Psychometric analysis and linguistic adaptation of the Persian version of Contraceptive Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES-P).

BACKGROUND: This study was aimed to test adaptability of the Contraceptive Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) for use on Persian-speaking women of reproductive age. METHOD: A preliminary draft of the Contraceptive Self Efficacy Scale (CSES) was prepared according to the standard translation/back translation procedures and an expert panel appraised its content and face validities. The approved draft was tested on 400 randomly selected women of reproductive age (15-49 years) at the 29th Bahman Hospital of in Tabriz, the capital city of East Azerbaijan province, North West of Iran from May to August 2018. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA) was carried out to verify the implicit factor structure of the CSES for use on Persian-speaking women of fertile age. The Cronbach's α and Interclass Correlation coefficients were estimated for internal consistency and accuracy assessment of the instrument. RESULTS: This translated scale indicated good internal consistency (0.9) and reliability (0.9). A four-factor solution best fitted the study data and the estimated fit indices were in the acceptable range (chi square/ degree of freedom = 2.956, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.070, Confirmatory Fit Index = 0.667, The Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.599). CONCLUSION: The CSES-P can be considered as a potentially valid and reliable tool to assess contraceptive self-efficacy among Persian-speaking women. The CSES-P is a general instrument to measure overall contraceptive self-efficacy of the Iranian reproductive age women and it would also be fascinating to work on method specific self-efficacy tools in future.

Interleukin-17 mRNA expression and serum levels in Behçet's disease.

Behçet's disease (BD) was considered a T-helper 1 (Th1)-mediated autoimmune disease, but with the introduction of Th17 cells, their role in the pathogenesis of BD was also addressed. Despite studies on IL-17 in BD, the prognostic value of this cytokine in BD is unclear. The aim of this study is to determine the IL-17 mRNA expression rate and serum levels in patients with BD and its correlation with clinical manifestations and activity of BD. Forty-six BD patients in the active phase of the disease and 70 healthy controls were recruited in this study. BD activity was measured by Behçet's disease current activity form (BDCAF), Iranian Behçet's disease dynamic activity measure (IBDDAM) and total inflammatory activity index (TIAI). The IL-17 mRNA expression and serum levels were significantly higher in the BD patients compared with the healthy controls. These parameters in the BD patients aged <25 at disease onset, positive pathergy test, and positive HLA-B5 and HA-B51 were significantly higher than the healthy controls (P < 0.05). The IL-17 serum level in the patients with active uveitis was lower than the patients with in-active uveitis. There was no association between other clinical manifestations of BD and these parameters. No significant correlation was found between BDCAF and IBDDAM with IL-17 mRNA expression and serum levels. However, TIAI had a significant and negative correlation with the serum levels of IL-17.

The Effect of Counseling on Breast Cancer Awareness in Rural Iranian Women: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

In a community such as Iran where late presentation is predominant and the majority of breast cancer patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease, there is an urgent need for improving the level of awareness about breast cancer and early detection measures. Given that rural residents are at higher risk for late diagnosis of breast cancer because they have less education, income, and access to advanced screening technologies, this study was conducted to determine the effect of counseling on breast cancer awareness of rural Iranian women. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 rural women from the Abish Ahmad area in northwestern Iran in 2017. The randomized cluster method was used for sampling. From 20 rural health houses and centers, about one third were selected randomly. From the six selected clusters, three were randomly allocated as the control group and three as the intervention group. Using convenience sampling, 30 women between the ages of 40 and 69 were selected from the control group and 30 from the intervention group. The intervention group attended six group counseling sessions. Data was gathered using a demographic and obstetrical information questionnaire and breast cancer awareness measures. The chi-square, independent t test and ANCOVA by controlling for the baseline scores were used to analyze the data. After counseling, the mean knowledge about breast cancer score was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (adjusted mean difference, 17.02; confidence interval (CI) 95%, 15.44 to 18.59; p < 0.001). The mean barriers to breast cancer screening score showed a significant decrease in the intervention group compared to the control group (AMD, - 1.74; 95% CI - 3.12 to - 0.36, p < 0.001). After intervention, the frequency of breast self-exam showed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001); but for confidence about noticing breast changes, no significant difference was observed between groups (p = 0.08). Group counseling had a significant effect on enhancing breast cancer awareness of rural Iranian women, except for confidence about noticing breast changes.

The effect of maternal multisensory stimulations on bath stress in premature infants: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Bathing in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a stressful experience to preterm infants. Reducing this stress is an important challenge in bathing preterm infants. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of maternal supportive interventions on the stress caused by swaddled bathing in preterm infants. In this randomized clinical trial, 48 preterm infants randomly allocated into control and intervention groups. In intervention group the mothers were asked to initiate multisensory supportive interventions 5 min before and through swaddled bathing. In controls the mothers were only present during bathing. To determine the level of stress, infant responses were recorded by camera 5 min before bathing and 5 min after bathing. Then infants' stress measured by using Newborn Stress Scale (NSS). Finding was shown that the level of stress in control group was especially increased after bathing that was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Although there was an increase in stress among interventions but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Considering the positive effects of multisensory interventions in decreasing the stress of preterm infants, it can be recommended as cost-free and non-pharmacological care during infants bathing.

