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OBJECTIVES: The aim was to assess the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the prevalence, relative incidence (RI), incidence density (ID), ratio of rate incidence (RRI), rate of incidence density (RID), and relative risks (RR) of healthcare-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) as well as its correlation with the antibiotic consumption. METHODS: Demographic and analytical data of adult patients exhibiting diarrhoea and testing positive for C. difficile were systematically collected from a tertiary care hospital in Madrid (Spain). The periods analysed included: prepandemic (P0), first pandemic-year (P1), and second pandemic-year (P2). We compared global prevalence, RI of HO-CDI per 1,000-admissions, ID of HO-CDI per 10,000-patients-days, RRI, RID, and RR. Antibiotic consumption was obtained by number of defined daily dose per 100 patient-days. RESULTS: In P0, the prevalence of HO-CDI was 7.4% (IC95%: 6.2-8.7); in P1, it increased to 8.7% (IC95%: 7.4-10.1) (p = 0.2), and in P2, it continued to increase to 9.2% (IC95%: 8-10.6) (p < 0.05). During P1, the RRI was 1.5 and RID was 1.4. However, during P2 there was an increase in RRI to 1.6 and RID to 1.6. The RR also reflected the increase in HO-CDI: at P1, the probability of developing HO-CDI was 1.5 times (IC95%: 1.2-1.9) higher than P0, while at P2, this probability increased to 1.6 times (IC95%: 1.3-2.1). There was an increase in prevalence, RI, ID, RR, RRI, and RID during the two postpandemic periods respect to the prepandemic period. During P2, this increase was greater than the P1. Meropenem showed a statistically significant difference increased consumption (p < 0.05) during the pandemic period. Oral vancomycin HO-CDI treatment showed an increase during the period of study (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of infection control measures during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic did not appear to alleviate the burden of HO-CDI. The escalation in HO-CDI cases did not exhibit a correlation with overall antibiotic consumption, except for meropenem.
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COVID-19 , Clostridioides difficile , Infecções por Clostridium , Infecção Hospitalar , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Clostridium/diagnóstico , Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Vancomicina/administração & dosagem , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Incidência , Surtos de Doenças , Prevalência , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Risco , Pandemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Controle de Infecções/estatística & dados numéricos , Meropeném/administração & dosagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
The aim of this work was to study the epidemiology of candidemia in our hospital in order to determine whether the T2MR system might be a useful tool for early diagnosis of candidemia in selected units. We perform a retrospective review of all candidemia episodes registered in the last 12 years in selected units of our hospital in adult and pediatric patients. Candida species and antifungal susceptibility patterns were registered. A total of 686 isolates were registered, of which 625 were infections due to the five most common species of Candida. C. albicans (45.6%) and C. parapsilosis (33.1%) were the predominant species found in our institution. In adults these species were closely followed by C. glabrata (12-21%) in all units. While in pediatric medical and intensive care units (PICU), these species were followed by other uncommon yeasts. Resistance rates to triazoles were low in C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. In C. glabrata and C. tropicalis the resistance rates to fluconazole ranged from 10.86 to 6.67%. Resistance rates for echinocandins were very low and all strains were susceptible to amphotericin B. T2Candida® might be useful to guide antifungal targeted treatment and discontinuation of antifungal empirical treatment in those units where the five most common Candida species represent more than the ninety percent of the isolates. The selection of medical and surgical units should be based on local epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility patterns. Incidence should be taken into account in order to make clinical decisions based on negative results. LAY ABSTRACT: T2Candida® might be useful selectively in clinical units according to their local epidemiology, antifungal resistance patterns, and incidence of candidemia. It optimizes the clinical value of positive results supporting decisions about targeted therapies or discontinuations based on negative results.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidemia/diagnóstico , Candidemia/epidemiologia , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Centros de Atenção Terciária/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Antifúngicos/classificação , Candida/classificação , Candidemia/microbiologia , Criança , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/instrumentação , Implementação de Plano de Saúde , Unidades Hospitalares/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Incidência , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Information about paediatric in-hospital antimicrobial usage and prescribing patterns to guide improvement strategies is scant. We aim to use an evaluation of the prevalence and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription to identify antimicrobial stewardship priorities