Energy-Efficient Edge and Cloud Image Classification with Multi-Reservoir Echo State Network and Data Processing Units.

In an era dominated by Internet of Things (IoT) devices, software-as-a-service (SaaS) platforms, and rapid advances in cloud and edge computing, the demand for efficient and lightweight models suitable for resource-constrained devices such as data processing units (DPUs) has surged. Traditional deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), pose significant computational and memory challenges, limiting their use in resource-constrained environments. Echo State Networks (ESNs), based on reservoir computing principles, offer a promising alternative with reduced computational complexity and shorter training times. This study explores the applicability of ESN-based architectures in image classification and weather forecasting tasks, using benchmarks such as the MNIST, FashionMnist, and CloudCast datasets. Through comprehensive evaluations, the Multi-Reservoir ESN (MRESN) architecture emerges as a standout performer, demonstrating its potential for deployment on DPUs or home stations. In exploiting the dynamic adaptability of MRESN to changing input signals, such as weather forecasts, continuous on-device training becomes feasible, eliminating the need for static pre-trained models. Our results highlight the importance of lightweight models such as MRESN in cloud and edge computing applications where efficiency and sustainability are paramount. This study contributes to the advancement of efficient computing practices by providing novel insights into the performance and versatility of MRESN architectures. By facilitating the adoption of lightweight models in resource-constrained environments, our research provides a viable alternative for improved efficiency and scalability in modern computing paradigms.

Compressed spectral array patterns following cardiopulmonary arrest. A preliminary report.

Continuous taped EEG recordings were made following resuscitation in 18 survivors of cardiopulmonary arrest. These taped data were processed, using Bickford's method of compressed spectral array, and four distinctive patterns were recognized. These patterns correlated significantly with eventual outcome of these patients, suggesting that processed EEG information can provide important prognostic information for such patients.

Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela: a population-based study (DENSA).

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. A 49-item questionnaire was completed by 1946 men aged 40 years and older. The age-adjusted combined prevalence of minimal, moderate, and complete ED for all three countries was 53.4%, with 19.8% of all men reporting moderate to complete ED. Age was the variable most strongly linked to ED; the prevalence of complete ED increased markedly in men older than 79 y of age (31.9%) and 70-79 y (17.2%) compared with men aged 40-49 y (<3%). Several medical conditions, such as hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and diabetes, and the use of medications to treat these conditions were correlated with the prevalence of ED. This study corroborates earlier studies demonstrating that ED is very common, increases dramatically with age, and has multiple correlates, including some that are also risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

[The Mini-Mental State Examination as a selected diagnostic test for dementia: a Colombian population study. GENECO]. / El examen mental abreviado (Mini-Mental State Examination) como prueba de selección para el diagnóstico de demencia: estudio poblacional colombiano. GENECO.

INTRODUCTION: Folstein's Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used as screening test for cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: To test a Spanish version of the MMSE in a population of high illiteracy rate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Population-based survey of a stratified random sample of urban and rural residents of five regions of Colombia, followed by neurological and neuropsychological evaluation of suspect cases (phase 2). Dementia was diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: 1,611 subjects age 50 or older filled out both the WHO Protocol for Epidemiologic Studies of Neurological Disorders and a Spanish version of the MMSE; 55.2% of them had three or less years of schooling; 536 individuals with scores below cutoff points were sent to phase 2. Of the population with satisfactory scores in MMSE 366 (34.0%) were evaluated by neurologists to exclude other neurological conditions. Twelve cases of dementia were diagnosed among individuals with scores below cutoff point and one among subjects with high scores. Age-adjusted prevalence was 8.1 per thousand subjects age 50 or over (95% CI: 3.7-12.5); and 34.2 per thousand for ages 75 or over (95% CI: 12.2-56.2). Sensitivity and specificity were 92.3 and 53.7%; 16 of the 19 questions show significant differences (p < 0.001) according to educational level. A gender gap is significant in low educational levels (p < 0.001) but not in subjects with more than five years of schooling. CONCLUSIONS: MMSE scores correlated closely with level of education. Low specificity leads to many non-demented subjects with low educational status requiring further investigation.

Temporal lobe epilepsy in the elderly.

