Commitment, perception and evidence-based practice training in Spanish nursing students: A multicentre cross-sectional study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the commitment and level of self-perceived training in evidence-based practice among students of the Nursing degree of five Spanish universities. BACKGROUND: In university Health Sciences degrees, evidence-based clinical practice can directly or indirectly impact the quality of care, the cost of the service provided and the safety of clinical practice. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional observational study according to STROBE guidelines. METHODS: The evidence-based skills in Practice questionnaire (CACH-PBE, for its acronym in Spanish) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Student Scale (UWES-9S) were used. The study was performed in five Spanish universities (Alicante, Castilla La Mancha, Jaen, Huelva and Seville) from October to December 2020, with 755 participants (Nursing students). RESULTS: A total mean score of 91.9 points (SD = 11.81) was observed for the CACH-PBE questionnaire and of 36.8 points (SD = 8.48 points) for the UWES-9S. In addition, the multivariate analysis predicted that variables such as sex, academia, university, intention to do a Master or Doctorate degree, the level of work engagement, and the previous training in evidence-based clinical practice were associated with a greater perception of evidence-based practice. CONCLUSION: The sample of Nursing degree students has intermediate-high levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice and work commitment, with differences observed between each of the universities. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing students should develop from intermediate to high levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice and work commitment. There are various actions to promote EBP, such as the incorporation of a specific course covering the subject into the nursing curriculum, and the selection, for clinical practices, of care units that implemented evidence-based care.

Frailty, depression risk and 10-year hospitalization in older adults. The FRADEA study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the interaction between frailty status and depression risk is associated with hospitalization density in older adults. METHODS: Ongoing cohort study in 794 subjects aged over 70 years from Albacete (Spain). Data were collected on depression risk, frailty, hospitalizations, and covariates. Participants were categorized into six groups. RESULTS: Adjusted hospitalization risk was higher for groups of prefrail/-non depression risk (HR 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.89), prefrail/depression risk (HR 1.73; 95% CI 1.29-2.30), frail/non depression risk (HR 1.79; 95% CI 1.22-2.62), and frail/depression risk (HR 2.12; 95% CI 1.49-3.02), compared with robust/non depression risk group (p<0.01). Frail and prefrail groups presented increased hospitalization density in the first four follow-up years. CONCLUSIONS: Depression risk changes the yearly probabilities of hospitalization in prefrail and frail groups, increasing them in the first years. Depression risk should be monitored in prefrail and frail older adults as an independent risk factor for hospitalization.

Frailty, depression risk, and 10-year mortality in older adults: the FRADEA study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate if depression risk modifies the association between frailty and mortality in older adults. DESIGN: Ongoing cohort study. SETTING: Albacete city, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred subjects, 58.8% women, over 70 years of age from the Frailty and Dependence in Albacete (FRADEA) study. MEASUREMENTS: Frailty phenotype, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), comorbidity, disability, and drug use were collected at baseline. Six groups were categorized: (G1: non-frail/no depression risk; G2: non-frail/depression risk; G3: prefrail/no depression risk; G4: prefrail/depression risk; G5: frail/no depression risk; and G6: frail/depression risk). Mean follow-up was 2542 days (SD 1006). GDS was also analyzed as a continuous variable. The association between frailty and depression risk with 10-year mortality was analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age was 78.5 years. Non-frail was 24.5%, prefrail 56.3%, frail 19.3%, and 33.5% at depression risk. Mean GDS score was 3.7 (SD 3.2), increasing with the number of frailty criteria (p < 0.001). Ten-year mortality rate was 44.9%. Mortality was 21.4% for the non-frail, 45.6% for the prefrail, and 72.7% for the frail participants, 56% for those with depression risk, and 39.3% for those without depression risk. Mean survival times for groups G1 to G6 were, respectively, 3390, 3437, 2897, 2554, 1887, and 1931 days. Adjusted mortality risk was higher for groups G3 (HR 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-3.1), G4 (HR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7-3.8), G5 (HR 3.8; 95% CI 2.4-6.1), and G6 (HR 4.0; 95% CI 2.6-6.2), compared with G1 (p < 0.001). Interaction was found between frailty and depression risk, although they were independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Depression risk increases mortality risk in prefrail older adults but not in non-frail and frail ones. Depression should be monitored in these older adults to optimize health outcomes. Factors modulating the relationship between frailty and depression should be explored in future studies.