in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional point study was performed on hospitalised paediatric patients in a Spanish tertiary hospital, assessing the prevalence of antimicrobial prescription (PAP) and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription (AAP). AAP was defined as a correct indication plus an appropriate prescribing pattern (dose, spectrum and interval). Evaluation was performed using established antimicrobial guidelines. Other factors that may have a bearing on antimicrobial prescription were also analysed. RESULTS: A total of 171 patients were included. PAP was 49.7% (85/171) and AAP was 60.9% (91/161). The most common indications for antimicrobial use were antimicrobial prophylaxis (28.3%, 32/113) and pneumonia (8.2%, 8/113). Overall, 161 antimicrobials were prescribed (1.9 antimicrobials per patient): 55.3% (89/161) were empiric, 16.1% (26/161) were targeted and 28.6% (46/161) were prophylactic. Amoxicillin/clavulanate (8.2%, 14/171) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (8.2%, 14/171) were the most prescribed antimicrobials. The prescription of antifungals (11.7%, 20/171) and antivirals (1.8%, 3/171) was analysed. Major causes of inappropriate antibiotic use were prolonged prescriptions (21.7%, 35/161) and use of agents with an excessively broad coverage spectrum (21.1%, 34/161). PAP and AAP varied between wards and antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of PAP and AAP offers valuable information for detecting priorities in hospital settings and monitoring antimicrobial usage prior to the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes. In our setting, the main areas for improvement are duration of therapy and proper use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Gestão de Antimicrobianos/normas , Prescrições de Medicamentos/normas , Prioridades em Saúde , Infecções/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Hospitais Pediátricos , Humanos , LactenteRESUMO
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections, particularly carbapenem-resistant strains, has become a significant global health concern. Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) has emerged as a promising treatment option. However, data on its efficacy and safety in children are scarce, necessitating further investigation. We conducted a descriptive case series at a tertiary hospital in Spain from February 2019 to January 2022. Pediatric patients (<16 years) treated with CZA for confirmed or suspected multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections were included. The clinical and microbiological characteristics, treatment approaches, and outcomes were examined. Eighteen children received CZA treatment. All had complex chronic conditions, with the most frequent underlying main diseases being liver transplantation (n = 8) and biliary atresia (n = 4). The predominant type of infection for which they received CZA was intra-abdominal infection caused or suspected to be caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. CZA was generally well tolerated. Within the first month of starting CZA therapy, two patients died, with one case directly linked to the infection's fatal outcome. Some patients needed repeated courses of therapy due to recurrent infections, yet no resistance development was noted. In summary, the use of CZA showed effectiveness and safety, while the lack of resistance development highlights CZA's potential as a primary treatment option against OXA-48-producing infections.
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OBJECTIVES: We describe clinical and microbiological features of infections caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (O48KP) in the setting of a prolonged, hospital-wide outbreak detected in January 2011. METHODS: Clinical, demographic and microbiological data of patients with growth of O48KP in clinical specimens were collected until December 2011. PCR was used to detect carbapenemase and ß-lactamase genes. The genetic relationships were determined by automated repetitive-sequence-based PCR. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients with clinically guided cultures showing growth of O48KP were identified. Nine were considered to be colonizing rather than causing infection. The most frequent source of infection was the urinary tract (22/62), followed by surgical site infections (17/62). Blood cultures were positive in 23/62 patients. Many patients had significant comorbidity and prolonged hospital stays. In-hospital mortality among patients with O48KP infections was 43.5%. The MIC(90)s of ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem were >32, 16 and 16 mg/L, respectively. No single antimicrobial was active against all the isolates. The antibiotics most active against O48KP were amikacin (97.2% susceptible), colistin (90.1%), tigecycline (73%) and fosfomycin (66.2%). Although eight clones were identified, a predominant clone caused 73.2% of the infections. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the predominant clone gave sequence type (ST) 405 and bla(TEM-1), bla(SHV-76), bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(OXA-1) genes and the insertion sequence IS1999 of the Tn1999 transposon were associated with bla(OXA-48) in this clone. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the largest reported series of infections caused by O48KP in the setting of a single-centre outbreak and provides further input on the clinical relevance of infections caused by O48KP and the difficulties associated with its detection and control.
