizational justice in nurses.

Relationship between ethical leadership and organisational commitment of nurses with perception of patient safety culture.

AIM: To determine the relationship between ethical leadership, organisational commitment of nurses and their perception of patient safety culture. BACKGROUND: Patient safety, organisational commitment and ethical leadership styles are very important for improving the quality of nursing care. METHODS: In this descriptive-correlational study, 340 nurses were selected using random sampling from the hospitals in Tehran in 2016. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS v.20. RESULTS: There was a significant positive relationship between the ethical leadership of nursing managers, perception of patient safety culture and organisational commitment. The regression analysis showed that nursing managers' ethical leadership and nurses' organisational commitment is a predictor of patient safety culture and confirms the relationship between the variables. CONCLUSION: Regarding the relationship between the nurses' safety performance, ethical leadership and organisational commitment, it seems that the optimisation of the organisational commitment and adherence to ethical leadership by administrators and managers in hospitals could improve the nurses' performance in terms of patient safety. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Implementing ethical leadership seems to be one feasible strategy to improve nurses' organisational commitment and perception of patient safety culture. Efforts by nurse managers to develop ethical leadership reinforce organisational commitment to improve patient outcomes. Nurse managers' engagement and performance in this process is vital for a successful result.

The effectiveness of PMT program on parent-child relationship in parents with ADHD children: A randomized trial.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in children that creates problems in parents-children relationships. Improving familial and social interactions of these children needs mental and social interventions, and parents' management training (PMT) program is one of these interventions. The present study aimed at determining the effectiveness of PMT program on parent-child relationship of parents with ADHD children. Methods: Through an experimental research, 40 parents with ADHD children were selected based on purposeful sampling. A total of 20 parents were randomly placed in intervention group and received 8 sessions of intervention course (60 minutes per session) and the other 20 parents were grouped in the control group and received no training intervention. Research tools included a researcher-designed demographics questionnaire and Parker's Bonding Instrument (PBI). Data were collected at pretest, posttest, and follow- up stages and analyzed using descriptive and covariance analysis. Results: The results revealed that PMT program was significantly effective in reducing excessive support and increasing parent care index in parents with ADHD children (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study supported the effectiveness of PMT program on parent-child relationship of the parents with ADHD children.

The effect of mentoring on clinical perioperative competence in operating room nursing students.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mentoring on the clinical perioperative competence of nursing operating room students in Iran. BACKGROUND: Mentoring is an essential part of clinical education, which has been studied in different populations of students. However, there is a need to assess its effectiveness in operating room students' competence. DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial was performed. METHODS: Sixty nursing operating room students were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Both the control and experimental groups had routine training in the form of faculty supervision. The experimental group had an additional mentoring program. Using the Persian Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale-Revised, clinical competence was compared between the two groups, before and after the intervention. Using SPSS 19, descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square and t-tests, were conducted. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the difference between the mean scores of clinical competence before (19·43 ± 2·80) and after (27·86 ± 1·87) the intervention was significant (p ≤ 0·001). After intervention, the difference between the mean scores of the control (3·9 ± 0·15) and experimental (8·61 ± 0·68) groups was significant (p ≤ 0·003). CONCLUSION: Findings affirmed the positive effect of mentorship programmes on clinical competence in nursing operating room students. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Mentoring is an effective method for preparing nursing students in practice. Health care systems may improve as a result of staff-student relationships that ultimately increase the quality care for patients.

A Grounded Theory Approach to Understanding Men Confronting Infertility.

Purpose: This study aims to delve into the process of men confronting infertility. Design: This research employed the Straussian grounded theory approach. Methods: The study encompassed interviews with 16 participants from a private fertility center in Isfahan, Iran, between March 2023 and March 2024. The interviews were semistructured. Data analysis was carried out concurrently using constant comparative methods and standard grounded theory techniques. the participants' main concerns were identified, culminating in developing a substantive theory centered around a core category. Findings: The primary category for men struggling with infertility was "forced concealment." This was exhibited through the suppression of emotions, maintaining secrecy about infertility, hiding treatment, and attributing infertility to their wives to counteract threats to their masculinity. Factors such as partners, family, societal surroundings, care providers, and beliefs influenced the adopting of the "forced concealment" strategy. Conclusions: The "forced concealment" theory offers insights into the experiences of men struggling with infertility. The study highlights the necessity of formulating culturally sensitive strategies that enable healthcare providers, nurses, and health system managers to effectively fulfill their roles and address the challenges and needs of couples confronting male infertility. This can be realized through a comprehensive approach that integrates nursing skills and competencies.

