Microcalcification and 99mTc-Pyrophosphate Uptake without Increased Bone Metabolism in Cardiac Tissue from Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is characterized by high 99mTc-labeled bone tracer uptake in the heart. However, the mechanism of bone tracer uptake into the heart remains controversial. Since bone tracer uptake into metastatic bone tumors is thought to be associated with increased bone metabolism, we examined 99mTc-pyrophosphate (PYP) scintigraphy findings, endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) tissue findings, and the expression of bone metabolism-related genes in the EMB tissues in patients with ATTR-CA, amyloid light-chain cardiac amyloidosis (AL-CA), and noncardiac amyloidosis (non-CA) in this study. The uptake of 99mTc-PYP in the heart was significantly higher in the ATTR-CA patients than in the AL-CA and non-CA patients. A higher percentage of ATTR-CA EMB tissue showed von Kossa-positive microparticles: ATTR-CA, 62%; AL-CA, 33%; and non-CA, 0%. Calcified microparticles were identified using transmission electron microscopy. However, none of the osteogenic marker genes, osteoclastic marker genes, or phosphate/pyrophosphate-related genes were upregulated in the EMB samples from ATTR-CA patients compared to those from AL-CA and non-CA patients. These results suggest that active calcification-promoting mechanisms are not involved in the microcalcification observed in the heart in ATTR-CA. The mechanisms explaining bone tracer uptake in the heart, which is stronger than that in the ribs, require further investigation.

Paclitaxel-carboplatin and bevacizumab combination with maintenance bevacizumab therapy for metastatic, recurrent, and persistent uterine cervical cancer: An open-label multicenter phase II trial (JGOG1079).

OBJECTIVE: This multicenter, open-label, phase II study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel-carboplatin, bevacizumab, and bevacizumab-based maintenance therapy for metastatic, recurrent, and persistent uterine cervical cancer. METHODS: Patients with measurable diseases that were not adapted to regional therapies, such as surgery or radiotherapy, and were systematic chemotherapy-naïve were eligible. The participants received paclitaxel (175 mg/m2), carboplatin (AUC 5), and bevacizumab (15 mg/m2) every three weeks until disease progression or unacceptable adverse events occurred. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), safety, and time to treatment failure. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients were analyzed using our protocol. The median paclitaxel- carboplatin therapy duration was six cycles; 40% of patients received bevacizumab maintenance therapy. The median PFS was 11.3 months. The median OS was not reached; the median time to treatment failure was 5.9 months. The ORR was 79.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 63.8-88.4]; 16 patients (23.2%) showed complete response (CR) and 39 patients (56.5%) showed partial response (PR). The median PFS was 14.3 months (95% CI 7.3-17 months) for the 25 patients who received maintenance therapy and 7.4 months (95% CI 6.1-11 months) for nonrecipients (p = 0.0449). Gastrointestinal perforation/fistulas occurred in four patients (5.6%), all of whom had a history of radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Paclitaxel-carboplatin and bevacizumab therapy is an acceptable and tolerable treatment for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer.

Advantage of a higher position of the tracheostoma with glottic closure for preventing complications related to tracheostomy tube: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Surgery to prevent aspiration has complications related to tracheostomy tube, such as the trachea-brachiocephalic artery fistula. Glottic closure procedure makes tracheostoma at a position higher than the first ring of the trachea and theoretically has a potential to prevent such complications owing to a longer distance between the tip of tracheostomy tube and the tracheal membrane adjacent to the brachiocephalic artery. Our aim is to evaluate the safety of glottic closure in neurologically impaired patients by comparing outcomes with laryngotracheal separation. METHODS: This study is a single-center retrospective study from 2004 to 2019, using data of 15 and 12 patients who underwent glottic closure (GC) and laryngotracheal separation (LTS). The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative complications induced by tracheostomy tube placement and adjustment of the tracheostomy tube position to prevent these complications, such as by converting to a length-adjustable tube and/or placing gauze between the skin and tube flange. Additionally, we analyzed the anatomical relationship between the tracheostomy tube tip and brachiocephalic artery and measured the distance between them using postoperative CT images. RESULTS: No patients in either group had trachea-brachiocephalic artery fistula. Erosion or granuloma formation occurred in 1 patient (7%) and 4 patients (33%) in the GC and LTS groups, respectively. Adjustment of the tracheostomy tube was needed in 2 patients (13%) and 6 patients (50%) in the GC and LTS groups. CT revealed a higher proportion of patients with the tracheostomy tube tip superior to the brachiocephalic artery in GC than LTS group. The mean tracheostoma-brachiocephalic artery distance was 40.8 and 32.4 mm in the GC and LTS groups. CONCLUSIONS: Glottic closure reduces the risk of postoperative complications related to a tracheostomy tube. This may be due to the higher position of the tracheostoma at the level of the cricoid cartilage, increasing the distance between the tracheostoma and brachiocephalic artery.