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Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Centros de Atenção Terciária , beta-Lactamases/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecção Hospitalar/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/diagnóstico , Infecções por Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha/epidemiologia , Centros de Atenção Terciária/tendências , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem , beta-Lactamases/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In the last decade, there has been an exponential increase in the microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials and a significant increase in the cost of these types of drugs. This phenomenon has increased interest in the development of interventions for counseling on and control of the use of antimicrobials, referred to as stewardship programs. In this article we review, from various points of view, the tools that have been developed with this purpose. First, we highlight the value of locally adapted guidelines and clinical pathways as an essential part of the operational process. Then we emphasize the importance of the relationship between microbiologists and clinicians for the accurate transmission of the information provided by blood cultures to make the most appropriate choice of antimicrobial for the patient's treatment. We also review the computerized tools that have facilitated the correct use of antimicrobials according to the controls established by the departments of pharmacy. Based on the previous tools, some programs based on "bedside recommendations" provided by multidisciplinary teams have been developed for optimizing the rational use of antimicrobials (PROA programs). Finally, we comment on the peculiarities of the programs targeting antifungals that have been developed in recent years.
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Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Prescrições de Medicamentos/normas , Humanos , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance has been recognized as a worldwide problem. Our aim was to assess the perceptions of Spanish residents about antibiotic use and resistance. METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted on all resident doctors in five teaching hospitals (September to November 2010). A link to the questionnaire was e-mailed to 844 doctors. The questionnaire collected demographical characteristics, residents' knowledge about microorganisms of known clinical relevance, their habits in the antibiotic prescription process, and their perceptions on the activities aimed to improve antibiotic use. RESULTS: We received 279 responses corresponding to 33.05% of all targeted residents. The response rate was higher among junior than among senior residents (39.95% vs. 26.12%; p<0.05). Residents of all hospitals, specialties and seniority mostly considered that antimicrobial resistance was a significant problem at national level (94.3%), at their institution (91.3%), and for their daily practice (83.8%). Residents considered their training regarding antibiotics insufficient, although up to 86.5% had prescribed antibiotics in the last month. They preferred the availability of local antibiotic guidelines (65%), specific teaching sessions, specific antimicrobial management teams or readily accessible advice from a group or an infectious diseases specialist, to improve antibiotic prescribing, rather than other restrictive interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Most residents at the hospitals surveyed believed that antibiotic resistance was a serious problem. The results of this survey provided very important information to optimize adherence to Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs). Educational strategies and non-restrictive aids are the most valuable interventions, which ASPs should capitalize on to improve antimicrobial prescription.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Internato e Residência , Médicos/psicologia , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Hospitais de Ensino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Prescrição Inadequada , Infectologia/educação , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Prevalência , Espanha/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Introduction: Intestinal colonization by Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) can pose a threat on the health of critically ill patients. The extent of colonization by these organisms is related to previous antibiotic treatments and their ability to cause infections among adult patients. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the intestinal Relative Loads (RLs) of selected antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic consumption and extra-intestinal spread among critically ill pediatric patients. Methods: RLs of bla CTX-M-1-Family, bla OXA-1, bla OXA-48 and bla VIM were determined in 382 rectal swabs obtained from 90 pediatric critically ill patients using qPCRs. The RLs were compared to the patients' demographics, antibiotic consumption, and detection of MDROs from extra-intestinal sites. 16SrDNA metagenomic sequencing was performed for 40 samples and clonality analyses were done for representative isolates. Results and discussion: 76 (74.45%) patients from which 340 (89.01%) rectal swabs were collected had at least one swab that was positive for one of the tested genes. Routine cultures did not identify carbapenemases in 32 (45.1%) and 78 (58.2%) swabs that were positive by PCR for bla OXA-48 and blaVIM, respectively. RLs of above 6.5% were associated with extra-intestinal spread of blaOXA-48-harboring MDROs. Consumption of carbapenems, non-carbapenem ß-lactams, and glycopeptides were statistically associated with testing negative for bla CTX-M-1-Family and bla OXA-1 while the consumption of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and aminoglycosides was associated with testing negative for blaOXA-48 (P<0.05). In conclusion, targeted qPCRs can be used to determine the extent of intestinal dominance by antibiotic resistant opportunistic pathogens and their potential to cause extra-intestinal infections among a critically ill pediatric population.