Unwanted isolation: An obstacle to constructive interaction between oncology nurses and their patients.

AIM: The current study was carried out to investigate the obstacles faced by oncology nurses in their interactions with their patients. DESIGN: This research is a descriptive qualitative study. METHODS: In this study, conventional content analysis was used for analysing the data collected from 26 oncology nurses. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used for collecting data. Data analysis was conducted with Elo and Kyngäs's approach. RESULTS: The results included three categories: "role conflict," "role overload" and "inefficient interaction," and 10 subcategories.

Consequences of Presence of Forensic Nurses in Health Care System: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Nursing is a vital element in providing safe and effective care. Forensic nursing is one of the specialties in this discipline which, in addition to creating more satisfaction in nurses, is considered essential in holistic, quality, and safe care. This study aimed to describe the consequences of the presence of forensic nurses in the health system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 in Iran. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 18 participant experts in the field of health and law. The interviews were analyzed using the inductive content analysis approach proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. RESULTS: The consequences of the presence of nurses in the health system were summarized into two categories: positive and negative consequences. The positive consequences consisted of improved performance, better legality of nurses, the calmness of nurses, prevention of patients' rights violations, advancement comparable with developed countries, reduced costs, increased accuracy and speed in dealing with forensic cases, improved performance of Iranian Legal Medicine Organization and increased employment. On the other hand, the negative consequences were role conflict with other involved professionals and nursing shortage. Participants included nurses (with different specialties), nurse lawyers, forensic medicines, forensic midwives, a judge, and a medical lawyer. CONCLUSIONS: If planners and policymakers have a positive attitude toward the presence of forensic nurses, we can anticipate better forensic services for clients through the development of systematic educational programs, the formation of forensic teams, and the expertise of this profession can provide many benefits.

Development and Psychometric Assessment of Risk Factors of Compassion Fatigue Inventory in Nurses.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Identifying the risk factors of compassion fatigue is the basic step in designing effective interventions to prevent and manage compassion fatigue. This study developed an inventory of compassion fatigue risk factors and investigated its psychometric properties. METHODS: This methodological study consisted of two phases: item pool generation through semistructured interviews with 13 nurses and reviewing of 38 related articles and the psychometric validation. RESULTS: The initial item pool contained 62 items. The psychometric properties was examined and exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure. Risk Factors of Compassion Fatigue Inventory (RFCFI) contained 20 items. The Cronbach's alpha, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were .86, 0.83, and 5.73 respectively. CONCLUSION: RFCFI is a short, self-reporting, valid, and reliable inventory for determining the risk factors of compassion fatigue in nurses and can be easily used by managers, nurses, and scholars.

Clinical empathy with cancer patients: a content analysis of oncology nurses' perception.

BACKGROUND: Empathy is one of the most important communication skills in clinical practice, specifically in the field of oncology. Empathic competences have a significant meaning for caring and therapeutic relations in nurses' responsibilities. Clinical empathy brings positive performance, thus patients' emotions are perceived and expressed more easily. Clinical empathy is contextual, interpersonal and affective, but it is also difficult to study. Awareness of oncology nurses' perception of this phenomenon might help them to plan for more effective patient-centered consultations within interventional programs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the content of clinical empathy with cancer patients from the perspective of oncology nurses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this qualitative study, 15 oncology nurses were selected by purposive sampling. A semi-structured face-to-face interview was conducted with each of the participants. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed, and then primary codes, sub-categories and categories were extracted. The data were analyzed with the conventional content analysis method by MAXQDA 10 software. RESULTS: Clinical empathy showed a composite construct with five main categories, including co-presence (physical and emotional presence), metacognition (self-awareness of mental processes), perception (knowing about awareness of individuals), inherent (genetic) and didactic (instructive) nature. CONCLUSION: Clinical empathy as an effective strategy can be taught through three areas of "co-presence", "metacognition" and "perception" in the context of cancer care. Thus, clinical empathy should be considered as one of the competency standards which can be taught to oncology nurses.