The incidence of epilepsy has bimodal distribution peaking at the extremes of life. Incidence is greater in younger and older age groups (Hauser et al., 1993, Sidenvall et al., 1993, Forsgren et al., 1996, and Olafsson et al., 2005). As the world population ages more elders with epilepsy will be identified. In the high-income countries with longer life expectancy, the number of elders with epilepsy will be even higher. CPSs account for 40% of all seizure types in the elderly (Hauser et al., 1992); however, the proportion with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is uncertain.

The early involvement of subcortical structures during the development of a cortical seizure focus.

Cortical surface electrodes and bipolar depth electrodes were implanted stereotaxically in the ventral posterolateral and paracentral thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and putamen in adult cats to determine the progressive involvement of these structures in the generalization of an experimentally induced seizure disorder. Prior to (45-65 days) and following (50-70 days) subpial injection of 0.04 ml of aluminum hydroxide in the sensorimotor cortex, 30 min EEG records were obtained regularly in each animal. At the time of aluminum hydroxide injection, there was no persistent abnormal EEG activity resulting from electrode implantation. In all animals, intermittent slow waves and epileptiform activity appeared in subcortical or extrafocal structures prior to the development of epileptiform activity in the primary focus. These abnormalities were frequently associated with brief clinical seizures and were clearly independent of abnormal activity in the primary focus. Only later in the development of the seizure disorder was activity in the secondary foci observed to be dependent on frequent epileptiform activity in the primary focus. These results demonstrate that multiple, independent foci develop in subcortical structures before the occurrence of a well developed, fully "mature" cortical primary focus.

Value of computed tomographic scan in the evaluation of adult patients after their first seizure.

The role of the computed tomographic (CT) scan in evaluating adults after their first seizure(s) was determined by reviewing the hospital records of 148 patients studied within 30 days of their ictus. Patients with alcohol or drug intoxication or withdrawal or with known brain tumor, craniotomy, or open skull fracture were excluded. Type of seizure; neurological, CT, and electroencephalographic findings; final diagnosis; and hospital outcome were cross correlated. The cause of seizure was established in 71 patients (48%); a structural lesion was identified by CT in 55 (37%), and 16 (11%) had metabolic seizures. CT findings agreed with the results of neurological examination 82% of the time. Structural lesions (including three tumors) were found by CT in 14 patients (15%) with nonfocal findings and in 12 (22%) of those with generalized electroencephalographic abnormalities. Our findings are similar to those reported in adult epileptics and lead us to conclude that the CT scan is a valuable aid in establishing the cause of seizures and in disclosing early lesions.

Infecciones asociadas a catéteres vasculares de larga permanencia en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer / Infections associated to vascular catheters of long permanency in patient pediatric with cancer

La disponibilidad de catéteres intravasculares permanentes para manejo de pacientes pediátricos con cáncer facilita el tratamiento quimioterápico y disminuye la morbilidad; sin embargo, las infecciones asociadas constituyen una causa importante de bacteremia nosocomial. Conocer la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a catéteres vasculares de larga permanencia en pacientes pediátricos oncológicos. Estudio descriptivo, petrospectivo y transversal mediante el cual se determinó la frecuencia de infecciones asociadas a catéteres en pacientes pediátricos con cáncer hospitalizados en el Servicio de Oncología del Hospital "J.M de Los Ríos", evaluados por infectología, entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2004. Se determinó la relación entre tipo de catéter (con o sin reservorio) y factores como frecuencia de infección, nivel socioeconómico, tiempo entre implantación e infección, tipo de infección, microorganismos involucrados y permanencia hospitalaria. Se implantaron 24 catéteres en 16 pacientes: 5 con reservorio y 19 sin reservorio. Se presentó un episodio de infección (candidemia) en los pacientes con catéteres con reservorio, mientras que hubo 11 infecciones en los otros (7 bacteriemias, 1 candidemia, 2 infecciones en sitio de implantación y 1 infección combinada), aislándose principalmente bacterias gramnegativas y Candida sp.). Todos presentaron fiebre. Las infecciones ocurrieron en 12/16 pacientes con condiciones socioeconómicas menos favorables. El lapso entre implantación e infección fue variable. Las infecciones asociadas a catéteres vasculares son menos frecuentes en aquellos con reservorio. La bacteremia fue el tipo de infección más reportada. Los microorganismos gramnegativos fueron los más involucrados. El 50 por ciento de los pacientes estuvo hospitalizado menos de 33 días.