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Estado Terminal , beta-Lactamases , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , beta-Lactamases/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Audits for monitoring the quality of antimicrobial prescribing are a main tool in antimicrobial stewardship programs; however, interobserver reliability has not been conclusively assessed. Our objective was to measure the level of agreement between pharmacists and physicians on the appropriateness of antimicrobials prescribing in hospitals. METHODS: A national multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted of patients who were receiving antimicrobials one day of April 2021. Hospital participation was voluntary, and the study population was randomly selected. Pharmacists and physicians performed a simultaneous, independent assessment of the quality of antimicrobial prescriptions. The observers used an assessment method by which all indicators of the quality of antimicrobial use were considered. Finally, an algorithm was used to rate overall antimicrobial prescribing as appropriate, suboptimal, inappropriate, or not assessable. Gwet's AC1 coefficient was used to assess interobserver agreement. RESULTS: In total, 101 hospitals participated, and 411 hospital antimicrobial prescriptions were reviewed. The strength of agreement was moderate regarding the overall quality of prescribing (AC1=0.51; 95%CI=[0.44-0.58]). A very good level of agreement (AC1>0.80) was observed between pharmacists and physicians in all indicators of the quality, except for duration of treatment, rated as good (AC1=0.79; 95%CI=[0.75-0.83]), and registration on the medical record, rated as fair (AC1=0.34; 95%CI=[0.26-0.43]). The agreement was greater in critical care, onco-hematology, and pediatric units than in medical and surgery units. CONCLUSIONS: In this point prevalence study, a moderate level of agreement was observed between pharmacists and physicians in the evaluation of the appropriateness of antimicrobials prescribing in hospitals.
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BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no validated method for estimating antimicrobial consumption in the neonatal population, as it exists for adults using Defined Daily Doses (DDD). In neonatology, although there are different methods, each one with advantages and disadvantages, there is no unified criterion for use. The aim of this study is to validate the neonatal DDD designed as a new standardised form of antimicrobial consumption over this population. METHODS: The validation of the neonatal DDD, Phase II of the research project, was carried out through a descriptive observational study. Periodic cut-offs were performed to collect antimicrobial prescriptions of neonates admitted to the neonatology and intensive care units of nine Spanish hospitals. The data collected included demographic variables (gestational age, postnatal age, weight and sex), antimicrobial dose, frequency and route of administration. The selection of the optimal DDD value takes into account power value, magnitude obtained from the differences in the DDD, statistical significance obtained by the Wilcoxon test and degree of agreement in the stipulated doses. RESULTS: Set of 904 prescriptions were collected and finally 860 were analysed based on the established criteria. The antimicrobials were mostly prescribed in the intensive care unit (63.1%). 32 different antimicrobials were collected, and intravenous administration was the most commonly used route. Neonatal DDD were defined for 11 different antimicrobials. A potency > 80% was obtained in 7 antibiotics. The 57.1% of the selected DDD correspond to phase I and 21.4% from phase II. CONCLUSION: DDD validation has been achieved for the majority of intravenously administered antimicrobials used in clinical practice in the neonatal population. This will make it possible to have an indicator that will be used globally to estimate the consumption of antimicrobials in this population, thus confirming its usefulness and applicability.
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Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of diarrhea in hospitalized adult patients. This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics, clinical cure, recurrence and mortality in patients with CDI treated with either fidaxomicin or vancomycin. Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted on patients with CDI treated with either fidaxomicin or vancomycin at a hospital from January 2019 to March 2022. Results We assessed 140 patients with CDI episodes, 70 patients treated with fidaxomicin and 70 with vancomycin. Seventy (50%) were male. Median age was 70 years old (IQR: 56-81). Fidaxomicin group had more recurrent CDI episodes within six months (59% vs 11%, p ≤ 0.001), more severity (43% vs 16%, p ≤ 0.001) and less treatment response (84% vs 100%, p ≤ 0.002) compared with vancomycin group. Recurrence and mortality rates in the follow-up period did not differ in both groups. Conclusions Our study found fidaxomicin treatment had worse outcomes due to restricted usage, potentially impacting its effectiveness in CDI. This finding is especially significant for patients with severe or recurrent CDI, as prescribing of the drug was limited until May 2022 in Spain with the lifting of this restriction, further research is necessary to better understand the potential benefits of fidaxomicin in treating CDI.