Designing and psychoanalysis: A comprehensive questionnaire on coping with domestic violence against women in Iranian society.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence is the third sociopathology after addiction and child abuse in Iran. Fifty-six percent of Iranian women in the range of 17-32 years old are exposed to the highest domestic violence. Objective: The aim of this study was to design and psychoanalyze a comprehensive questionnaire on coping with domestic violence against women in Iranian society. METHODS: This study was carried out on a random sample of women exposed to domestic violence and referred to the health and care center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, and Forensic Medical Centers in Urmia city (Iran), in 2017. Two hundred questionnaires were distributed among the participants. One hundred sixty-eight questionnaires were returned to the researchers for data analysis. Eight of those were excluded from the analysis because of incompleteness. Finally, exploratory factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: After reviewing the literature, a questionnaire with 32 items was developed. Content validity ratio (0.95) and content validity index (0.97) were obtained. The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the questionnaire explained 69.34% of the data variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest methods were used for determining the reliability and the obtained value, which were 0.82 and 0.81, respectively. CONCLUSION: Validity and reliability of the questionnaire with 32 items were confirmed. The tool can be utilized to measure how women cope with domestic violence.

Stigma and Related Factors in Iranian People with Cancer

Introduction: Stigma is one of the psychosocial and intercultural issues that can be found in chronic diseases, including cancer. Stigma may reduce communication due to social isolation, feeling shame and others' judgment, and these factors make far from professional services and poor health outcomes in individuals with cancer. Assessment of stigma can help determine and recognize the overall levels of stigma in the community and identify situations that need intervention. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine stigma and related factors in individuals with cancer in Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 142 patients with cancer selected via convenience sampling method in two hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti Medical University. A demographic as well as clinical record form and "A questionnaire for measuring attitudes toward cancer (cancer stigma) ­ Patients version" by Cho et al., (2013) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results: More than one quarter of participants (26.1%) had negative attitudes toward cancer and high stigma score>= 2.5. More than half of the participants (57.5%) agreed that their job performance would be reduced even after treatment. 54.5% of the patients considered it difficult to regain health after being diagnosed. There was a significant correlation between the stigma score and the level of education (p= 0.033, OR=0.78). Conclusion: The results showed that stigma in dimensions of impossibility of recovery and stereotypical aspects of cancer were more common. These findings can lead to interventions and educational efforts on cancer coherence which may help in treatment, rehabilitation and return to normal life.

Effectiveness of implementation of "mental health nursing students' clinical competency model" on academic performance of nursing students.

Background: Clinical nursing competence in mental health is one of the most important topics in theoretical and practical nursing training with many factors affecting it. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of the implementation of the "mental health nursing students' clinical competence model" on nursing students' academic performance. Methods: This study is a semi experimental following one group of student nurses. "mental health nursing students' clinical competence model" for undergraduate nursing student's education was applied. The study population included 50 nursing students, who were studying from fifth semester to seventh semester and selected through census sampling. During the seventh semester after the completion of theoretical and practical courses in mental health nursing, re-evaluation was conducted and the scores before and after the implementation of the clinical competence model were compared. Results: Rate of clinical competency before the intervention, was estimated at the level of non-mastered; and after intervention was at the level of mastered, demonstrating a significant difference (p<0.001). Areas of clinical competency scores before and after the intervention were compared which showed significant difference in all the areas except the mental competency areas (p<0.05). Conclusions: The implementation of the "mental health nursing students' clinical competence model" and appropriate planning for achievement of mental health nursing specialized competency can ensure the achievement of clinical competency by nursing students.

