Metal loads and biomarker suite responses in a tropical carnivorous fish indicative of anthropogenic impacts in a Southeastern Brazilian lagoon.

Tropical coastal lagoons are highly productive environments exhibiting high biodiversity. However, the use of these ecosystems by local communities is of concern, since this generally leads to environmental degradation. The Imboassica coastal lagoon, located in Macaé city, in Northern Rio de Janeiro, is an important ecosystem in the state, however, already displaying signs of anthropogenic impacts. Carnivorous fish Hoplias malabaricus specimens were sampled from this impacted site, as well as from a reference area. Fish from Imboassica Lagoon presented lower condition factor, lower cholinesterase activity, and higher percentage of erythrocyte micronuclei when compared to fish from the reference site. Metals in fish from Imboassica Lagoon were always higher than Encantada Lagoon, with some seasonal differences, where some metals were higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season in muscle tissue, with the exception of Cu, Fe, Sr, and Zn; and in the liver, except for Ba, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Sr. Cr and Mn in the edible muscle portion of the fish were higher than the limits established by Brazilian and International legislations as permissible for human consumption, thus leading to concerns regarding public health risks for the local population that use fish as their main protein source.

Mercury contents in aquatic macrophytes from two reservoirs in the Paraíba do Sul: Guandú river system, SE Brazil.

This paper reports on a study to determine the Hg content in the five most abundant aquatic macrophyte species (Elodea densa, Sagittaria montevidensis, Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes and Eichhornia crassipes) in two artificial reservoirs flooded by water diverted from the Paraíba do Sul river, SE Brazil. The potential of these species for Hg accumulation and their role in Hg transport along the river system due to macrophyte management were evaluated. Mercury concentrations were higher in free-floating than in rooted species. Roots were also richer in Hg than were leaves. Dry weight Hg concentrations in leaves and roots from all species varied from 46-246 ng.g(-1) to 37-314 ng.g(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those reported for uncontaminated lakes in Brazil and in other tropical areas and similar to those reported for moderately contaminated sites. Mercury concentrations can be attributed to fluvial transport from the heavily industrialized Paraíba do Sul river basin. Intensive sampling of Pistia stratiotes from two sites in the Vigário reservoir was performed to evaluate the capacity of Hg incorporation in short periods of time. The results showed a significant negative correlation between Hg content and size class of individual plants, demonstrating the importance of juveniles, fast growing plants in absorbing Hg. The foremost impact related to Hg contents in the studied area concerns the periodic removal of macrophytes for reservoir management, followed by disposal in nearby areas. This results in the mobilization of 0.52 to 1.3 Kg of Hg per year, a significant fraction of the Hg burden present in reservoir waters. Disposal of such material may result in Hg leaching to river systems, affecting the Hg transfer throughout the basin.

Contribution of a medium-sized tropical river to the particulate heavy-metal load for the South Atlantic Ocean.

The Paraíba do Sul River is a medium-sized river, 1145 km in length with a drainage basin of 55,400 km2. The riverine fluxes of particulate metals (Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe) were investigated over 24 months. Particulate matter samples were monthly collected from April 1994 to March 1996. The first 12-month period presented lower rainfall than the second, although both periods presented average precipitation lower than the regional average. The particulate matter flux in the second period (2,042,080 t) was 250% higher than the first period (821,489 t). The same trend was observed for the associated metals, which presented higher fluxes in the second period. This study highlights the strong dependence of the transported mass on the rainfall, and consequently with the river water discharge. The Paraiba do Sul River presents a low contribution to the world oceans, although the local contribution could be considered relevant.

The influence of Castanhão reservoir on nutrient and suspended matter transport during rainy season in the ephemeral Jaguaribe river (CE, Brazil).

Measurements of nutrient and suspended matter concentrations and loads entering and leaving the Castanhão reservoir during the rainy season were carried out to assess the influence of this large reservoir on land-sea fluvial transport in the ephemeral Jaguaribe river basin. Spatial variation indicated statistically significant attenuation of concentrations only for total phosphorous and suspended matter across the reservoir. Strong retention of nutrients and suspended matter loads by the reservoir was observed with average trapping efficiency of 89% for dissolved silicon, 98% of soluble reactive phosphorus, 71% for ammonium, 87% for total nitrogen, 98% for total phosphorus and 97% for suspended matter compared to the reservoir inflow. The dam operational procedure defined by the ephemeral conditions of the river reduced water releases compared to reservoir inflow and induced strong retention of nutrient and suspended matter loads within the reservoir when fluvial transfer occurs in this semiarid watershed.

Mercury contents in aquatic macrophytes from two reservoirs in the Paraíba do Sul: Guandú river system, SE Brazil

O presente estudo apresenta as concentrações de Hg em cinco espécies abundantes de macrófitas aquáticas (Elodea densa, Sagittaria montevidensis, Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes e Eichhornia crassipes) coletadas em duas represas que recebem águas da transposição do rio Paraíba do Sul, SE do Brasil. A acumulação de Hg nessas espécies e seu papel no transporte de Hg ao longo do sistema fluvial devido ao manejo das macrófitas são discutidos. As concentrações de Hg foram maiores nas macrófitas flutuantes que nas enraizadas. Em geral, as raízes apresentaram maiores concentrações de Hg que as folhas para todas as espécies. As concentrações de Hg variaram de acordo com as espécies entre 46-246 ng.g-1 e 37-314 ng.g-1, respectivamente. Estas concentrações são maiores que aquelas relatadas para macrófitas coletadas em lagos não contaminados no Brasil e em outras regiões tropicais, e similares àquelas relatadas para áreas moderadamente contaminadas. As concentrações de Hg podem ser atribuídas ao transporte fluvial a partir da região industrializada do vale do rio Paraíba do Sul. Uma amostragem intensiva de Pistia stratiotes na represa do Vigário foi realizada para avaliar a capacidade de incorporação de Hg por esta macrófita. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação negativa, significativa, entre as concentrações de Hg e o tamanho dos indivíduos, demonstrando a importância de juvenis desta espécie na absorção de Hg. A retirada periódica de macrófitas da represa, seguida por sua disposição em áreas adjacentes, pode afetar a dinâmica do Hg. Os resultados mostram uma mobilização de 0,52 a 1,3 kg Hg por ano, uma fração significativa da carga total de Hg presente nas águas da represa. A disposição inadequada deste material poderá resultar em um aumento da mobilização de Hg na bacia.