Safe sedation management using volatile anesthetics during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Several pieces of evidence suggest that volatile anesthetics (VAs), which were originally used as sedatives, have myocardial protective effects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. In Europe and the United States, the use of VAs during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is widespread, as 2019 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)/European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology/European Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion, 2011 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, and 2017 EACTS guidelines recommend their use in cardiovascular surgery, based on their potential myocardial protective effects. In other countries, including Japan, the use of VAs is gradually increasing. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the risks and possible adverse events associated with VA use during CPB to ensure safe sedation management. Herein, we describe in detail issues such as intraoperative awareness, air pollution, and damage to oxygenators due to VA use and propose precautions.

Evaluation of Serum Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein as a New Inflammatory Biomarker of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Studies on serum leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are scarce; the methods for estimating disease activity are less established, particularly for CD. This study is aimed at evaluating the utility of serum LRG as a potential inflammatory marker for IBD and to investigate the LRG gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a possible source of serum LRG. Overall, 98 patients with UC and 96 patients with CD were prospectively enrolled and clinically evaluated; 92 age-matched individuals served as the healthy controls. The blood samples were analyzed for serum LRG levels and routine laboratory parameters. Disease activity was assessed clinically and endoscopically. Finally, LRG gene expression in the PBMCs from a different cohort (41 patients with UC, 34 patients with CD, and 30 healthy controls) was examined. The serum LRG levels were higher during active disease than during inactive disease; additionally, serum LRG levels were positively correlated with clinical disease activity, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and other laboratory parameters in patients with UC and CD and with endoscopic disease activity in UC. UC and CD showed comparable areas under the curve (AUC) values for determining clinical remission and differentiating between endoscopic remission associated with LRG and CRP. The levels of LRG mRNA were also increased in PBMCs from patients with UC and CD and reflected disease activity. These data suggest that serum LRG, originated partially from PBMCs, is an inflammatory marker in UC and CD. A large-scale well-designed study should be conducted in the future to more accurately reveal the clinical significance of LRG in patients with IBD.

Efficacy and Safety of Early Intravenous Landiolol on Myocardial Salvage in Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction before Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Study.

Early treatment with an oral ß-blocker is recommended in patients with a ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In this multicenter study, we evaluated the effects of a continuous administration of landiolol, an ultrashort-acting ß-blocker, before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on myocardial salvage and its safety in STEMI patients. A total of 47 Japanese patients with anterior or lateral STEMI undergoing a primary PCI within 12 h of symptom onset were randomized to receive intravenous landiolol (started at 3 µg/min/kg dose and continued to a total of 50 mg; n=23) or not (control; n=24). Patients with Killip class III or more were excluded. The primary outcome was the myocardial salvage index on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 5-7 days after the PCI. Cardiac MRI was performed in 35 patients (74%). The myocardial salvage index in the landiolol group was significantly greater than that in the control group (44.4±14.6% vs. 31.7±18.9%, respectively; p=0.04). There were no significant differences in adverse events at 24 h between the landiolol and control groups. A continuous administration of landiolol before a primary PCI may increase the degree of myocardial salvage without additional hemodynamic adverse effects within the first 24 h after STEMI.

Altered serum profile of the interleukin-22 system in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Interleukin-22 (IL-22), plays a vital role in the mucosal repair of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Serum levels of IL-22 and IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), a soluble inhibitory IL-22 receptor, were measured in patients with IBD to investigate the profile of IL-22 in the systemic circulation. METHODS: Blood samples from 92 healthy subjects, 98 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 105 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were analyzed for serum levels of IL-22, IL-22BP, human ß-defensin 2 (hBD-2), and serum inflammatory parameters. Disease activity was assessed by the partial Mayo score and Harvey-Bradshaw index for UC and CD, respectively. RESULTS: Serum IL-22 level was lower in UC (P < 0.001) and CD (P < 0.001) vs control and its decrease was more pronounced in CD than in UC (P = 0.019). Serum IL-22BP level was lower in UC (P < 0.001) and CD (P < 0.001) vs control and correlated with inflammatory parameters (albumin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in UC; hemoglobin, albumin, and CRP in CD). Serum IL-22/IL-22BP ratios were higher in UC (P = 0.009) vs control and correlated with inflammatory parameters (albumin and CRP). Serum hBD-2 level was higher only in CD (P = 0.015) but did not correlate with serum IL-22 levels, IL-22BP levels, IL-22/IL-22BP ratios, or inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Dysregulation of the IL-22 system in the blood may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Further studies are needed to understand the pathogenic and clinical significance of the blood IL-22 system in IBD.