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OBJECTIVES: To describe: 1) the main features of antimicrobial stewardship activities (ASA) in Spanish hospitals and 2) the perceptions of the Spanish Infectious Diseases (ID) community on ASA. METHODS: An online survey was designed and distributed through the e-mailing lists of several working groups of the Spanish Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society. RESULTS: Between September 15 and November 23, 2009, surveys representing 78 hospitals were received. Most of the respondents were either ID physicians (30%) or microbiologists (29%), and 31/78 hospitals (40%) had ongoing ASA. These hospitals were concentrated in 4 of the 17 regions, particularly in Catalonia. Professionals belonging to 26/31 centres with ASA completed the survey. The most frequent principles of antibiotic (ABX) stewardship implemented in these programs were: 1) ABX streamlining (22/26) and 2) intravenous to oral switch (22/26) followed by 3) strategic monitoring of ABX (21/26). In 22/26 (86%) of the centres with ASA any physician could initially prescribe any of the antimicrobials included in the formulary. The most frequent activity carried out was ABX restriction, 69% (18/26) followed by conferences 61% (16/26) and therapeutic audit and feed-back 54% (14/26). When asked which antimicrobials that should be closely monitored, carbapenems were considered by all respondents in centres with ongoing ASA. CONCLUSIONS: 1) A minority (40%) of the surveyed hospitals in Spain has an ongoing ASA and large geographical variations were observed. 2) ASA were most commonly structured in the form of an integrated part-time multidisciplinary team of ID physicians and Pharmacists, and 3) Carbapenems were considered the ABX most required to be monitored.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Coleta de Dados , Uso de Medicamentos/normas , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , EspanhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the epidemic has grown rapidly, with the greatest impact on the region of Madrid. This article describes the first 2226 adult patients with COVID-19, consecutively admitted to La Paz University Hospital in Madrid. METHODS: Our cohort included all patients consecutively hospitalized who had a final outcome (death or discharge) in a 1286-bed hospital of Madrid (Spain) from 25 February (first case admitted) to 19 April 2020. The data were manually entered into an electronic case report form, which was monitored prior to the analysis. RESULTS: We consecutively included 2226 adult patients admitted to the hospital who either died (460) or were discharged (1766). The patients' median age was 61 years, and 51.8% were women. The most common comorbidity was arterial hypertension (41.3%), and the most common symptom on admission was fever (71.2%). The median time from disease onset to hospital admission was 6 days. The overall mortality was 20.7% and was higher in men (26.6% vs. 15.1%). Seventy-five patients with a final outcome were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) (3.4%). Most patients admitted to the ICU were men, and the median age was 64 years. Baseline laboratory values on admission were consistent with an impaired immune-inflammatory profile. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a description of the first large cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Europe. Advanced age, male sex, the presence of comorbidities and abnormal laboratory values were more common among the patients with fatal outcomes.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify indicators of hospital use of antimicrobials from the benchmark analysis of consumption data between hospitals at the same level through the collective judgement of a group of experts. METHOD: A committee formed by members of the Spanish Societies of Hospital Pharmacy and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology prepared a proposal of indicators which was submitted to consensus by a panel of 21 experts on infectious diseases, microbiology and antimicrobial therapy, through a modified Delphi method. The panel underwent two rounds of scores by e-mail. Participants assigned a score from 1 (completely disagree) to 9 (completely agree) to the relevance of each indicator in four dimensions: scientific evidence, efficacy and safety, ecological impact and cost. Scores were processed according to the RAND- UCLA method. An indicator was considered to be relevant if at least one dimension other than cost obtained a median score equal to or higher than 7 without disagreement among the panel. RESULTS: The committee submitted an initial proposal of 14 indicators. After the first round of panel scores, one indicator was ruled out and two were modified for moving on to the second round. Finally, 13 indicators were considered relevant. CONCLUSIONS: Determining indicators of the hospital use of antimicrobial agents based on consumption can allow the antimicrobial stewardship programs to detect any potential problems with the use of antimicrobial agents, and to help guide their efforts in order to implement actions of improvement, as well as to assess the impact of the measures implemented.
