Evaluation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for remote wetland monitoring: design and initial results.

Here, we describe and evaluate two low-power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) designed to remotely monitor wetland hydrochemical dynamics over time scales ranging from minutes to decades. Each WSN (one student-built and one commercial) has multiple nodes to monitor water level, precipitation, evapotranspiration, temperature, and major solutes at user-defined time intervals. Both WSNs can be configured to report data in near real time via the internet. Based on deployments in two isolated wetlands, we report highly resolved water budgets, transient reversals of flow path, rates of transpiration from peatlands and the dynamics of chromophoric-dissolved organic matter and bulk ionic solutes (specific conductivity)-all on daily or subdaily time scales. Initial results indicate that direct precipitation and evapotranspiration dominate the hydrologic budget of both study wetlands, despite their relatively flat geomorphology and proximity to elevated uplands. Rates of transpiration from peatland sites were typically greater than evaporation from open waters but were more challenging to integrate spatially. Due to the high specific yield of peat, the hydrologic gradient between peatland and open water varied with precipitation events and intervening periods of dry out. The resultant flow path reversals implied that the flux of solutes across the riparian boundary varied over daily time scales. We conclude that WSNs can be deployed in remote wetland-dominated ecosystems at relatively low cost to assess the hydrochemical impacts of weather, climate, and other perturbations.

Correlates of condom use in a sample of MSM in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: In Ecuador, the prevalence of HIV in the general population is approximately 0.3%. However, up to 17% prevalence has been reported among specific groups of homosexual and bisexual men. The objective of this study is to explore correlates of condom use among men who have sex with men (MSM) across eight cities in Ecuador. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used. A questionnaire including variables on sexual behaviour, demographics, and socio-economic characteristics was distributed to a sample of MSM in eight Ecuadorian cities. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 2,594 MSM across the eight cities. The largest subcategory of self-identification was active bisexuals (35%), followed by those who described themselves as "hombrados" (masculine gays, 22%). The mean age was 25 years, and the majority were unmarried (78%), with a median of 10 years of schooling (IQR 7 - 12). Regarding condom use, 55% of those interviewed had unprotected penetrative sex with each of their last three partners, and almost 25% had never used a condom. The most important correlates of condom use were single status, high life-skills rating, and high socio-economic status (RP 5.45, 95% CI 4.26 - 6.37; RP 1.84, 95% CI 1.79 - 1.86, and RP 1.20, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.31, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our data illustrate the urgent need for targeted HIV-prevention programs for MSM populations in Ecuador. MSM have the highest HIV prevalence in the country, and condom use is extremely low. It is imperative that prevention strategies be re-evaluated and re-prioritized to more effectively respond to the Ecuadorian epidemic.

Social capital to strengthen health policy and health systems.

This article recounts the development of a model for social capital building developed over the course of interventions focused on HIV-related stigma and discrimination, safe motherhood and reproductive health. Through further engagement with relevant literature, it explores the nature of social capital and suggests why undertaking such a process can enhance health policy and programmes, advocacy and governance for improved health systems strengthening (HSS) outcomes. The social capital process proposed facilitates the systematic and effective inclusion of community voices in the health policy process-strengthening programme effectiveness as well as health system accountability and governance. Because social capital building facilitates communication and the uptake of new ideas, norms and standards within and between professional communities of practice, it can provide an important mechanism for integration both within and between sectors-a process long considered a 'wicked problem' for health policy-makers. The article argues that the systematic application of social capital building, from bonding through bridging into linking social capital, can greatly enhance the ability of governments and their partners to achieve their HSS goals.

The use of a modification of the Patient Enablement Instrument in asthma.

AIM: To ascertain if the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) could be adapted for use in asthma management, and to use it to evaluate "enablement" in patients with asthma randomised to either a fixed or adjustable medication dosing regime. METHODS: The original Patient Enablement Instrument was modified by making a minor change to the opening statement. 228 adults with asthma from 72 UK general practices were recruited to the study. The internal and external consistencies of the modified PEI were assessed. Individual scores were compared across treatment groups. RESULTS: The modified PEI had high internal consistency. There was a significant correlation between modified PEI total score and change in Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. A significantly greater proportion of patients using adjustable medication dosing had a clinically relevant treatment benefit. CONCLUSIONS: The Patient Enablement Instrument can be used to measure "enablement" in asthma.

[HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: the case of health care providers in México]. / El estigma asociado al VIH/SIDA: el caso de los prestadores de servicios de salud en México.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the social construction of stigma and discrimination processes associated with HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA), based on the perceptions of health care providers in three states of the Mexican Republic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative description. Observation at nine institutions; in-depth interviews (14) and surveys (373) directed to providers of health services. RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of providers reported having received training related to HIV/AIDS; however, notions persist as to patients being hopeless; discrimination due to the idea of risk groups; the immediate identification of living with the virus, having the syndrome and death; and specific lack of knowledge of forms of transmission. Twenty-three percent would not buy food from a PLHA and 16% think they should be banned from public services. With respect to confidentiality: 89% believe it should be maintained and 38% think that employers and administrators have the right to know about their employees' condition. Isolation, notes in clinical histories pointing to HIV, obligatory testing and delays in surgeries for PLHA were constant practices. The perception that men who have sexual relations with men and sexual workers decide their sexual practices marks the division between innocent victims and guilty ones, which determines the stigmatization and discrimination processes in health services. CONCLUSIONS: The design of strategies to decrease stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS demands the inclusion of an ethical debate about human rights and a structural focus regarding social conditions that go beyond the notion of risk behaviors.

Preoperative gefitinib versus gefitinib and anastrozole in postmenopausal patients with oestrogen-receptor positive and epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-positive primary breast cancer: a double-blind placebo-controlled phase II randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Some oestrogen-receptor (ER) positive breast cancers express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), but whether inhibition of EGFR can suppress proliferation of breast cancer cells and ER function is not known. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial of 56 postmenopausal patients with ER-positive and EGFR-positive primary breast cancer, 27 women were randomly assigned to the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor of EGFR gefitinib (250 mg given orally once a day) and the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (1 mg given orally once a day), and 29 women to gefitinib (250 mg given orally once a day) and placebo of identical appearance to anastrozole given orally once a day, all given for 4-6 weeks before surgery. Primary outcome was inhibition of tumour-cell proliferation, as measured by Ki67 antigen labelling index. Secondary outcomes were reduction in EGFR phosphorylation at Tyr 845, reduction in ER phosphorylation at Ser 118, tumour size, and toxic effects. Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: Patients assigned gefitinib and anastrozole had a greater reduction from pretreatment values in proliferation-related Ki67 labelling index than did those assigned gefitinib alone (mean % reduction 98.0 [95% CI 96.1-98.9] vs 92.4 [85.1-96.1]; difference between groups 5.6% [5.1-6.0], p=0.0054). Tumour size was reduced by 30-99% (partial response) in 14 of 28 patients assigned gefitinib and [corrected]in 12 of 22 assigned gefitinib, as assessed by ultrasonography. Reduction in phosphorylation of ER at Ser 118 was similar for both groups. Treatment was well tolerated and much the same for both groups. INTERPRETATION: Single-agent gefitinib and gefitinib combined with anastrozole are well-tolerated and effective treatments for reducing the size of breast tumours and levels of ER phosphorylation when given as neoadjuvant therapy.

El estigma asociado al VIH/SIDA: el caso de los prestadores de servicios de salud en México / HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: the case of health care providers in México

OBJETIVO: Analizar el estigma y la discriminación relacionados con el VIH/SIDA por parte de los prestadores de servicios de salud en tres estados de la República mexicana, con base en las percepciones que tienen sobre la infección y las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Descripción cualitativa y cuantitativa. Observación en nueve instituciones; entrevistas en profundidad (14) y encuestas (373) a proveedores de servicios de salud. RESULTADOS: El 75 por ciento de los proveedores recibió capacitación relacionada con el VIH/SIDA, pese a lo cual persiste la discriminación debida a clasificaciones en grupos de riesgo; la identificación de vivir con el virus, padecer el síndrome y morir; y el desconocimiento de las vías de transmisión. El 23 por ciento no compraría comida a una PVVS y 16 por ciento sugiere prohibir su ingreso a servicios públicos. Respecto a la confidencialidad, 89 por ciento opina que debe guardarse y 38 por ciento cree que los patrones tienen derecho a conocer la condición de sus empleados. El aislamiento, registro del VIH en expedientes, pruebas obligatorias y demora en procedimientos quirúrgicos de las PVVS fueron prácticas constantes. La percepción de que los hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres y las personas que realizan trabajo sexual deciden sus prácticas sexuales establece la división entre víctimas inocentes y culpables e influye en la estigmatización y discriminación en los servicios. CONCLUSIONES: El diseño de medidas para disminuir el estigma y la discriminación relacionados con el VIH/SIDA exige la inclusión del debate ético sobre los derechos humanos y un enfoque estructural de las condiciones sociales que rebase la noción de comportamientos de riesgo.