Métodos para la evaluación de una prueba diagnóstica / Evaluation methods of an diagnostic test

The basic concepts on the application of the BINARY TABLE and how to estimate the SENSIBILITY, SPECIFICITY an the LIKELI-HOOD RATIO of a diagnotic test are reviewd. The latter is particularly useful in the decision making regarding the correct selection of additional diagnostic tests. A practical nomogram can be applied with the previous knowledge of the likelihood ratio and quickly decide if a given result confirms or not an initial diagnostic impression. The methods use for the evaluation of diagnostic tests are powerful instruments not only for the diagnostic decision making but are furthermore the basis for the critical appraisial of clinical studies where the eficacy of a diagnostic test is promoted

El examen mental abreviado (Mini-Mental State Examination) como prueba de selección para el diagnóstico de demencia: estudio poblacional colombiano / The mini-mental state examination as a diagnostic selection test for dementia. A Colombian population study

Introducción. El examen mental abreviado (EMA) o Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) se emplea masivamente para detectar déficit cognoscitivo. Objetivo. Probar una versión en castellano del EMA en población colombiana con baja escolaridad. Material y métodos. Estudio poblacional puerta a puerta, en muestra aleatoria estratificada de habitantes urbanos y rurales de cinco regiones de Colombia, seguido por evaluación neurológica y neuropsicológica de casos sospechosos (fase 2). Para diagnosticar demencia se emplearon criterios del DSM-IV. Resultados. 1.611 sujetos de 50 o más años respondieron el formato de la OMS para el estudio epidemiológico de enfermedades neurológicas y la versión en castellano del EMA; el 55,2% de ellos tenían tres o menos años de escolaridad; 536 individuos fueron remitidos a la fase 2 y otros 366 fueron evaluados por un neurólogo para descartar otras condiciones neurológicas: se diagnosticaron 12 casos de demencia entre los primeros y uno entre los últimos. La prevalencia ajustada por edad fue de 8,1 por mil sujetos mayores de 50 (IC 95%: 3,7-12,5); y 34,2 por mil mayores de 75 (IC 95%: 12,2-56,2). La sensibilidad y especificidad fueron del 92,3 y 53,7%; 16 de las 19 preguntas de la prueba mostraron diferencias significativas (p< 0,001) según la escolaridad. La diferencia entre los sexos a favor de los hombres es significativa en niveles educativos bajos (p< 0,001) pero no en sujetos con más de cinco años de estudio. Conclusiones. Las puntuaciones del MMSE poseen una alta correlación con el nivel educativo. Su baja especificidad lleva a que una gran cantidad de sujetos de baja escolaridad, no demenciados, requieran posteriores evaluaciones (AU)

Introduction. Folstein’s Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used as screening test for cognitive impairment. Objective. To test a Spanish version of the MMSE in a population of high illiteracy rate. Material and methods. Population-based survey of a stratified random sample of urban and rural residents of five regions of Colombia, followed by neurological and neuropsychological evaluation of suspect cases (phase 2). Dementia was diagnosed using DSM-IV criteria. Results. 1,611 subjects age 50 or older filled out both the WHO Protocol for Epidemiologic Studies of Neurological Disorders and a Spanish version of the MMSE; 55.2% of them had three or less years of schooling; 536 individuals with scores below cutoff points were sent to phase 2. Of the population with satisfactory scores in MMSE 366 (34.0%) were evaluated by neurologists to exclude other neurological conditions. Twelve cases of dementia were diagnosed among individuals with scores below cutoff point and one among subjects with high scores. Age-adjusted prevalence was 8.1 per thousand subjects age 50 or over (95% CI: 3.7-12.5); and 34.2 per thousand for ages 75 or over (95% CI: 12.2-56.2). Sensitivity and specificity were 92.3 and 53.7%; 16 of the 19 questions show significant differences (p< 0.001) according to educational level. A gender gap is significant in low educational levels (p< 0.001) but not in subjects with more than five years of schooling. Conclusions. MMSE scores correlated closely with level of education. Low specificity leads to many non-demented subjects with low educational status requiring further investigation (AU)