The Relation of Work Ability and Return to Work Among Iranian Cancer Survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Cancerous diseases are known to disrupt a person's ability and inflict physical, psychological, financial, and social complications on the person, thereby challenging an individual's returning to work. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of cancer patients to work after returning to work. METHODS: This descriptive-correlational study examined a total of 227 surviving cancer patients, having picked the participants through convenience sampling. Data were collected by the return to work and work ability index (WAI) questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using SPSS software. RESULTS: A total of 166 (73.2%) of the participants had returned to work after completing the basic treatment. The mean (standard deviation) of the work ability score was 29.52 (9.43), ranging from 9 to 43 while the average daily work hours dropped from 12.30 to 5.50. The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the work ability score and the type of return to work. Moreover, the rank logistic regression analysis revealed that work ability was the most important predictor of return to work. CONCLUSION: Survivors of cancer face reduced working hours and limited ability to work after returning to work, and it is possible to facilitate the return to work in these patients by identifying their job needs in relation to their abilities and barriers of returning to work through the appropriate interventions.

The Effect of Face-to-Face and Phone Call Motivational Interviewing on Cervical Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND: Having regular screening tests largely depends on motivational factors. Motivational interviewing (MI) facilitates the movement through the stages of the transtheoretical model of change. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of face-to-face and phone call MI on cervical cancer screening. METHODS: This experimental study was conducted on 150 eligible women referred to health centers in Tabriz, Iran. The women were assigned into 3 groups (face-to-face MI, phone MI, or control) using blocked randomization. The face-to-face MI group participated in 3 weekly group counseling sessions, and the motivational phone call group received 3 weekly phone calls. The participants completed the demographic and obstetric questionnaire and stages of change checklist. Adherence to Pap smear was checked, according to the health profile, 6 months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. Chi-square, homogeneity test, and sequential logistic regression by the generalized estimating equations were used. RESULTS: After the intervention, about 32% women from the face-to-face MI group, 22% from the motivational phone call group, and 4% from the control group underwent Pap smear screening ( P = .002). There was no significant difference between the 2 interventional groups in Pap smear frequency ( P = .36). CONCLUSION: The study results indicated that both face-to-face and phone call MI are effective in motivating women to have a Pap smear. Further studies are recommended to consider long-term follow-up (3-5 years). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: It is recommended that healthcare providers use motivational phone call to encourage cancer screening behaviors.

The effect of motivational interviewing on the change of breast cancer screening behaviors among rural Iranian women.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the effect of motivational interviewing on the change of breast cancer screening behaviors among rural Iranian women. METHODS: This Randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed on 120 Iranian rural women selected through cluster random sampling method. Out of all 20 rural health centers of Abish Ahmad District, in the northwest of Iran, about one third (six clusters) were randomly selected; out of which three were randomly assigned to the control group and three to the intervention group. A list of women aged 40-69 years in the selective health centers was prepared and 60 participants were selected for each group through the convenience sampling method based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, six group sessions (two educational and four motivational interviewing sessions) were held for the intervention group. The data were collected using demographic and obstetric questionnaire, paper-based health records, and the stages of change checklist and analyzed in SPSS 24. The groups were compared through the chi square test, homogeneity test, and the sequential logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Two months after the intervention, a significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the stages of change for clinical breast examination and mammography by taking into account the pre-intervention stages (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: MI-based counseling increased the Iranian rural women's motivation for displaying breast cancer screening behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The application of MI for enhancing cancer screening programs among Iranian women is suggested.

The Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Initiative in Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors among Women Health Volunteers.

Knowledge of screening methods and regular diagnostic tests play an important role in reducing the incidence of cancers and their mortality. We investigated the effectiveness of health belief model initiative in breast cancer screening behaviors among women health volunteers. A quasi-experimental design and non-probability sampling technique was conducted during 2019 in Abhar, Iran. Two out of six health centers were approached and each was recruited in either experimental or control group. Based on the Iranian and standardized version of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale, the different domains of the scale and breast cancer screening behaviors of eligible women health volunteers (n = 72) were evaluated. Then, seven training sessions were designed and implemented for the intervention group using local language and different educational approaches. The participants were reevaluated according to the same questionnaire three months after the intervention. There was a meaningful difference regarding breast self-exam, knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers among both the control and intervention groups before and after the intervention. Training programs using health belief model are crucial in developing breast cancer screening behaviors for women health volunteers. Thus, it is recommended that training programs should be conducted using individual behavioral models.