Lidocaine inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-A-induced angiogenesis.

PURPOSE: Angiogenesis is closely related to the pathophysiology of diseases such as cancer or ischemia. Here, we investigated the effect of lidocaine at clinically effective blood concentrations on vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-induced angiogenesis. In addition, we aimed to clarify the mechanisms by which lidocaine could inhibit angiogenesis. METHODS: Angiogenesis was analyzed using commercially available in vitro assay kits in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)/normal human dermal fibroblast co-culture systems. The effects of lidocaine on cytotoxicity, VEGF-induced cell migration, and VEGF-induced cell proliferation were examined in HUVECs using lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxic, Boyden chamber, and WST-8 assays, respectively. The VEGF signaling pathway via VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) was analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS: Lidocaine elicited a significant dose-dependent, angiogenesis-inhibitory effect at a concentration range of 1-10 µg/ml. At this concentration range, cell death was not observed. Lidocaine, at a concentration of 10 µg/ml, significantly inhibited cell proliferation but not cell migration, induced by VEGF-A in HUVECs. Furthermore, lidocaine, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly inhibited the VEGF-A-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 at 3 and 10 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that lidocaine has an anti-angiogenesis effect on clinically effective blood concentrations without causing cell death. This finding could represent a new avenue for future research into anesthesia, cancer-related analgesia, and revascularization therapy.

Desflurane and sevoflurane concentrations in blood passing through the oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized prospective pilot study.

PURPOSE: Volatile anesthetics (VAs) protect myocardial cells in cardiovascular surgery. A recent clinical trial of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery reported no significant difference in mortality rates between the use of VAs and total intravenous anesthetics at 1 year postoperatively. However, oxygenator function may affect the VA pharmacokinetics. Thus, we measured the VA blood concentrations during CPB in patients managed with four different microporous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane oxygenators. METHODS: Twenty-four patients scheduled for elective CPB were randomly allocated to one of the two VA groups (desflurane and sevoflurane groups) and, then, randomly divided into one of four oxygenator groups: Terumo, LivaNova, Medtronic, and Senko (n = 3). Additionally, in each VA group, three patients were randomly selected and redundantly allocated to the human lung group (for control blood VA concentration without oxygenator). Blood samples collected 20 min after starting 6.0 vol% desflurane or 1.7 vol% sevoflurane were analyzed using gas chromatography. Oxygenator-related complications and structural changes in the membrane surface of each oxygenator after surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) concentrations of desflurane and sevoflurane in the human lung were 182.4 (23.2) and 54.0 (9.6) µg/ml, respectively; not significantly different from those in the four oxygenator groups. No oxygenator-related complications occurred. Structural changes in membrane fibers did not occur after clinical use, except for difficulty in image acquisition with Senko products. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that the blood concentrations of desflurane and sevoflurane passing through oxygenators used during CPB were similar to those in the human lung control.

The characteristics of nivolumab-induced colitis: an evaluation of three cases and a literature review.

BACKGROUND: The use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment has become increasingly common, resulting in an increase in the incidence of related side effects. Diarrhoea and colitis have been previously documented as gastrointestinal tract-related side effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Although PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors produce fewer side effects than CTLA-4 inhibitors, diarrhoea and colitis continue to be reported. However, little is known about the endoscopic features associated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. In this report, we describe three cases of colitis induced by a PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab. These cases showed endoscopic findings characteristic of ulcerative colitis (UC). Treatment was in accordance with UC therapy, which resulted in beneficial outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION: Three patients with lung cancer treated with nivolumab presented with diarrhoea with (case 2) or without haematochezia (cases 1 and 3). Treatment with nivolumab was ceased and colonoscopy was performed, revealing endoscopic features similar to those of UC. These patients were diagnosed with nivolumab-induced colitis. Case 1 was treated with mesalazine, whereas cases 2 and 3 were treated with corticosteroids. Subsequently, their symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS: Nivolumab-induced colitis exhibited similar characteristics to UC. Treatment was similar to that for UC and was successful.