Development and psychometric properties rating scale of "clinical competency evaluation in mental health nurses": Exploratory factor analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of clinical competency in nurses has a distinct importance in healthcare due to its significant impact on improving the quality of patient care and creation of opportunities for professional promotion. This is a psychometric study for development of the "Clinical Competency of Mental Health Nursing"(CCMHN) rating scale. METHODS: In this methodological research that was conducted in 2015, in Tehran, Iran, the main items were developed after literature review and the validity and reliability of the tool were identified. The face, content (content validity ratio and content validity index) and construct validities were calculated. For face and content validity, experts' comments were used. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the construct validity. The reliability of scale was determined by the internal consistency and inter-rater correlation. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS: A scale with 45 items in two parts including Emotional/Moral and Specific Care competencies was developed. Content validity ratio and content validity index were 0.88, 0.97 respectively. Exploratory factor analysis indicated two factors: The first factor with 23.93 eigenvalue and second factor with eigenvalue 2.58. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for determination of internal consistency was 0.98 and the ICC for confirmation inter-rater correlation was 0.98. CONCLUSION: A scale with 45 items and two areas was developed with appropriate validity and reliability. This scale can be used to assess the clinical competency in nursing students and mental health nurses.

Psychometric Testing of the Persian Version of the Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale-Revised.

The clinical competence of nursing students in operating room (OR) is an important issue in nursing education. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian Perceived Perioperative Competence Scale-Revised (PPCS-R) instrument. This cross-sectional study was conducted across 12 universities in Iran. The psychometric properties and factor structure of the PPCS-R for OR students was examined. Based on the results of factor analysis, seven items were removed from the original version of the scale. The fitness indices of the Persian scale include comparative fit index (CFI) = .90, goodness-of-fit-index (GFI) = .86, adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) = .90, normed fit index (NFI) = .84, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .04. High validity and reliability indicated the scale's value for measuring perceived perioperative competence of Iranian OR students.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Nurses' Compassion Fatigue Inventory.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many efforts have been made so far to measure compassion fatigue (CF). There is no specific, precise, and comprehensive tool for CF measurement among nurses. This study aimed at developing and evaluating the psychometric properties of the Nurses' Compassion Fatigue Inventory (NCFI). METHODS: This methodological study was made in 3 consecutive phases: the hybrid concept analysis, the item pool generation, the psychometric validation. RESULTS: The initial item pool contained 98 items. The psychometric properties were examined and exploratory factor analysis revealed a 6-factor structure. NCFI contained 35 items. The Cronbach's alpha, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were 0.940, 0.935, and 7.6, respectively. CONCLUSION: The NCFI has acceptable reliability and validity. It can be easily used by nursing researchers and managers and even hospital nurses.

The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Depression in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Depression is the most frequent psychiatric disorder among the elderly. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic and prevalent disease that has an ambiguous role in triggering depression. Several researches with contradictory findings have been performed about the association between OSA and depression. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between OSA and depression among elderly. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 350 home residing elderly took part in this case-control study. The participants were selected using clustering method. All cases were divided into two groups of depressed and non-depressed using the geriatric depression scale (GDS). Then they were matched in age, gender, education and body mass index (BMI). Berlin questionnaire (BQ) was used to diagnose OSA. Data analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test, t-test, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and odds ratio. RESULTS: Totally, 60.6 % of depressed group and 18.9 % of non-depressed group were in high risk for OSA. A significant association was found between OSA and depression (P < 0.001, OR = 6.61, CI 95 % = 4.1 - 10.7). In addition, a significant association was found between gender and OSA (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: OSA was associated with depression among the elderly patients. Given the high prevalence of OSA in older adults, implementation of screening methods is necessary to identify people at high risk of OSA.

Effect of Education on Prevention of Domestic Violence against Women.

OBJECTIVE: Family violence, specifically domestic violence, has been identified by the medical community as a serious, no remitting epidemic with adverse health consequences. World Health Organization(WHO) has stated that violence against women is a priority issue in the fields of health and human rights. A quasi experimental study were conducted in different faculties of Tehran University of Medical Sciences to determine the effect of teaching on prevention of domestic violence against female employees. METHODS: Forty four women working in various faculties of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2004 were selected. A designed questionnaire was given to the participants to identify kinds, causes and consequences of domestic violence. Then an educational booklet was given to subjects. This booklet contained information about kinds, causes and consequences of domestic violence and how to manage them. To compare the impact of teaching, the same questionnaires were distributed among the subjects after six months. The questionnaire was specifically tested for content validity. RESULTS: The results indicated that the incidence rate of domestic violence pre test and post test education was 5.17%. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that education had no effect on domestic violence. Solving problems relating to domestic violence due to cardinal roots in short time seems to be impossible and impracticable.