Predictive model for risk of cesarean section in pregnant women after induction of labor.

PURPOSE: To develop a predictive model for risk of cesarean section in pregnant women after induction of labor. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 861 induced labors during 2009, 2010, and 2011 at Hospital "La Mancha-Centro" in Alcázar de San Juan, Spain. Multivariate analysis was used with binary logistic regression and areas under the ROC curves to determine predictive ability. Two predictive models were created: model A predicts the outcome at the time the woman is admitted to the hospital (before the decision to of the method of induction); and model B predicts the outcome at the time the woman is definitely admitted to the labor room. RESULTS: The predictive factors in the final model were: maternal height, body mass index, nulliparity, Bishop score, gestational age, macrosomia, gender of fetus, and the gynecologist's overall cesarean section rate. The predictive ability of model A was 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.80] and model B was 0.79 (95% CI 0.76-0.83). The predictive ability for pregnant women with previous cesarean section with model A was 0.79 (95% CI 0.64-0.94) and with model B was 0.80 (95% CI 0.64-0.96). For a probability of estimated cesarean section ≥80%, the models A and B presented a positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for cesarean section of 22 and 20, respectively. Also, for a likelihood of estimated cesarean section ≤10%, the models A and B presented a +LR for vaginal delivery of 13 and 6, respectively. CONCLUSION: These predictive models have a good discriminative ability, both overall and for all subgroups studied. This tool can be useful in clinical practice, especially for pregnant women with previous cesarean section and diabetes.

Relation between induced labour indications and neonatal morbidity.

PURPOSE: To assess the main neonatal morbidity results in relation to induced labour indications. METHODS: Historical groups from a total of 3,817 deliveries over a three year period (2009, 2010 and 2011) in "Mancha-Centro" Hospital (Alcázar de San Juan) formed the study group. All programmed and non-avoidable caesarean sections and pregnancies under 35 weeks were excluded. The main variable result was a neonatal morbidity variable made up of the Apgar score after 5 min, pH of umbilical artery <7.10 and the neonatal need for resuscitation type III-V. Multivariate analysis was used to control confounding variables. RESULTS: The incidence of induced labour was 22.6 % (862). The highest indication was premature rupture of membranes for more than 12 h 22.8 % (190), poorly controlled diabetes 22.6 % (189) and oligoamnios 16.2 % (135). The rate of pH lower than 7.10 was 2.8 % (22), the rate of the Apgar score lower than 7 after 5 min was 0.2 % (2) and the neonatal need for resuscitation type III-IV was 5.7 % (48) for induced labour. The relation between induced labour and neonatal morbidity indicators were not statistically significant. 10.1 % (4) of induced labour for suspected intrauterine growth restriction and 8.6 % (10) of postterm pregnancies required neonatal resuscitation type III-IV. DISCUSSION: No relation was found between induced labour and the neonatal morbidity indicators. The highest neonatal risk indicator is when a intrauterine growth restriction, hypertensión/preeclampsia or a postterm pregnancy is suspected.

Methacrylate Cationic Nanoparticles Activity against Different Gram-Positive Bacteria.