Diagnostic and clinical role of serum proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (PR3-ANCAs) are well-known serological markers for granulomatosis with polyangiitis, but their role as serological markers for inflammatory bowel disease remains uncertain. The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and clinical role of PR3-ANCAs as markers for inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Using a new methodology with chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay, serum PR3-ANCA titers were assessed in 102 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 67 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 44 controls with other intestinal diseases, and 66 healthy controls. Associations with clinical data were investigated. The diagnostic role of PR3-ANCAs was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titers were significantly higher in patients with UC than in those with CD patients, patients with intestinal diseases (intestinal controls), and healthy controls (all P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-0.87) and showed that the manufacturer's cutoff value (3.5 U/mL) had a sensitivity of 39.2% and specificity of 96.6% for UC. There was a significant difference between PR3-ANCA-positive and PR3-ANCA-negative patients with regard to disease duration (P < 0.05) and disease severity (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were significantly more prevalent in patients with UC than in those with CD and controls. Our results suggested the role of PR3-ANCAs as serological markers for aiding in diagnosing UC and evaluating disease severity. Further prospective studies are needed across multiple populations of patients and ethnic groups.

Important role of calcium chloride in preventing carbon monoxide generation during desflurane degradation with alkali hydroxide-free carbon dioxide absorbents.

We investigated whether calcium chloride (CaCl2), a supplementary additive in carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents, could affect carbon monoxide (CO) production caused by desflurane degradation, using a Japanese alkali-free CO2 absorbent Yabashi Lime®-f (YL-f), its CaCl2-free and 1% CaCl2-added derivatives, and other commercially available alkali-free absorbents with or without CaCl2. The reaction between 1 L of desflurane gas (3-10%) and 20 g of desiccated specimen was performed in an artificial closed-circuit anesthesia system for 3 min at 20 or 40 °C. The CO concentration was measured using a gas chromatograph equipped with a semiconductor sensor detector. The systems were validated by detecting dose-dependent CO production with an alkali hydroxide-containing CO2 absorbent, Sodasorb®. Compared with YL-f, the CaCl2-free derivative caused the production of significantly more CO, while the 1% CaCl2-added derivative caused the production of a comparable amount of CO. These phenomena were confirmed using commercially available absorbents AMSORB® PLUS, an alkali-free absorbent with CaCl2, and LoFloSorb™, an alkali-free absorbent without CaCl2. These results suggest that CaCl2 plays an important role in preventing CO generation caused by desflurane degradation with alkali hydroxide-free CO2 absorbents like YL-f.

A randomized controlled trial comparing paravertebral block via the surgical field with thoracic epidural block using ropivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain relief.

PURPOSE: We conducted a comparative study to evaluate analgesic efficacy between paravertebral block via the surgical field (PVB-sf), in which the catheter was inserted into the ventral side of the sympathetic trunk in the paravertebral space by a thoracic surgeon under thoracoscopic visualization, and epidural block (Epi) using ropivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain relief. METHODS: Lung cancer patients scheduled for lobectomy via thoracotomy were randomly allocated to receive either PVB-sf or Epi (n = 36 per group). Before thoracotomy closure, 0.375% ropivacaine was administered as a bolus (PVB-sf, 20 mL; Epi, 5 mL), followed by a 300-mL continuous infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine at 5 mL/h. Postoperative pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) score at various time points, including the primary endpoint of 2 h after ropivacaine bolus injection. Sensory block area, vital signs, serum ropivacaine concentrations, and side effects were also evaluated. RESULTS: The Epi group showed significantly lower VAS scores and blood pressure and a wider sensory block area than the PVB-sf group at all evaluation time points. While the mean serum ropivacaine concentration in the PVB-sf group was significantly higher than that in the Epi group until 1 h after injection of the ropivacaine bolus, there was no significant difference at any subsequent assessment point. The incidence of side effects was similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: The Epi was superior to PVB-sf for the management of post-thoracotomy pain in this patient cohort. The number of dermatomes anaesthetized by Epi was greater than that anaesthetized by PVB-sf. No difference in complication rates was observed between the two groups.