Objetivo: Identificar unos indicadores del uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos a partir del análisis comparativo de los datos de consumo entre hospitales del mismo nivel por medio del juicio colectivo de un grupo de expertos.Método: Un comité formado por miembros de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria y de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica preparó una propuesta de indicadores que fue sometida a consenso por un panel de 21 expertos en enfermedades infecciosas, microbiología y terapéutica antimicrobiana mediante un método Delphi modificado. El panel se sometió a dos rondas de puntuaciones por correo electrónico. Los participantes puntuaron de 1 (completamente en desacuerdo) a 9 (completamente de acuerdo) la relevancia de cada indicador en cuatro dimensiones: evidencia científica, eficacia y seguridad, repercusión ecológica y coste. Las puntuaciones fueron procesadas según el método UCLA-RAND. Un indicador fue juzgado como relevante si al menos una dimensión distinta al coste obtenía una mediana de puntuación igual o superior a 7 sin haber desacuerdo entre el panel.Resultados: El comité planteó una propuesta inicial de 14 indicadores. Tras la primera ronda de puntuaciones del panel, un indicador fue desestimado y dos fueron modificados para el paso a la segunda ronda. Finalmente, 13 indicadores fueron considerados relevantes.Conclusiones: El establecimiento de indicadores del uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos basados en el consumo puede permitir a los programas de optimización de antimicrobianos detectar cuáles son los problemas potenciales de uso de los antimicrobianos, y ayudar a orientar sus esfuerzos para emprender acciones de mejora, así como para valorar el impacto de las medidas efectuadas.
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Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Uso de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais/estatística & dados numéricos , Anti-Infecciosos/efeitos adversos , Anti-Infecciosos/economia , Gestão de Antimicrobianos , Consenso , Técnica Delphi , Custos de Medicamentos , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Infecções/tratamento farmacológico , Espanha , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objectives. Our observational, retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation between bacteria isolated from bronchial aspirates of pediatric ICU patients (PICU) with respiratory infections and those obtained from conjunctival swabs of the same patients exhibiting clinical conjunctivitis. Material and methods. Throughout the period from 2015 to 2022, we reviewed all clinically significant bronchial aspirates (≥105 CFU/mL) and positive conjunctival swabs obtained from PICU patients. These records were retrieved from the microbiology database, cross-referencing the data to identify patients who tested positive for both during the same clinical episode. Results. The median age of the patients was 5 months (interquartile range: 1-7). Among the cohort, twenty-one patients exhibited positivity in both bronchial aspirate and conjunctival swab samples, showcasing a microbial match in 85.71% of cases (18 out of 21). The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Haemophilus influenzae (55.6%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.3%), Klebsiella aerogenes (9.5%), and Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Enterobacter cloacae, each accounting for 4.8% of the isolates. Conclusions. Our study demonstrates a strong concordance between the isolated microorganisms from both samples in patients presenting clear symptoms of clinical conjunctivitis. These findings provide a basis for future prospective studies that may leverage conjunctival swabs as a predictive tool for identifying microorganisms involved in respiratory infections. (AU)
Objetivos. Nuestro estudio observacional y retrospectivo tuvo como objetivo determinar la correlación entre las bacterias aisladas de aspirados bronquiales de pacientes de UCI pediátrica (UCIP) con infecciones respiratorias y las obtenidas de hisopos conjuntivales de los mismos pacientes que presentaban conjuntivitis clínica. Material y métodos. A lo largo del periodo comprendido entre 2015 y 2022, se revisaron todos los aspirados bronquiales clínicamente significativos (≥105 UFC/mL) y los hisopos conjuntivalespositivos obtenidos de pacientes de UCIP. Estos registros se recuperaron de la base de datos de microbiología, cruzando los datos para identificar a los pacientes que dieron positivo en ambos durante el mismo episodio clínico. Resultados. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue de 5 meses (rango intercuartílico: 1-7). Entre la cohorte, veintiún pacientes presentaron positividad tanto en las muestras de aspirado bronquial como en las de hisopo conjuntival, mostrando una coincidencia microbiana en el 85,71% de los casos (18 de 21). Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron Haemophilus influenzae (55,6%), seguido de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14,3%), Klebsiella aerogenes (9,5%) y Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophiliay Enterobacter cloacae, cada uno de los cuales representó el 4,8% de los aislamientos. Conclusiones. Nuestro estudio demuestra una fuerte concordancia entre los microorganismos aislados de ambas muestras en pacientes que presentan síntomas claros de conjuntivitis clínica. Estos hallazgos proporcionan una base para futuros estudios prospectivos que podrían aprovechar los hisopos conjuntivales como herramienta predictiva para identificar microorganismos implicados en infecciones respiratorias. (AU)