Nanotechnology is a developing field that has boomed in recent years due to the multiple qualities of nanoparticles (NPs), one of which is their antimicrobial capacity. We propose that NPs anchored with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) have antibacterial properties and could constitute an alternative tool in this field. To this end, the antimicrobial effects of three quaternised NPs anchored with DMAEMA were studied. These NPs were later copolymerized using different methylmethacrylate (MMA) concentrations to evaluate their role in the antibacterial activity shown by NPs. Clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis and Enterococcus faecalis were used to assess antibacterial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined at the different concentrations of NPs to appraise antibacterial activity. The cytotoxic effects of the NPs anchored with DMAEMA were determined in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cultures by MTT assays. All the employed NPs were effective against the studied bacterial strains, although increasing concentrations of the MMA added during the synthesis process diminished these effects without altering toxicity in cell cultures. To conclude, more studies with other copolymers are necessary to improve the antibacterial effects of NPs anchored with DMAEMA.

Prediction of an effective cervical ripenning in the induction of labour using vaginal dinoprostone.

To develop a predictive model for successful cervical ripening in women that undergo induction of labour by means of a vaginal prostaglandin slow-release delivery system (Propess®).  Prospective observational study on 204 women that required induction of labour between February 2019 and May 2020 at "La Mancha Centro" hospital in Alcázar de San Juan, Spain. The main variable studied was effective cervical ripening (Bishop score > 6). Using multivariate analysis and binary logistic regression, we created three initial predictive models (model A: Bishop Score + Ultrasound cervical length + clinical variables (estimated fetal weight, premature rupture of membranes and body mass index)); model B: Ultrasound cervical lenght + clinical variables; and model C: Bishop score + clinical variables) to predict effective cervical ripening. All three predictive models obtained (A, B and C) presented good predictive capabilities, with an area under the ROC curve ≥ 0.76. Predictive model C, composed of the variables: gestational age (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.18-2.03, p = 0.002), premature rupture of membranes (OR 3.21 95% CI 1.34-7.70, p = 0.09) body mass index (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87-0.98, p = 0.012), estimated fetal weight (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.99-1.00, p = 0.068) and Bishop score (OR 1.49 95% CI 1.18-1.81, p = 0.001), is presented as the model of choice with an area under the ROC curve of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.83, p < 0.001). A predictive model composed of the variables: gestational age, premature rupture of membranes, body mass index, estimated fetal weight and Bishop score upon admission presents good capabilities in predicting successful cervical ripening following administration of prostaglandins. This tool could be useful in making clinical decisions with regard to induction of labour.

Predictive Model of Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, and disabling neurodegenerative disease which evolves until the end of life and triggers different mood and organic alterations that influence health-related quality of life. The objective of our study was to identify the factors that negatively impact the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease and construct a predictive model of health-related quality of life in these patients. METHODS: An analytical, prospective observational study was carried out, including Parkinson's patients at different stages in the Albacete Health Area. The sample consisted of 155 patients (T0) who were followed up at one (T1) and two years (T2). The instruments used were a purpose-designed data collection questionnaire and the "Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire" (PDQ-39), with a global index where a higher score indicates a worse quality of life. A multivariate analysis was performed by multiple linear regression at T0. Next, the model's predictive capacity was evaluated at T1 and T2 using the area under the ROC curve (AUROC). RESULTS: Predictive factors were: sex, living in a residence, using a cane, using a wheelchair, having a Parkinson's stage of HY > 2, having Alzheimer's disease or a major neurocognitive disorder, having more than five non-motor symptoms, polypharmacy, and disability greater than 66%. This model showed good predictive capacity at one year and two years of follow-up, with an AUROC of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.94) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.89), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A predictive model constructed with nine variables showed a good discriminative capacity to predict the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease at one and two years of follow-up.