Influence of the Medial Knee Structures on Valgus and Rotatory Stability in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Precise biomechanical knowledge of individual components of the MCL is critical for proper MCL release during TKA. This study was to define the influences of the deep MCL and the POL on valgus and rotatory stability in TKA using cadaveric knees. METHODS: This study used six fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. All TKA procedures were performed using a cruciate-retaining TKA with a CT-free navigation system. We did a sequential sectioning on each knee, S1; femoral arthroplasty only, S2; medial half tibial resection with spacer, S3; anterior cruciate ligament cut, S4; tibial arthroplasty, S5; release of the dMCL, S6; release of the POL. The navigation system monitored motion after application of 10 N-m valgus loads and 5 N-m internal and external rotation torques to the tibia at 0°, 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion for each sequence. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in medial gaps. Internal rotation angles significantly increased after S2 at 0°, 20°, and 30°, and after S6 at 90° compared with those after S1. External rotation angles significantly increased after S3 at 0°, S4 at 60°, S5 at 0°, 30° and 90°, and after S6 at 30°, 60° compared with those after S1. CONCLUSION: Significant increases of rotatory instability were seen on release of the dMCL, and then further increased after release of the POL. Surgical approach of retaining the dMCL and POL has a possibility to improve the outcome after primary TKA.

Discovery of radioactive silver ((110m)Ag) in spiders and other fauna in the terrestrial environment after the meltdown of Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant.

Six months after the explosion of TEPCO's Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, radioactive silver ((110m)Ag), was detected in concentrations of 3754 Bq/kg in Nephila clavata (the orb-web spider; Joro-gumo in Japanese) collected at Nimaibashi, Iitate village in Fukushima Prefecture, whereas (110m)Ag in the soil was 43.1 Bq/kg. A survey of 35 faunal species in the terrestrial environment during the 3.5 years after the accident showed that most of Anthropoda had two orders higher (110m)Ag in their tissues than soils, although silver is not an essential element for their life. However, tracing of the activity of (110m)Ag detected in spider Atypus karschi collected regularly at a fixed location showed that it declined much faster than the physical half-life. These results suggest that (110m)Ag was at once biologically concentrated by faunal species, especially Arthropoda, through food chain. The factors affecting the subsequent rapid decline of (110m)Ag concentration in faunal species are discussed.

[Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma and adrenal metastasis without intrahepatic metastasis detected 22 years after hepatic resection: a case report].

A 55-year-old man presented with general malaise in May 2012. On reviewing his clinical records in 1989, we found that he had a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the left lobe, for which he had undergone left lobectomy in November 1989. However, there was no record of any follow-up examination from 1996 to 2011. Computed tomography in May 2012 revealed a right adrenal gland tumor measuring 8.5×6.5cm, which we treated by right adrenalectomy. Postoperative pathological examination showed this to be a metastasis of poorly differentiated HCC. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported HCC recurrence such a long duration after HCC resection.

Poor Prognosis in Low-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma With Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A Homozygous Deletion: A Case Study.

Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS) typically has a favorable prognosis. Hormone therapy is considered the first choice of treatment for recurrent LGESS. In this report, we describe a case of recurrent LGESS where hormone therapy was ineffective, chemotherapy showed a partial response (PR), and pazopanib resulted in stable disease (SD). A 50-year-old patient with LGESS underwent a simple total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy (pT1aN0M0, stage IA). Five years later, pelvic tumors and ascites were observed. Exploratory laparoscopy revealed bloody ascites, an 8 cm pelvic tumor, and extensive peritoneal dissemination. Nuclear atypia of the tumor cells was mild, pleomorphism and mitotic figures could not be confirmed, and necrosis was not observed. Immunostaining was positive for CD10 and estrogen receptor, negative for the BCL6 corepressor (BCOR), and showed a low Ki-67 index. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) examination of the tissue showed rearrangement of the JAZF zinc finger 1 (JAZF1) gene. Multigene panel testing revealed a homozygous deletion of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A). Accordingly, the patient was diagnosed with recurrent LGESS and was treated with an aromatase inhibitor, followed by medroxyprogesterone acetate; both were ineffective. The patient had a PR to chemotherapy (doxorubicin/ifosfamide) and SD to pazopanib. The patient died 1.5 years after recurrence. In conclusion, we present a case of LGESS with a poor prognosis where hormone therapy was ineffective, and chemotherapy and pazopanib were both partially effective. The poor prognosis may have been associated with the CDKN2A homozygous deletion.