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Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Olho , Brônquios , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Infecções Respiratórias , Conjuntivite , Microbiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The main goal was to assess the reasons for antiretroviral therapy (ART) change in patients with HIV in a hospital setting in routine clinical practice. The economic impact of ART modification was also analysed. METHODS: Patients with HIV who changed their ART between 24 November and 24 December 2014 were registered. Length of initial therapy, type of ART before and after therapy modification, and reasons for the ART change were analysed. To assess the economic impact, antiretroviral drug costs at the time of the study were recorded. RESULTS: Of a cohort of 3850 patients with HIV, 1976 attended for pharmaceutical care consultation at Hospital Universitario La Paz during the study period. Ninety-two patients (4.7%) had their ART modified. The median length of the previous therapy was 26â months (range 1-144). The most common initial therapy regimen was 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)+1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) (29.4%), and the most common one after modification was 2 NRTI+1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (40.2%). Forty-three modifications were made because of toxicity and adverse effects (46.7%), 25 because of therapy simplification (27.2%), 16 because of treatment failure (17.4%), and 8 because of drug-drug interactions (8.7%). ART costs increased by a mean of 14 (SD 216; range -528 to +831) per month per patient after therapy modification at the time of study. CONCLUSIONS: Toxicity and adverse effects were the most common reason for ART alteration in patients with HIV in routine clinical practice in a hospital setting. Better knowledge about factors that motivate these changes may contribute to decreased toxicity and increased treatment success. ART modification had a variable but not very substantial economic impact.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Identificar unos indicadores del uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos a partir del análisis comparativo de los datos de consumo entre hospitales del mismo nivel por medio del juicio colectivo de un grupo de expertos. Método: Un comité formado por miembros de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria y de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica preparó una propuesta de indicadores que fue sometida a consenso por un panel de 21 expertos en enfermedades infecciosas, microbiología y terapéutica antimicrobiana mediante un método Delphi modificado. El panel se sometió a dos rondas de puntuaciones por correo electrónico. Los participantes puntuaron de 1 (completamente en desacuerdo) a 9 (completamente de acuerdo) la relevancia de cada indicador en cuatro dimensiones: evidencia científica, eficacia y seguridad, repercusión ecológica y coste. Las puntuaciones fueron procesadas según el método UCLA-RAND. Un indicador fue juzgado como relevante si al menos una dimensión distinta al coste obtenía una mediana de puntuación igual o superior a 7 sin haber desacuerdo entre el panel. Resultados: El comité planteó una propuesta inicial de 14 indicadores. Tras la primera ronda de puntuaciones del panel, un indicador fue desestimado y dos fueron modificados para el paso a la segunda ronda. finalmente, 13 indicadores fueron considerados relevantes. Conclusiones: El establecimiento de indicadores del uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos basados en el consumo puede permitir a los programas de optimización de antimicrobianos detectar cuáles son los problemas potenciales de uso de los antimicrobianos, y ayudar a orientar sus esfuerzos para emprender acciones de mejora, así como para valorar el impacto de las medidas efectuadas
Objective: To identify indicators of hospital use of antimicrobials from the benchmark analysis of consumption data between hospitals at the same level through the collective judgement of a group of experts. Method: A committee formed by members of the Spanish Societies of Hospital Pharmacy and Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology prepared a proposal of indicators which was submitted to consensus by a panel of 21 experts on infectious diseases, microbiology and antimicrobial therapy, through a modified Delphi method. The panel underwent two rounds of scores by e-mail. Participants assigned a score from 1 (completely disagree) to 9 (completely agree) to the relevance of each indicator in four dimensions: scientific evidence, efficacy and safety, ecological impact and cost. Scores were processed