Use of Vaginal Dinoprostone (PGE2) in Patients with Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) Undergoing Induction of Labor: A Comparative Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect and safety of vaginal dinoprostone in pregnant women with PROM who undergo induction of labor (IoL). Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study conducted at La Mancha Centro hospital from 1 February 2019, to 30 August 2020. Obstetric and neonatal variables of 94 pregnant women with PROM who underwent IoL with vaginal dinoprostone were analyzed, and the results were compared with 330 patients without PROM who also underwent IoL. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using binary and multiple linear regression. Results: A total of 424 women were included in this study. A greater response to cervical ripening (Bishop score > 6) with PGE2 was observed in the PROM group (odds ratio (OR) 2.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.50−4.99, p = 0.001), as well as a shorter total duration of IoL (mean difference (MD) 2823.37 min (min), 95% CI 1257.30−4389.43, p < 0.001). Cesarean sections were performed in 28.7% (n = 27) of patients in the PROM group vs. 34.2% (n = 113) of patients in the non-PROM group, with no significant differences (OR 0.87%, 95% CI 0.47−1.60, p = 0.652). There were no significant differences in changes in the cardiotocographic record (CTG), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), uterine rupture, or adverse neonatal outcomes between the two groups. Conclusions: The use of vaginal dinoprostone in pregnant women undergoing IoL with PROM is safe for the mother and the fetus, shortens the total delivery time, and does not increase the risk of cesarean section compared with pregnant women undergoing IoL without PROM.

Nursing Student Satisfaction with the Teaching Methodology Followed during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Halfway through the 2019−2020 academic year, the entire university system was affected by an exceptional situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Online learning was globally implemented for all degrees to finish the course and to meet academic objectives. This unforeseen change in teaching and subsequent evaluations meant teachers and students had to invest significant effort. Student satisfaction is used to measure the evaluation of teaching/learning processes in higher education. Our objective was to know and compare the satisfaction of nursing students taught at a Spanish public university after making changes to the teaching methodology. Methods: A descriptive observational study that measures student satisfaction. Study population: 240 students registered in academic years 2019−2020 and 2020−2021 answered the survey. The survey contained 30 items answered on a Likert-type scale. The main variables: the learning methodology (online or blended) was the independent variable; student satisfaction was the dependent variable. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed. Results: A response rate between 37.4% and 41.2%. Overall satisfaction was 2.75 points (SD 0.56) and 2.94 points (SD 0.49) with online learning and bimodal learning, respectively (maximum score 4 points) (p < 0.004). Conclusions: Student satisfaction was moderate−high for both learning methodologies. Students found that the b-learning methodology was the most valued.

A bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivative against clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from otitis externa.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of a p-Cymene-based bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivative (SC-19) to advance in developing alternative therapeutic compounds to fight against bacterial isolates from patients with otitis externa (OE). METHODS: Eighteen swab specimens were collected from patients aged over 18 years diagnosed with OE within at least 7 days of symptom onset, contaminated by only one bacterium type: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5); Staphylococcus aureus (n = 8); Klebsiella aerogenes (n = 2); Serratia marcescens (n = 1); Morganella morganii (n = 2). To appraise antibacterial activity, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays were run at different SC-19 concentrations. RESULTS: When using SC-19, S. aureus strains showed less bacterial growth, but no bactericidal effect was observed. The MIC and MBC of SC-19 were 62.5 and 2000 µg/ml against S. aureus and were >2000 µg/ml against the other isolates obtained from OE, respectively. In addition, the MBICs and MBECs of SC-19 against S. aureus were 125 and >2000 µg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nowadays the acquired antibiotic resistance phenomenon has stimulated research into novel and more efficient therapeutic agents. Hence, we report that, helped by the structural diversity fostered herein by a range of bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivatives, SC-19 can be a promising alternative therapeutic option for treating OE caused by S. aureus given the observed effects on both planktonic state and biofilm. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Relationship between Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that implies a progressive and invalidating functional organic disorder, which continues to evolve till the end of life and causes different mental and physical alterations that influence the quality of life of those affected. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between motor and nonmotor symptoms and the quality of life of persons with PD. METHODS: An analytic, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with patients with different degrees of PD in the Albacete Health district. The estimated sample size required was 155 patients. The instruments used for data collection included a purpose-designed questionnaire and "Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire" (PDQ-39), which measures eight dimensions and has a global index where a higher score indicates a worse quality of life. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted (SPSS® IBM 24.0). Ethical aspects: informed consent and anonymized data. RESULTS: A strong correlation was found between the number of motor and nonmotor symptoms and global health-related quality of life and the domains mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, cognitive status, and pain (p < 0.05). Receiving pharmacological treatment and taking more than four medicines per day was significantly associated with a worse quality of life (p < 0.05). Patients who had undergone surgical treatment did not show better global quality of life (p = 0.076). CONCLUSIONS: All nonmotor symptoms and polypharmacy were significantly associated with a worse global quality of life.