according to the RAND-UCLA method. An indicator was considered to be relevant if at least one dimension other than cost obtained a median score equal to or higher than 7 without disagreement among the panel. Results: The committee submitted an initial proposal of 14 indicators. After the first round of panel scores, one indicator was ruled out and two were modified for moving on to the second round. finally, 13 indicators were considered relevant. Conclusions: Determining indicators of the hospital use of antimicrobial agents based on consumption can allow the antimicrobial stewardship programs to detect any potential problems with the use of antimicrobial agents, and to help guide their efforts in order to implement actions of improvement, as well as to assess the impact of the measures implemented
Assuntos
Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviço de Farmácia Hospitalar , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Sociedades Farmacêuticas/normas , Doenças Transmissíveis/tratamento farmacológico , Técnica Delphi , Indicadores de Serviços/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Introduction: Information about paediatric in-hospital antimicrobial usage and prescribing patterns to guide improvement strategies is scant. We aim to use an evaluation of the prevalence and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription to identify antimicrobial stewardship priorities in children. Methods: A cross-sectional point study was performed on hospitalised paediatric patients in a Spanish tertiary hospital, assessing the prevalence of antimicrobial prescription (PAP) and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription (AAP). AAP was defined as a correct indication plus an appropriate prescribing pattern (dose, spectrum and interval). Evaluation was performed using established antimicrobial guidelines. Other factors that may have a bearing on antimicrobial prescription were also analysed. Results: A total of 171 patients were included. PAP was 49.7% (85/171) and AAP was 60.9% (91/161). The most common indications for antimicrobial use were antimicrobial prophylaxis (28.3%, 32/113) and pneumonia (8.2%, 8/113). Overall, 161 antimicrobials were prescribed (1.9 antimicrobials per patient): 55.3% (89/161) were empiric, 16.1% (26/161) were targeted and 28.6% (46/161) were prophylactic. Amoxicillin/clavulanate (8.2%, 14/171) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (8.2%, 14/171) were the most prescribed antimicrobials. The prescription of antifungals (11.7%, 20/171) and antivirals (1.8%, 3/171) was analysed. Major causes of inappropriate antibiotic use were prolonged prescriptions (21.7%, 35/161) and use of agents with an excessively broad coverage spectrum (21.1%, 34/161). PAP and AAP varied between wards and antimicrobials. Conclusions: Measurement of PAP and AAP offers valuable information for detecting priorities in hospital settings and monitoring antimicrobial usage prior to the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes. In our setting, the main areas for improvement are duration of therapy and proper use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (AU)
Introducción: La información sobre el uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos en pediatría para orientar estrategias de mejora es escasa. Proponemos utilizar la evaluación de prevalencia y adecuación de la prescripción antimicrobiana para identificar prioridades en programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos en niños. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños hospitalizados en un centro terciario español evaluando la prevalencia de prescripción antimicrobiana (PPA) y la proporción de adecuación en prescripción antimicrobiana (PAA). Se definió la PAA como una correcta indicación más un apropiado patrón de prescripción del antimicrobiano (dosis, espectro e intervalo) según guías establecidas. Se analizaron también otros factores con influencia potencial en prescripción. Resultados: Se incluyeron 171 pacientes, obteniendo una PPA=49,7% (85/171) y PAA=60,9% (91/161). Profilaxis antimicrobiana (28,3%, 32/113) y neumonía (8,2%, 8/113) fueron las indicaciones más frecuentes. Se realizaron 161 prescripciones antimicrobianas (1,9 antimicrobianos por paciente): 55,3% (89/161) empíricas; 16,1% (26/161) dirigidas y 28,6% (46/161) profilácticas. Amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico (8,2%, 14/171) y trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (8,2%, 14/171) fueron los antimicrobianos más prescritos. Se analizó la prescripción antifúngica (11,7%, 20/171) y antiviral (1,8%, 3/171). Las principales causas de uso inapropiado de antibióticos fueron el uso prolongado (21,7%, 35/161) y espectros de cobertura demasiado amplios (21,1%, 34/161). La PPA y PAA variaron según área de hospitalización y antimicrobianos. Conclusiones: La PPA y PAA ofrecen información valiosa para detectar prioridades en hospitales previamente al desarrollo de programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos y monitorizar el uso de antimicrobianos. En nuestro centro la duración del tratamiento y el espectro antimicrobiano excesivo fueron las principales áreas a mejorar (AU)