Evolution of Quality of Life in Persons with Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that results in important functional symptoms, altered mood, and deterioration in quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to determine the evolution of the QoL in persons with PD in the Albacete health district over a two-year period and identify associated sociodemographic, clinical, and socio-health characteristics. A cohort study was conducted of patients at different stages of PD in the Albacete health district. Calculated sample size: 155 patients. Instruments: A purpose-designed questionnaire for data collection and the "Parkinson Disease Questionnaire" (PDQ-39), which measures 8 dimensions and a global index where a higher score indicates worse quality of life. Three measurements were made: baseline, one year, two years. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted. Ethical aspects: informed consent, anonymized data. Results: Mean age 69.51 (standard deviation, SD 8.73) years, 60% male, 75.5% married, and 85.5% lived with family. The most frequent motor symptoms were slow movement (86.23%), postural instability (55.5%), tremor (45.5%), and dyskinesia (24.6%). Among the non-motor symptoms were fatigue (66.2%), pain, daytime somnolence, constipation, and apathy, with approximately 50% each. The mean QoL score at baseline was 27.47 (SD 16.14); 95% CI (confidence interval) 24.91-30.03. At two years, global QoL had slightly worsened (28.3; SD 17.26; 95% CI 25.41-31.18), with a statistically significant worsening in mobility, activities of daily living, and communication, whereas social support improved.

Induction of Labor with Vaginal Dinoprostone (PGE2) in Patients with a Previous Cesarean Section: Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Vaginal dinoprostone (PGE2) is currently used as the prostaglandin of choice in many obstetric units. However, few studies have evaluated its safety, especially in women who previously had a cesarean section. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PGE2 in pregnant women who are undergoing induction of labor (IOL), and who have had a previous cesarean section. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in La Mancha Centro Hospital in Alcázar de San Juan, Spain, from 1 February 2019 to 30 August 2020. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes, following IOL with PGE2, in 47 pregnant women who wanted a trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC), and 377 pregnant women without a history of cesarean section, were analyzed. The outcomes were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate analyses using binary and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 424 women were included in this study. The percentage of cesarean sections in the TOLAC group was 44.7% (21), compared with 31.6% (119) in the group without a history of cesarean section (adjusted odds ratio: 1.4; 95% CI: 0.68-2.86). In the multivariate analysis, no statistically significant differences were observed between both groups for obstetric and neonatal outcomes (p > 0.05). However, two uterine ruptures (4.3%) occurred in the group of patients with a history of cesarean section who underwent IOL with PGE2. CONCLUSIONS: The induction of labor with vaginal dinoprostone (PGE2), in patients with a previous history of cesarean section, was not associated with worse obstetric or neonatal outcomes compared with the group of patients without a history of cesarean section in our study sample. However, further research is needed regarding this IOL method, and it should be used with caution in this population group.

A novel bis(pyrazolyl)methane compound as a potential agent against Gram-positive bacteria.

This study was designed to propose alternative therapeutic compounds to fight against bacterial pathogens. Thus, a library of nitrogen-based compounds bis(triazolyl)methane (1T-7T) and bis(pyrazolyl)methane (1P-11P) was synthesised following previously reported methodologies and their antibacterial activity was tested using the collection strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the novel compound 2P was fully characterized by IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy. To evaluate antibacterial activity, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs), and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) assays were carried out at different concentrations (2-2000 µg/mL). The MTT assay and Resazurin viability assays were performed in both human liver carcinoma HepG2 and human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell lines at 48 h. Of all the synthesised compounds, 2P had an inhibitory effect on Gram-positive strains, especially against S. aureus. The MIC and MBC of 2P were 62.5 and 2000 µg/mL against S. aureus, and 250 and 2000 µg/mL against E. faecalis, respectively. However, these values were > 2000 µg/mL against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In addition, the MBICs and MBECs of 2P against S. aureus were 125 and > 2000 µg/mL, respectively, whereas these values were > 2000 µg/mL against E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, concentrations up to 250 µg/mL of 2P were non-toxic doses for eukaryotic cell cultures. Thus, according to the obtained results, the 2P nitrogen-based compound showed a promising anti-Gram-positive effect (especially against S. aureus) both on planktonic state and biofilm, at non-toxic concentrations.

Relationship Between Prolonged Second Stage of Labor and Short-Term Neonatal Morbidity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To evaluate the association between prolonged second stage of labor and the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes with a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE were searched using the search strategy "Labor Stage, Second" AND (length OR duration OR prolonged OR abnormal OR excessive). Observational studies that examine the relationship between prolonged second stage of labor and neonatal outcomes were selected. Prolonged second stage of labor was defined as 4 h or more in nulliparous women and 3 h or more in multiparous women. The main neonatal outcomes were 5 min Apgar score <7, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, neonatal sepsis and neonatal death. Data collection and quality assessment were carried out independently by the three reviewers. Twelve studies were selected including 266,479 women. In nulliparous women, a second stage duration greater than 4 h increased the risk of 5 min Apgar score <7, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and neonatal sepsis and intubation. In multiparous women, a second stage of labor greater than 3 h was related to 5 min Apgar score <7, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, meconium staining and composite neonatal morbidity. Prolonged second stage of labor increased the risk of 5 min Apgar score <7 and admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in nulliparous and multiparous women, without increasing the risk of neonatal death. This review demonstrates that prolonged second stage of labor increases the risk of neonatal complications in nulliparous and multiparous women.

Perinatal factors related to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms 1-5 years following birth.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between perinatal variables and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was studied. However, the role of some variables in PTSD symptoms is unclear. AIM: Determine the prevalence of PTSD symptoms after 1 year postpartum and their relationship with perinatal variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 1531 puerperal women in Spain. Data were collected on socio-demographic variables, perinatal variables (maternal characteristics, procedures during labour and birth, birth outcomes and time since birth) and the newborn. An online questionnaire was used, which included the Perinatal Post-traumatic Stress Questionnaire (PPQ). Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated using binary logistic regression. FINDINGS: 7.2% (110) of the women were identified as being at risk for probable PTSD symptoms. Protective factors were having a birth plan respected (aOR 0.44; 95%CI 0.19-0.99), use of epidural analgesia (aOR 0.44; 95%CI 0.24-0.80) and experiencing skin-to-skin contact (aOR 0.33; 95%CI 0.20-0.55). Risk factors were instrumental birth (aOR 3.32; 95%CI1.73-3.39), caesarean section (aOR 4.80; 95%CI 2.51-9.15), receiving fundal pressure (aOR 1.72; 95%CI 1.08-2.74) and suffering a third/fourth degree perineal tear (aOR 2.73; 95%CI 1.27-5.86). The area under the model's ROC curve was 0.82 (95%CI 0.79-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Women who experience a normal birth, are psychologically prepared for birth (for example, through use of a birth plan), experience skin-to-skin contact with their newborn, and had a sense of physical control through the use of epidural analgesia, are less likely to experience childbirth as traumatic.

Phenolic substrates and suicide inactivation of tyrosinase: kinetics and mechanism.

The suicide inactivation mechanism of tyrosinase acting on its substrates has been studied. The kinetic analysis of the proposed mechanism during the transition phase provides explicit analytical expressions for the concentrations of o-quinone against time. The electronic, steric and hydrophobic effects of the substrates influence the enzymatic reaction, increasing the catalytic speed by three orders of magnitude and the inactivation by one order of magnitude. To explain the suicide inactivation, we propose a mechanism in which the enzymatic form E(ox) (oxy-tyrosinase) is responsible for such inactivation. A key step might be the transfer of the C-1 hydroxyl group proton to the peroxide, which would act as a general base. Another essential step might be the axial attack of the o-diphenol on the copper atom. The rate constant of this reaction would be directly related to the strength of the nucleophilic attack of the C-1 hydroxyl group, which depends on the chemical shift of the carbon C-1 (delta(1)) obtained by (13)C-NMR. Protonation of the peroxide would bring the copper atoms together and encourage the diaxial nucleophilic attack of the C-2 hydroxyl group, facilitating the co-planarity with the ring of the copper atoms and the concerted oxidation/reduction reaction, and giving rise to an o-quinone. The suicide inactivation would occur if the C-2 hydroxyl group transferred the proton to the protonated peroxide, which would again act as a general base. In this case, the co-planarity between the copper atom, the oxygen of the C-1 and the ring would only permit the oxidation/reduction reaction on one copper atom, giving rise to copper(0), hydrogen peroxide and an o-quinone, which would be released, thus inactivating the enzyme.

Relationship between the Duration of the Second Stage of Labour and Neonatal Morbidity.

(1) Background: To assess the relationship between the duration of the second stage of labour and the neonatal morbidity risk; (2) Methods: An observational, analytical, retrospective cohort study was performed at the "Mancha-Centro" Hospital (Spain) during the 2013⁻2016 period. Data were collected from 3863 women who gave a vaginal birth. The studied neonatal morbidity variables were umbilical cord arterial pH, 5-min Apgar score, need for advanced neonatal resuscitation, and a composite neonatal morbidity variable on which the multivariate analysis was done. A univariate analysis was used for the potential risk factors and a multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression to control for possible confounding factors; (3) Results: The univariate analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the duration of the second stage of labour and a high risk of advanced neonatal resuscitation and composite neonatal morbidity in multiparous women. However, after performing the multivariate analysis for the variable "composite neonatal morbidity", we observed no relationship with the duration of the second stage of labour in either nulliparous or multiparous women; (4) Conclusions: The duration of the second stage of labour was not related to an increased risk of neonatal morbidity in our study population.

Postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: Associated perinatal factors and quality of life.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between obstetric variables and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and its influence on quality of life (QoL), have scarcely been studied. OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of PTSD at postpartum weeks 4 and 6, and its relation with perinatal variables and quality of life METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 2990 Spanish puerperal women in Spain. Data were collected on socio-demographic and obstetric variables, and on newborns. An online ad hoc questionnaire was used, including the Perinatal Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire (PPQ) and SF-36. The crude and adjusted odds ratios were estimated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: 10.6% (318) of the women appeared at risk for PTSD symptoms. Factors like having a respected birth plan (aOR: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.34, 0.80), using epidural analgesia (aOR: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.44, 0.92) and performing skin-to-skin contact (aOR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.28, 0.50) were protective factors against PTSD, among others. Instrumental birth (aOR: 2.50; 95%CI: 1.70, 3.69) and caesarean section (aOR: 3.79; 95%CI: 2.43, 5.92) were found to be risk factors, among others. The area under the ROC curve in this model was 0.79 (95%CI: 0.76, 0.81). The women with PTSD presented a mean difference for QoL of -13.37 points less than those without PTSD (95%CI: -11.08, -15.65). CONCLUSIONS: The women with PTSD symptoms had a worse quality of life at postpartum weeks 4-6. Birth type, analgesia methods and humanising practices, like skin-to-skin contact and using respected birth plans, were related with presence of the postpartum PTSD risk.